IP ADDRESS

PROTOCOL can be defined as the law and relegation guiding the use of
something.
IP means Internet protocol which can be defined as the rules and regulation
guiding the use of the Internet.
IP ADDRESS can be defined as the special and unique character assign to the
devices in the network.

An IP address, which stands for Internet Protocol address, is a unique identifier that acts like an
address for your device on the internet. It's essentially a label assigned to your computer or
network that allows information to be sent and received across the internet.

Think of it like a mailing address in the real world. An IP address helps route information to the
right device, just like a mailing address helps mail get delivered to the right mailbox.

Here are some key things to know about IP addresses:

 Function: IP addresses allow devices to communicate on a network. They are essential

for ensuring information gets sent to the correct recipient.
 Format: IP addresses are written as a series of four numbers separated by periods, for
example, 192.168.1.1.
 Types: There are two main types of IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is the most
common type, but IPv6 is becoming more widely used as the number of devices on the
internet grows.

TYPES OF IP ADDRESSES
The typical types of IP addresses are,
1. Static IP address – this type of IP address is manually assigned to the
devices in a network. It does not change over time except it is been changed
by the inputter.
2. Dynamic Ip address – this type of IP address is automatically assigned to the
devices in a network in a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
method of configuration. It changes with time and also with respect to the
network configuration.
Lease time
10.0.0.1
VERSION OF IP ADDRESS
There are basically two version of Ip address
1. IPV4 (Internet Protocol version 4) – these is a type of Ip address
with 4 groups of number separated by dot(.). the IPV4 consist of
number only which are in octets state. Each group in IPV4 is 8bit
long so the total bit in IPV4 is 32bits. The highest number in each
group of IPV4 is 255 and the lowest is 0. The total number of IP
address in IPV4 is approximately 4.3 billion. E.g 192.168.100.1,
75.120.205.61
2. IPV6 – this type of IP address has 8 groups of alphanumeric
characters in hexadecimal state. Each group is 16bits long and the
total bits is 128bits. The total IP address in IPV6 is numerous. E.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334, 2001:0db8:85a3::0370:7334.
Each group is separated by colon (:)

OTHER THINGS TO KNOW

There are several types of IP (Internet Protocol) addresses, each serving specific purposes within
the realm of computer networking. Here are some of the most common types:

1. IPv4 Address: IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) addresses are the traditional and most
widely used type of IP address. They consist of a 32-bit numeric value and are expressed
in the format of four decimal numbers separated by periods (e.g., 192.168.1.1). IPv4
addresses are used for identifying devices on a network and for routing data across the
Internet.
2. IPv6 Address: IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) addresses were introduced to address
the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address format, represented as a
series of hexadecimal digits separated by colons (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334). IPv6 offers a significantly larger address
 space and improved features, making it suitable for the growing number of connected
devices and the Internet of Things (IoT).
3. Public IP Address: A public IP address is an address assigned to a device that can be
reached directly from the public internet. These addresses are used for web servers, email
servers, and other devices that need to be accessible to users or other devices on the
global internet.
4. Private IP Address: Private IP addresses are used within local networks (e.g., home or
corporate networks) and are not directly reachable from the public internet. They are
reserved for internal use and are used to facilitate communication among devices within a
local network. Common private IP address ranges include 192.168.x.x, 172.16.x.x to
172.31.x.x, and 10.x.x.x.
5. Static IP Address: A static IP address is an address that does not change. It is manually
configured and remains the same over time. Static IPs are often used for servers and
network devices that need to have a consistent, unchanging address.
6. Dynamic IP Address: A dynamic IP address is assigned automatically by a DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server and can change over time. Dynamic IPs
are commonly used for home and business internet connections, as they are more flexible
and cost-effective.
7. Reserved IP Address: Some IP addresses are reserved for specific purposes or
documentation. For example, the address 127.0.0.1 is reserved for the loopback interface,
which allows a device to communicate with itself.
8. Anycast IP Address: Anycast is a routing method that allows multiple devices to share
the same IP address. When a connection is made to an anycast address, the data is routed
to the nearest available device in the group. Anycast is often used for content delivery
networks (CDNs) and to improve network reliability and performance.
9. Broadcast IP Address: Broadcast addresses are used to send data to all devices within a
specific network segment. In IPv4, the broadcast address for a network is typically the
last address in the network's address range (e.g., 192.168.1.255). In IPv6, broadcasting
has been replaced by multicast and other mechanisms.

These are some of the main types of IP addresses, and they play essential roles in the functioning
of computer networks and the internet. Different types of IP addresses serve different purposes
and are used to enable various forms of communication and connectivity.

1.x.x.x – 126.x.x.x
iana
CLASSES OF IP ADDRESS
 Class IP Range Starting IP Ending IP Default Number of
Subnet Mask Host
A 1-126 1.0.0.0 126.255.255.255 255.0.0.0 16,777,214
B 128-191 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 255.255.0.0 65,534
C 192-223 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 255.255.255.0 254
D 224-239 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
E 240-255 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255

IP addresses are divided into different classes based on their range and structure. The IP address
classes include Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E. Each class has a different range
of possible IP addresses and is used for specific purposes.

Class A:
o Range: 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255
o Example: 10.0.0.1
o The first octet represents the network, and the remaining three octets represent
hosts. Class A addresses are typically used by large organizations.
2. Class B:
o Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
o Example: 172.16.0.1
o The first two octets represent the network, and the remaining two octets represent
hosts. Class B addresses are commonly used by medium-sized enterprises.
3. Class C:
o Range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
o Example: 192.168.0.1
o The first three octets represent the network, and the last octet represents hosts.
Class C addresses are often used by small businesses and for local area networks
(LANs).
4. Class D:
o Range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
o Reserved for multicast groups. Multicast addresses are used to send data to
multiple hosts simultaneously.
5. Class E:
o Range: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
o Reserved for experimental purposes and should not be used for regular IP
communication.

It's worth noting that the concept of IP address classes is less significant in modern networking,
as the Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) system has become more prevalent. CIDR allows
for a more flexible allocation of IP addresses and eliminates some of the rigid structures
associated with the traditional IP address classes.