1.

Excel Fundamentals
i. What are Cells, Rows and Column

In Excel, a cell is the basic unit of a worksheet, where you can enter and store data. Each cell
has a unique cell reference, which is determined by the column letter and row number of the
cell. For example, the cell in the first column and second row is referred to as cell A2.

A row in Excel is a horizontal line of cells that are numbered sequentially from 1 to the
maximum number of rows in the worksheet. By default, Excel has 1,048,576 rows, but you can
adjust the number of rows to fit your needs. Rows are identified by numbers along the left
side of the worksheet, and you can select an entire row by clicking on the row number.

A column in Excel is a vertical line of cells that are identified by a letter at the top of the
column, starting with column A and continuing to the right. By default, Excel has 16,384
columns, but again, you can adjust the number of columns to fit your needs. You can select
an entire column by clicking on the column letter.

Rows and columns allow you to organize your data in a structured way. For example, you
might use rows to represent each item in a list, and columns to represent different attributes
of the items, such as price, quantity, or description. This makes it easy to sort, filter, and
analyze your data.

ii. Ribbons, Tabs and Groups

In Excel, the ribbon is the topmost part of the screen that contains tabs, groups, and
commands that allow you to access and use different features of the program. The ribbon
was introduced in Excel 2007 and is designed to make it easier to find and use the various
tools and functions in the program.

Each tab in the ribbon represents a different category of tools and functions, such as "Home,"
"Insert," "Page Layout," and "Data." Each tab is further divided into groups, which contain
related commands and options.

For example, the "Home" tab includes groups such as "Clipboard," "Font," "Alignment,"
"Number," and "Styles." The "Clipboard" group contains commands for copying and pasting
data, while the "Font" group contains commands for formatting text, such as changing the
font, font size, and font color.

You can access different commands and options by clicking on the tabs and groups in the
ribbon. When you click on a group, the commands and options available in that group are
displayed in a drop-down list. You can also click on the small arrow in the lower right corner
of a group to access additional options and settings.
The ribbon can be customized to show or hide different tabs and groups, and you can even
create your own custom tabs and groups with the commands and options you use most
frequently.

iii. Merge cells and wrap text

Excel cell merge is a formatting feature that allows you to combine two or more adjacent cells
into a single cell. This can be useful for creating headings or labels that span multiple
columns or rows, or for creating a visually appealing layout.

To merge cells in Excel, select the cells you want to merge and then click the "Merge &
Center" button in the "Home" tab of the ribbon. This will combine the selected cells into a
single cell, and center the text within the new cell.

Wrap text is another formatting feature that allows you to display long text or values within a
single cell by wrapping the text to multiple lines. This can make it easier to read the text,
especially if you have limited space in your worksheet.

To wrap text in Excel, select the cell or cells you want to wrap, and then click the "Wrap Text"
button in the "Alignment" section of the "Home" tab in the ribbon. This will automatically
adjust the row height to accommodate the wrapped text, and you can adjust the row height
manually if needed.

Note that if you have merged cells, you may need to adjust the row height to accommodate
the wrapped text as well. To do this, select the merged cell and then drag the bottom edge of
the row to adjust the height.

2. Tables and Formatting Data

i. Difference between Tables and Table lookalike borders
In Excel, there are two types of tables: Excel Tables and Table Lookalike Borders.

Excel Tables are a specific feature within Excel that allow you to organize and analyze data in a
structured way. Excel Tables have a number of advantages over regular data ranges, such as
automatic formatting, easy sorting and filtering, and the ability to reference columns using
structured references instead of cell references. Excel Tables also automatically adjust when
new data is added, and can be easily formatted and customized.

Table Lookalike Borders, on the other hand, are simply a formatting feature that allows you to
create a table-like appearance by adding borders around cells in a regular data range. This
can make it easier to read and interpret the data, but it doesn't provide any of the advanced
features or functionality of an Excel Table.

Some key differences between Excel Tables and Table Lookalike Borders include:

Excel Tables automatically adjust and expand when new data is added, while Table
Lookalike Borders do not.
Excel Tables allow you to easily sort and filter data, while Table Lookalike Borders do not.
Excel Tables can be referenced using structured references, while Table Lookalike
Borders can only be referenced using cell references.
Excel Tables have automatic formatting, such as alternate row shading, while Table
Lookalike Borders require manual formatting to achieve the same effect.
Excel Tables can be customized with various formatting options and styles, while Table
Lookalike Borders are limited to basic border styles.

In summary, while Table Lookalike Borders can provide a quick and easy way to create a table-
like appearance in a regular data range, Excel Tables offer much more advanced features and
functionality for organizing and analyzing data.

ii. Cell Formatting

Excel cell formatting refers to the process of changing the appearance of a cell, such as its
font, color, alignment, borders, and other visual attributes. Cell formatting can be used to
improve the readability and organization of data, and to highlight important information.

Excel offers a wide range of formatting options that can be applied to cells, such as:

Font: change the font style, size, and color of text in a cell.
Number: format numbers to show currency, percentages, dates, times, and other
numerical values.
Alignment: adjust the horizontal and vertical alignment of text within a cell.
Borders: add borders around cells or within cells to create visual separation.
Fill color: add background colors to cells to highlight information.
Conditional formatting: automatically apply formatting to cells based on specific
conditions, such as data values, text, or dates.
To apply formatting to a cell, select the cell or range of cells you want to format and then use
the formatting options available in the "Home" tab of the ribbon. You can also use the
"Format Cells" dialog box to access additional formatting options, such as font effects,
protection, and number formats.

Cell formatting can be applied to individual cells, entire rows or columns, or to a selection of
cells. Once formatting is applied, it can be easily copied and pasted to other cells or ranges of
cells using Excel's copy and paste functionality.

(a) General: General cell format is the default format applied to cells in Excel, and
displays numbers as is and text as text. You can change the format of a cell to another
format, such as number or date, using the formatting options available in Excel.

(b) Date: Excel allows you to format date cells in a variety of ways, using pre-defined date
formats or custom date formats. This allows you to display dates in a style that is easy to
read and interpret. Dates can be formatted in a variety of ways to make them easier to
read and interpret. The date format options in Excel allow you to display dates in
different styles, such as long date, short date, or custom date formats. This format is used
for date values. It allows you to display dates in a variety of formats, such as
"mm/dd/yyyy" or "yyyy-mm-dd", and allows you to include day, month, and year
information.

(c ) Number: This format is used for general numeric values. It allows you to specify the
number of decimal places, thousands separator, and negative number display style.

(d) Currency: This format is used for currency values. It displays the value with a
currency symbol, such as $ or €, and allows you to specify the number of decimal places
and negative number display style.

(e) Percentage: This format is used to display values as percentages. It multiplies the
value by 100 and displays it with a percent symbol (%).

(f) Time: This format is used for time values. It allows you to display times in a variety of
formats, such as "h:mm AM/PM" or "hh:mm:ss".

(g) Scientific: This format is used for very large or small numbers. It displays the value in
scientific notation, with an "E" to indicate the power of 10.

(h) Custom: This format allows you to create your own custom number format. It allows
you to specify the exact appearance of the value, using symbols such as "#" for digits, "."
for decimal places, and "-" for negative values
notes......

iii. SUM, COUNT, COUNT A, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX

Excel provides several functions that can be used to perform basic calculations on data
within a worksheet. Here are some of the most commonly used functions for calculating data
in Excel:

SUM: This function is used to add up a range of numbers in a worksheet. To use the SUM
function, select the cell where you want the result to appear, then type "=SUM(" and
select the range of cells you want to add up, followed by closing parenthesis. For
example, "=SUM(A1:A10)" would add up the values in cells A1 through A10.

COUNT: This function is used to count the number of cells in a range that contain
numeric values. To use the COUNT function, select the cell where you want the result to
appear, then type "=COUNT(" and select the range of cells you want to count, followed by
closing parenthesis. For example, "=COUNT(A1:A10)" would count the number of cells in
the range A1 through A10 that contain numeric values.
 COUNTA: This function is used to count the number of cells in a range that are not empty,
regardless of whether they contain text, numbers, or other types of data. To use the
COUNTA function, select the cell where you want the result to appear, then type
"=COUNTA(" and select the range of cells you want to count, followed by closing
parenthesis. For example, "=COUNTA(A1:A10)" would count the number of cells in the
range A1 through A10 that are not empty.

AVERAGE: This function is used to calculate the average of a range of numbers in a

worksheet. To use the AVERAGE function, select the cell where you want the result to
appear, then type "=AVERAGE(" and select the range of cells you want to average,
followed by closing parenthesis. For example, "=AVERAGE(A1:A10)" would calculate the
average of the values in cells A1 through A10.

MIN: This function is used to find the minimum value in a range of numbers in a
worksheet. To use the MIN function, select the cell where you want the result to appear,
then type "=MIN(" and select the range of cells you want to search, followed by closing
parenthesis. For example, "=MIN(A1:A10)" would find the smallest value in cells A1
through A10.

MAX: This function is used to find the maximum value in a range of numbers in a
worksheet. To use the MAX function, select the cell where you want the result to appear,
then type "=MAX(" and select the range of cells you want to search, followed by closing
parenthesis. For example, "=MAX(A1:A10)" would find the largest value in cells A1 through
A10.

These functions can be used to perform a wide range of calculations on data in a worksheet,
from simple sums and averages to more complex analyses. To use any of these functions,
simply type the function name followed by a set of parentheses, and select the range of cells
you want to perform the calculation on.

notes:
iv. AutoSUM
The AutoSum feature in Excel is a quick and easy way to calculate a range of data in a
worksheet. It allows you to automatically insert a formula that adds up the values in a
selected range of cells.

To use the AutoSum feature:

1. Select the cell where you want the total to appear.

2. Click the "AutoSum" button (represented by the Greek letter sigma) on the Home tab of
the ribbon, or use the keyboard shortcut "Alt + =".
3. Excel will automatically select what it thinks is the range of cells you want to sum, and
insert the SUM function in the selected cell. If Excel has selected the wrong range, simply
adjust the selection to the correct range of cells.
4. Press "Enter" to complete the calculation and display the result in the selected cell.

The AutoSum feature is particularly useful when you need to quickly calculate the total of a
column or row of numbers. It can also be used to calculate other functions, such as the
average or maximum value of a range of cells, by selecting the appropriate function from the
drop-down menu that appears when you click the AutoSum button.

v.Format Painter
The Format Painter tool in Excel is a handy feature that allows you to quickly copy the
formatting of one cell or range of cells and apply it to another cell or range of cells. This saves
you the time and effort of having to manually format each individual cell.

To use the Format Painter tool:

1. Select the cell or range of cells that contain the formatting you want to copy.
2. Click on the "Format Painter" button on the Home tab of the ribbon. The cursor will
change to a paintbrush.
 3. Select the cell or range of cells you want to apply the formatting to. The formatting will
be immediately applied.

You can also double-click on the Format Painter button to lock it, which allows you to apply
the same formatting to multiple cells or ranges of cells without having to click the button
each time.

The Format Painter tool is particularly useful when you are working with large amounts of
data and need to quickly apply consistent formatting throughout your worksheet.

vi. Absolut Cell Reference

In Excel, absolute cell reference is a way to lock the reference of a cell in a formula so that it
does not change when the formula is copied or moved to another cell. By default, Excel uses
relative cell references, which means that when a formula is copied to another cell, the cell
references are adjusted relative to the new location of the formula.

To create an absolute cell reference, you need to use the dollar sign ($) in front of the column
letter and row number of the cell reference you want to lock. For example, if you want to lock
the cell reference for cell A1 in a formula, you would write it as $A$1.

There are two ways to use absolute cell references in Excel:

1. Absolute column reference: Use a dollar sign ($) in front of the column letter to lock the
column reference. For example, $A1 will lock column A, but allow the row reference to
change.
2. Absolute row reference: Use a dollar sign ($) in front of the row number to lock the row
reference. For example, A$1 will lock row 1, but allow the column reference to change.

By using absolute cell references, you can ensure that the cell references in your formulas
stay fixed, which can be especially useful when working with large datasets or complex
formulas.

Tips: Use the F4 key: One of the quickest ways to insert dollar signs into cell references is
to use the F4 key. Simply select the cell reference you want to make absolute, and press the
F4 key. This will toggle through the different types of absolute references ($A$1, A$1, $A1,
A1).
 Type the dollar signs manually: You can also type the dollar signs manually when
entering a cell reference. Just remember to use the dollar sign before the column letter
and row number that you want to lock.
Use named ranges: Another way to simplify formulas and make it easier to use absolute
references is to use named ranges. By assigning a name to a range of cells, you can refer
to that range by name instead of using cell references. Named ranges can be used in
formulas just like cell references, and they are automatically updated if the range is
moved or resized.
Use relative references to create absolute references: You can also use relative
references to create absolute references. Simply start by writing your formula using
relative references, and then insert the dollar signs manually or use the F4 key to change
the references to absolute references.
Practice and repetition: As with any skill, the more you practice using absolute cell
references in Excel, the more comfortable you will become with them. Try creating
different types of formulas using absolute references, and experiment with different
techniques until you find the one that works best for you.

Notes:

Excel Tables

(a) How to create a proper table.

An Excel table is a range of cells in Excel that is formatted as a table. It is a powerful tool that
allows you to organize and analyze your data in a more efficient and user-friendly way.

To create an Excel table, follow these steps:

1. Select the range of cells that you want to include in the table. Make sure the cells have
headers that describe the data in each column.
2. Click on the "Insert" tab in the Ribbon at the top of the Excel window.
3. Click on the "Table" button in the "Tables" group. This will open the "Create Table" dialog
box.
 4. Verify that the range of cells you want to use for the table is correct in the "Table/Range"
field. Make sure that the "My table has headers" box is checked if your range includes
headers.
5. Click "OK" to create the table.

Your range of cells will now be formatted as an Excel table, and you will see several changes:

The headers in the table will be formatted differently from the rest of the data.
A "Table Tools" tab will appear in the Ribbon with several additional options for working
with tables.

The table will be given a default name (Table1, Table2, etc.) that you can change by
clicking on it and typing a new name.

Once you have created a table, you can use many of Excel's powerful features to work with
and analyze the data. For example, you can use filters to quickly sort and filter the data, use
conditional formatting to highlight certain values, or create pivot tables to summarize and
analyze the data in different ways.

(b) Features:

An Excel table is a range of cells in Excel that is formatted as a table. It is a powerful tool that
allows you to organize and analyze your data in a more efficient and user-friendly way.

To create an Excel table, follow these steps:

1. Select the range of cells that you want to include in the table. Make sure the cells have
headers that describe the data in each column.
2. Click on the "Insert" tab in the Ribbon at the top of the Excel window.
3. Click on the "Table" button in the "Tables" group. This will open the "Create Table" dialog
box.
4. Verify that the range of cells you want to use for the table is correct in the "Table/Range"
field. Make sure that the "My table has headers" box is checked if your range includes
headers.
5. Click "OK" to create the table.

Your range of cells will now be formatted as an Excel table, and you will see several changes:

The headers in the table will be formatted differently from the rest of the data.
 A "Table Tools" tab will appear in the Ribbon with several additional options for working
with tables.
The table will be given a default name (Table1, Table2, etc.) that you can change by
clicking on it and typing a new name.

Once you have created a table, you can use many of Excel's powerful features to work with
and analyze the data. For example, you can use filters to quickly sort and filter the data, use
conditional formatting to highlight certain values, or create pivot tables to summarize and
analyze the data in different ways.

features in excel table

Excel tables are a powerful tool that come with a variety of features to help you work with
and analyze your data more efficiently. Here are some of the key features of Excel tables:

1. Structured formatting: When you create a table, Excel automatically applies a structured
formatting to your data, which makes it easier to read and understand. This includes
alternating row colors, banded columns, and headers that are clearly labeled.
2. Dynamic range: Excel tables have a dynamic range, which means that if you add or delete
rows or columns to the table, Excel will automatically adjust the range of the table to
include the new data.
3. Sorting and filtering: You can use Excel's sorting and filtering features to quickly sort and
filter the data in your table. You can sort by one or more columns, and filter by specific
values or conditions.
4. Totals row: The Totals row is a row at the bottom of the table that automatically
calculates totals or other summary statistics for each column in the table. You can
choose which function to use (e.g., Sum, Count, Average, etc.) for each column.
5. Calculated columns: You can add calculated columns to your table that automatically
perform calculations based on the data in other columns. This can be useful for
performing complex calculations or creating new metrics based on existing data.
6. Conditional formatting: You can use Excel's conditional formatting feature to highlight
certain values or cells in your table based on specific criteria. For example, you could
highlight cells that contain values above a certain threshold, or cells that contain errors.
7. Pivot tables: You can use Excel's pivot table feature to summarize and analyze the data in
your table in a variety of ways. Pivot tables allow you to group and aggregate data, create
custom calculations, and easily create charts and graphs to visualize your data.

These are just a few of the many features available in Excel tables. By using tables, you can
make your data more organized, easier to work with, and more insightful.

3.Conditions
i. IF condition
Excel's IF function allows you to create conditional statements that return specific values
based on certain conditions. Here's a basic syntax of the IF function:

=IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])

The IF function tests a logical condition and returns one value if the condition is true and
another value if the condition is false. Here are some examples of how to use the IF function:

Example 1: A simple IF function

Suppose you have a column of numbers and you want to check if each number is greater than
or equal to 10. If the number is greater than or equal to 10, you want to display the text "Yes",
otherwise, you want to display the text "No". Here's how to use the IF function for this:

=IF(A2>=10, "Yes", "No")

In this example, the logical test is "A2>=10", which checks if the value in cell A2 is greater than
or equal to 10. If the condition is true, the function returns the text "Yes", and if the condition
is false, it returns the text "No". You can drag this formula down the column to apply it to all
the cells.

Example 2: Using IF function with another function

Suppose you have a table of students and their grades, and you want to calculate the average
grade for each student. However, some students have missing grades (represented by an
empty cell), and you want to replace the missing grades with a text "N/A". Here's how to use
the IF function with the AVERAGE function for this:

=IF(A2<>"", AVERAGE(B2:E2), "N/A")

In this example, the logical test is "A2<>""", which checks if the cell A2 is not empty. If the cell
is not empty, the function calculates the average of the grades in cells B2:E2 using the
AVERAGE function. If the cell is empty, it returns the text "N/A".

These are just a few examples of how to use the IF function in Excel. With the IF function, you
can create complex conditional statements to analyze and manipulate your data in a variety
of ways.

notes:
ii. COUNTIF Condition

The COUNTIF function in Excel allows you to count the number of cells within a range that
meet certain criteria. Here's the basic syntax of the COUNTIF function:

=COUNTIF(range, criteria)

The COUNTIF function counts the number of cells in a specified range that meet a certain
criteria. The range is the set of cells that you want to count, and the criteria is the condition
that each cell in the range must meet. Here are some examples of how to use the COUNTIF
function:

Example 1: Counting cells that match a specific value

Suppose you have a list of sales transactions and you want to count the number of
transactions that were made in January. Here's how to use the COUNTIF function for this:

=COUNTIF(A2:A20, "January")

In this example, the range is A2:A20, which is the column that contains the transaction dates.
The criteria is "January", which means that the function will count the number of cells in the
range that contain the text "January".

Example 2: Counting cells that match a range of values

Suppose you have a list of test scores and you want to count the number of scores that fall
between 70 and 80. Here's how to use the COUNTIF function for this:

=COUNTIF(A2:A20, ">=70") - COUNTIF(A2:A20, ">80")

In this example, the range is A2:A20, which is the column that contains the test scores. The
criteria is ">=70", which means that the function will count the number of cells in the range
that are greater than or equal to 70. However, we also need to subtract the number of cells
that are greater than 80 to get the correct count of scores that fall between 70 and 80.

Example 3: Counting cells that match a partial text string

Suppose you have a list of customer names and you want to count the number of customers
whose names contain the text "Inc". Here's how to use the COUNTIF function for this:

=COUNTIF(A2:A20, "Inc")

In this example, the range is A2:A20, which is the column that contains the customer names.
The criteria is "Inc", which means that the function will count the number of cells in the range
that contain the text "Inc" anywhere in the cell.

These are just a few examples of how to use the COUNTIF function in Excel. With the COUNTIF
function, you can count cells based on a wide variety of criteria, making it a powerful tool for
data analysis and reporting.

notes:

iii. SUMIF Condition

The SUMIF function in Excel allows you to sum the values in a range of cells that meet certain
criteria. Here's the basic syntax of the SUMIF function:

=SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range])

The SUMIF function adds up the values in a specified range of cells that meet a certain
criteria. The range is the set of cells that you want to evaluate, and the criteria is the
condition that each cell in the range must meet. The optional sum_range argument allows you
to specify a range of cells to add up instead of the range that you're evaluating. Here are
some examples of how to use the SUMIF function:

Example 1: Summing cells that match a specific value

Suppose you have a list of sales transactions and you want to add up the total sales for
January. Here's how to use the SUMIF function for this:

=SUMIF(A2:A20, "January", B2:B20)

In this example, the range A2:A20 contains the transaction dates and the range B2:B20
contains the sales amounts. The criteria is "January", which means that the function will only
sum the sales amounts for transactions that occurred in January.

Example 2: Summing cells that match a range of values

Suppose you have a list of test scores and you want to add up the total scores that fall
between 70 and 80. Here's how to use the SUMIF function for this:

=SUMIF(A2:A20, ">=70", B2:B20) - SUMIF(A2:A20, ">80", B2:B20)

In this example, the range A2:A20 contains the test scores and the range B2:B20 contains the
corresponding student names. The criteria is ">=70", which means that the function will only
sum the scores that are greater than or equal to 70. However, we also need to subtract the
scores that are greater than 80 to get the correct total.

Example 3: Summing cells that match a partial text string

Suppose you have a list of employee names and salaries, and you want to add up the salaries
for employees whose names contain the text "Smith". Here's how to use the SUMIF function
for this:

=SUMIF(A2:A20, "Smith", B2:B20)

In this example, the range A2:A20 contains the employee names and the range B2:B20
contains the corresponding salaries. The criteria is "Smith", which means that the function
will only sum the salaries for employees whose names contain the text "Smith" anywhere in
the name.

These are just a few examples of how to use the SUMIF function in Excel. With the SUMIF
function, you can sum cells based on a wide variety of criteria, making it a powerful tool for
data analysis and reporting.

notes:

iv. NESTEDIF Condition

The NESTEDIF function in Excel allows you to specify multiple conditions within a single
formula. It's a way to add more complexity to your IF statement, allowing you to evaluate
more than one condition.

Here's the basic syntax of the NESTEDIF function:

=IF(condition1, result1, IF(condition2, result2, IF(condition3, result3, ...)))

This formula structure allows you to specify multiple conditions and results, with each nested
IF statement being evaluated only if the condition above it is false.

Here's an example of how to use the NESTEDIF function:

Suppose you have a list of students and their grades, and you want to assign letter grades
based on their numerical scores. Here's how you could use the NESTEDIF function to do this:

=IF(A2>=90,"A",IF(A2>=80,"B",IF(A2>=70,"C",IF(A2>=60,"D","F"))))

In this example, the formula checks if the student's score in cell A2 is greater than or equal to
90. If it is, the formula returns an "A" grade. If not, it moves on to the next nested IF
statement, which checks if the score is greater than or equal to 80. If it is, the formula returns
a "B" grade. And so on, until the final IF statement, which assigns an "F" grade to any score
below 60.

Note that you can nest as many IF statements as you need, although doing so can quickly
make your formula difficult to read and debug. In general, it's best to limit your use of nested
IF statements and consider alternative solutions, such as using the VLOOKUP or
INDEX/MATCH functions.

4.Conditional Formatting
Conditional formatting in Excel allows you to format cells based on specific criteria or rules.
This can help highlight important data, identify trends, and make your spreadsheet easier to
read and understand. Here's a breakdown of how conditional formatting works in Excel:

1. Select the cells you want to apply the formatting to.

2. Click on the "Conditional Formatting" button in the "Home" tab of the Excel ribbon.

3. Select the type of formatting you want to apply, such as highlighting cells that are greater
than a certain value or have specific text.
 4. Set the formatting options, such as the color or style of the formatting.
5. Set the rule or condition that will trigger the formatting to be applied.
6. Click "OK" to apply the conditional formatting to the selected cells.

Here are some tips and tricks for using conditional formatting in Excel:

Use the "Highlight Cells Rules" option to quickly apply formatting based on common
conditions, such as values that are above or below average, or that fall within a certain
range. This type of conditional formatting allows you to highlight cells that meet a certain
criteria, such as cells that are greater than a certain value, between two values, or that
contain specific text or dates.

Use the "Top/Bottom Rules" option to highlight the top or bottom values in a range of
cells, such as the highest or lowest sales figures. This type of conditional formatting
highlights the highest or lowest values in a range of cells. You can specify how many
values you want to highlight, or a percentage of the total values.

Use the "Data Bars" option to create a visual representation of the values in a cell, such
as a horizontal bar that fills up based on the value. This type of conditional formatting
creates a horizontal bar within a cell that represents the value of the cell. The longer the
bar, the higher the value.

Color Scales: This type of conditional formatting applies a gradient color scale to a range
of cells, with different colors representing different values. This makes it easy to visualize
trends and patterns in the data.

Use the "Icon Sets" option to apply icons to a range of cells based on the values they
contain, such as smiley faces for high values and frowny faces for low values. This type of
conditional formatting adds small icons to cells based on the values they contain. You
can choose from a variety of icons, such as arrows, check marks, and stars, to represent
different levels or categories of data.
New Rule: This type of conditional formatting allows you to create a custom rule based on a
formula or function. This gives you more flexibility and control over how your data is
formatted.

Here's an example of how to use conditional formatting in Excel:

Suppose you have a list of products and their sales figures, and you want to highlight the top
10% of products based on their sales. Here's how you could use conditional formatting to do
this:

1. Select the cells containing the sales figures for each product.
2. Click on the "Conditional Formatting" button in the "Home" tab of the Excel ribbon, and
select "Top/Bottom Rules".
3. Select "Top 10%" from the dropdown menu.
4. Set the formatting options, such as the color or style of the formatting.
5. Click "OK" to apply the conditional formatting to the selected cells.

Now, the top 10% of products based on their sales will be highlighted with the formatting you
selected. You can adjust the percentage or other settings in the conditional formatting rule to
customize it to your needs.

Overall, conditional formatting is a powerful tool in Excel that allows you to quickly and easily
highlight important information and identify trends in your data. By using the different types
of conditional formatting options available, you can create clear and concise visualizations of
your data that make it easier to analyze and understand.

5. Identifying and removing duplicates in excel

To find and remove row duplicates in Excel, you can use the built-in "Remove Duplicates"
feature. Here are the steps:

1. Select the range of cells that contains the data you want to check for duplicates.
2. Click the "Data" tab in the Excel ribbon.
3. Click the "Remove Duplicates" button in the "Data Tools" group.
4. In the "Remove Duplicates" dialog box, select the columns that you want to check for
duplicates. By default, all columns are selected.
5. Click the "OK" button to remove duplicates. Excel will display a message telling you how
many duplicate rows were removed, and how many unique rows remain.

Note that the "Remove Duplicates" feature only removes exact duplicates. If you have rows
with similar data that aren't exactly the same, you may need to use other techniques, such as
filtering or using a formula, to identify and remove them.

6.Date Functions
Excel provides various date functions that can be used to perform calculations or manipulate
dates. Here are some of the most commonly used date functions in Excel:

TODAY(): This function returns the current date.

The TODAY function in Excel is a built-in function that returns the current system date. It
takes no arguments and simply returns the current date in the default format of your
system. The TODAY function is useful for situations where you need to automatically
update a cell with the current date, such as for tracking the progress of a project or
keeping a record of when a task was completed. You can enter the TODAY function in a
cell, and it will automatically update to the current date every time the worksheet is
opened or recalculated. Overall, the TODAY function is a handy tool for working with
dates in Excel.

YEAR(): This function returns the year of a given date.

The YEAR function in Excel is a built-in function that returns the year of a given date.
The syntax for the YEAR function is as follows:

=YEAR(serial_number)

The "serial_number" argument is the date for which you want to find the year, and can
be entered as a reference to a cell containing a date, or as a date in quotation marks.

For example, if cell A1 contains the date "3/15/2023", you can use the formula
"=YEAR(A1)" to return the year 2023. If you don't want to use a cell reference, you can
enter the date in quotation marks like this:

=YEAR("3/15/2023")

The YEAR function is useful for situations where you need to extract the year from a
date in order to perform calculations or analysis. For example, you might use the YEAR
 function to extract the year from a list of sales data in order to calculate year-over-
year growth rates.

MONTH(): This function returns the month of a given date.

The MONTH function in Excel is a built-in function that returns the month of a given date.
The syntax for the MONTH function is as follows:

=MONTH(serial_number)

The "serial_number" argument is the date for which you want to find the month, and
can be entered as a reference to a cell containing a date, or as a date in quotation
marks.

For example, if cell A1 contains the date "3/15/2023", you can use the formula
"=MONTH(A1)" to return the month 3. If you don't want to use a cell reference, you can
enter the date in quotation marks like this:

=MONTH("3/15/2023")

The MONTH function is useful for situations where you need to extract the month
from a date in order to perform calculations or analysis. For example, you might use
the MONTH function to group sales data by month, or to calculate monthly averages.

Keep in mind that the MONTH function only returns the month portion of a date, so if
you need to extract the year or day of a date, you should use the YEAR or DAY
function instead. Additionally, the MONTH function may not work properly if the date
format is not recognized by Excel, so be sure to check that your dates are formatted
correctly.

EDATE(): This function returns a date that is a specified number of months before or after
a given date.

The EDATE function in Excel is a built-in function that returns a date that is a specified
number of months before or after a given date. The syntax for the EDATE function is as
follows:

=EDATE(start_date, months)

The "start_date" argument is the date from which to start, and can be entered as a
reference to a cell containing a date, or as a date in quotation marks. The "months"
argument is the number of months to add or subtract from the start date. A positive
number indicates a future date, while a negative number indicates a past date.
 For example, if cell A1 contains the date "3/15/2023", you can use the formula
"=EDATE(A1, 3)" to return the date "6/15/2023". If you want to subtract months from
the start date, you can use a negative number for the "months" argument. For
example, "=EDATE(A1, -3)" would return the date "12/15/2022".

The EDATE function is useful for situations where you need to calculate a future or
past date based on a starting date and a specified number of months. For example,
you might use the EDATE function to calculate the due date for a payment that is due
a certain number of months after an invoice date.

Keep in mind that the EDATE function assumes that there are 30 days in each month,
so the results may not be exact for all situations. Additionally, the EDATE function may
not work properly if the date format is not recognized by Excel, so be sure to check
that your dates are formatted correctly.

DAYS(): This function returns the number of days between two dates.

The DAYS function in Excel is a built-in function that calculates the number of days
between two dates. The syntax for the DAYS function is as follows:

=DAYS(end_date, start_date)

The "end_date" argument is the ending date, and the "start_date" argument is the
starting date. Both arguments can be entered as references to cells containing dates,
or as dates in quotation marks.

For example, if cell A1 contains the starting date "3/1/2023", and cell B1 contains the
ending date "3/15/2023", you can use the formula "=DAYS(B1, A1)" to calculate the
number of days between the two dates, which would be 14 in this case.

The DAYS function is useful for situations where you need to calculate the number of
days between two dates, such as calculating the length of time between a project's
start and end dates.

Keep in mind that the DAYS function calculates the number of days between the two
dates, regardless of weekends or holidays. If you need to calculate the number of
business days between two dates, you should use the NETWORKDAYS or WORKDAY
functions instead. Additionally, the DAYS function may not work properly if the date
format is not recognized by Excel, so be sure to check that your dates are formatted
correctly.

WEEKNUM(): This function returns the week number of a given date.

 The WEEKNUM function in Excel is a built-in function that returns the week number of
a given date. The syntax for the WEEKNUM function is as follows:

=WEEKNUM(serial_number, [return_type])

The "serial_number" argument is the date for which you want to find the week number,
and can be entered as a reference to a cell containing a date, or as a date in quotation
marks. The optional "return_type" argument specifies the numbering system to use for
the week. The default value is 1, which uses the U.S. numbering system where the first
week of the year is the week that includes January 1st. Other options for the
"return_type" argument include 2 and 21, which use the ISO 8601 standard where the
first week of the year is the week that includes the first Thursday of the year.

For example, if cell A1 contains the date "3/15/2023", you can use the formula
"=WEEKNUM(A1)" to return the week number 11, using the default U.S. numbering
system. If you want to use the ISO 8601 standard instead, you can use the formula
"=WEEKNUM(A1, 21)" to return the week number 11.

The WEEKNUM function is useful for situations where you need to group or analyze
data by week. For example, you might use the WEEKNUM function to calculate the
total sales for each week of the year.

Keep in mind that the WEEKNUM function may not work properly if the date format is
not recognized by Excel, so be sure to check that your dates are formatted correctly.
Additionally, the WEEKNUM function may produce different results depending on the
date system used by your computer, so it's important to check your settings if you
notice unexpected results.

WORKDAY.INTL(): used to calculate a future or past date by adding a specified number of

working days to a given start date, excluding weekends and holidays. The syntax for the
WORKDAY.INTL function is as follows:

=WORKDAY.INTL(start_date, days, [weekend], [holidays])

The arguments of the WORKDAY.INTL function are:

start_date: The date from which to start counting working days.

days: The number of working days to add or subtract from the start date. A positive
value adds days, and a negative value subtracts days.
weekend: An optional argument that specifies which days of the week are considered
weekends. By default, Saturday and Sunday are considered weekends, but you can
specify different days using a number code. For example, a value of 2 would exclude
Monday and Tuesday as weekends.
holidays: An optional list of one or more dates to exclude as holidays. The dates
should be entered as a range of cells or an array constant.
 Here's an example of how to use the WORKDAY.INTL function:

Suppose you have a project start date of March 1, 2023, and you need to calculate the
date when the project will be completed, excluding weekends and the holidays of
March 20 and March 21, 2023, which are public holidays. You can use the following
formula:

=WORKDAY.INTL("3/1/2023", 10, 1, {"3/20/2023","3/21/2023"})

In this example, the function calculates the date 10 working days after March 1, 2023,
excluding weekends and the two public holidays. The result will be March 15, 2023,
which is the expected completion date.

These are just a few examples of the many date functions available in Excel. By using
these functions, you can perform complex calculations involving dates and times with
ease.

Notes:

7. VLOOKUP
The VLOOKUP function in Excel is a powerful tool for finding and retrieving data from a
table. The function works by looking up a value in the first column of a table, and then
returning a corresponding value from a specified column in the same row. Here are some
examples and tricks for using the VLOOKUP function with both ranges and table names:

1. Using ranges with VLOOKUP:

To use the VLOOKUP function with ranges, you need to specify the lookup value, the
 range that contains the lookup value and the range that contains the result you want to
retrieve. For example, the formula "=VLOOKUP(A2, B2:C6, 2, FALSE)" looks up the value in
cell A2 in the range B2:C6 and returns the corresponding value in the second column
(column C) of the same row. The fourth argument (FALSE) specifies that the function
should only return exact matches.
2. Using table names with VLOOKUP:
Excel tables are a powerful feature that allows you to organize and analyze data more
efficiently. To use a table name with VLOOKUP, you can use the "@" symbol to refer to
the column names in the table. For example, if you have a table named "Sales" with
columns named "Product" and "Price", you can use the formula "=VLOOKUP("Apples",
Sales[@[Product]:[Price]], 2, FALSE)" to look up the price of "Apples" in the "Sales" table.
The "@" symbol refers to the current row of the table, and "[Product]:[Price]" specifies
the range of columns to use for the lookup.
3. Using approximate matches with VLOOKUP:
By default, the VLOOKUP function returns exact matches only. However, you can use
approximate matches by setting the last argument to "TRUE" instead of "FALSE". In this
case, the function returns the closest match that is less than or equal to the lookup
value. For example, if you have a table of tax rates with income ranges in the first
column, you can use the formula "=VLOOKUP(75000, TaxRates, 2, TRUE)" to find the tax
rate for an income of $75,000. The function returns the tax rate for the income range
that includes $75,000, which is the closest match that is less than or equal to the lookup
value.
4. Using wildcard characters with VLOOKUP:
You can use wildcard characters like "" and "?" in the lookup value to find matches that
contain a certain string of characters. For example, if you have a table of products with
names in the first column, you can use the formula "=VLOOKUP("apple", Products, 2,
FALSE)" to find the price of any product that contains the word "apple" in its name. The
"" character is a wildcard that matches any number of characters, while the "?"
character matches a single character.
Overall, the VLOOKUP function is a versatile tool that can help you find and retrieve data
from tables in Excel. By using ranges or table names, you can streamline your formulas and
make them more readable and easier to maintain.

notes:

8. DATA VALIDATION
Data validation is a useful feature in Excel that allows you to restrict the type of data that can
be entered into a cell. One of the most common uses of data validation is to create a drop-
down list of options for users to choose from. Here are the steps to create a data validation
drop-down in Excel:

1. Select the cell or range of cells where you want to create the drop-down list.
2. Go to the "Data" tab in the Excel ribbon and click on "Data Validation"

3. In the "Data Validation" dialog box, select "List" from the "Allow" dropdown menu.
 4. In the "Source" field, enter the list of options you want to appear in the drop-down,
separated by commas. For example, if you want to create a drop-down list of fruit
options, you could enter "Apple, Banana, Orange, Mango" as the source.
5. Optionally, you can check the "In-cell dropdown" option to display the drop-down arrow
in the cell.
6. Click "OK" to apply the data validation.

Now, when you click on the cell or range of cells with the data validation, a drop-down arrow
will appear. Click on the arrow to see the list of options you entered in the "Source" field.
Users can now select an option from the list and the cell will be populated with their
selection.

There are a few additional tips and tricks you can use when working with data validation drop-
downs in Excel:

To refer to the list of options in another cell or worksheet, you can enter a cell reference
or named range in the "Source" field. For example, if your list of fruit options is in cells
A1:A4, you could enter "=A1:A4" as the source.
To make the drop-down list dynamic and update automatically based on changes to the
source data, you can use a named range and the "OFFSET" function. For example, if your
list of fruit options is in cells A1:A4 and you name the range "FruitOptions", you could
enter "=OFFSET(FruitOptions, 0, 0, COUNTA(FruitOptions), 1)" as the source. This formula
uses the "OFFSET" function to create a range that starts at the first cell of the
"FruitOptions" range, has the same number of rows as there are non-blank cells in the
range, and has one column.
You can also use data validation to create drop-down lists that depend on the selection
of another drop-down list. This is called dependent data validation and requires some
additional setup using named ranges and the "INDIRECT" function.

8. PIVOT TABLE
A pivot table is a powerful tool in Excel that allows you to summarize and analyze large
amounts of data in a table format. Here are the steps to create a pivot table in Excel:

1. Make sure your data is organized in a table format. Each column should have a header
and each row should contain data. If your data is not in a table format, you can select it
and then go to the "Insert" tab in the Excel ribbon and click on "Table".
2. Select any cell within the data range, then go to the "Insert" tab in the Excel ribbon and
click on "PivotTable". In the "Create PivotTable" dialog box, make sure the "Table/Range"
field is correctly set to the data range you want to analyze.
3. In the "Create PivotTable" dialog box, select whether you want to place the pivot table in
a new worksheet or in an existing worksheet.
4. Drag and drop the fields you want to analyze into the "Rows", "Columns", and "Values"
areas of the pivot table. The "Rows" and "Columns" areas will create the row and column
 headers for the pivot table, while the "Values" area will contain the summary data for
each intersection of row and column.
5. Customize the pivot table by formatting the values, changing the layout, adding filters or
slicers, and more. You can also use the "Refresh" button to update the pivot table with
any changes to the source data.

Once you have created a pivot table, you can work with it in a variety of ways:

To filter the data in the pivot table, you can use the drop-down arrows next to each field
in the "Rows" and "Columns" areas to select specific values to display.

To change the summary function for a value field, you can click on the drop-down arrow
next to the field name in the "Values" area and select a different function, such as
"Count", "Average", or "Max".
To sort the data in the pivot table, you can click on any column header and select "Sort A
to Z" or "Sort Z to A".
To group data in the pivot table, you can select one or more cells, right-click, and select
"Group". You can then choose the type of grouping you want to apply, such as by date,
number, or text.
To drill down into the data in the pivot table, you can double-click on any cell to see the
underlying data that makes up that value.

Overall, pivot tables are a powerful tool for analyzing and summarizing large amounts of data
in Excel. With a bit of practice, you can create and work with pivot tables to get the insights
you need from your data.

Pivot Charting
Making a pivot chart from a pivot table in Excel is easy and can help you visualize your data in
a more meaningful way. Here are the steps to create a pivot chart from a pivot table:

1. First, create a pivot table from the data you want to analyze by following the steps
mentioned earlier.
2. Once you have created the pivot table, select any cell within the pivot table.
3. Go to the "Insert" tab in the Excel ribbon and click on "PivotChart".

4. In the "Create PivotChart" dialog box, select the chart type you want to create, such as a
bar chart, line chart, or pie chart.
5. Choose whether you want to place the chart in a new worksheet or in an existing
worksheet.
6. Click on the "OK" button to create the pivot chart.
7. Excel will automatically create a pivot chart based on the fields you have selected in the
pivot table.
8. Customize the pivot chart by formatting the chart elements, adding labels, and changing
the chart type. You can use the chart tools in the Excel ribbon to make these changes.
9. Use the pivot chart to analyze your data in a more visual way. You can use filters and
slicers to interactively filter the data in the pivot chart, just like you would in the pivot
table.
10. To update the pivot chart with any changes to the source data or pivot table, simply click
on the "Refresh" button in the "Analyse" tab in the Excel ribbon.

Overall, creating a pivot chart from a pivot table is a great way to visualize and analyze your
data in Excel. With a bit of practice, you can create and work with pivot charts to get the
insights you need from your data.

Creating a Dashboard

Creating a dashboard from multiple pivot charts in Excel is a great way to display your data
in a visually appealing and user-friendly way. Here are the steps to create a dashboard from
multiple pivot charts linked to a slicer:

1. First, create the pivot tables and pivot charts that you want to include in the dashboard.
2. Arrange the pivot charts on a new worksheet to create the dashboard layout. You can
adjust the size and position of the charts as needed.
3. Add a slicer to the dashboard by going to the "Insert" tab in the Excel ribbon and clicking
on "Slicer". Choose the field that you want to use as a filter for the dashboard.

4. Format the slicer as needed by adjusting the size, color, and style. You can use the slicer
tools in the Excel ribbon to make these changes.

5. Link the pivot charts to the slicer by selecting each chart and going to the "Analyse" tab
in the Excel ribbon. Click on "Insert Slicer Connections" and select the slicer you just
created.
 6. Test the dashboard by selecting different values in the slicer to see how the pivot charts
respond.
7. Customize the dashboard further by adding titles, labels, and other formatting as
needed.
8. Save the dashboard as a separate file so that you can easily update it with new data in
the future.

By following these steps, you can create a powerful dashboard that allows you to analyze
your data from multiple angles using pivot charts and slicers in Excel. With a bit of practice,
you can create even more complex dashboards that provide even more insights into your
data.

Notes:

9. Top 50+ Excel Shortcuts

1. F1: Help
2. F2: Edit cell
3. F3: Paste a defined name
4. F4: Repeat last action
5. F5: Go to
6. F6: Next pane
7. F7: Spell check
8. F8: Extend selection
9. F9: Recalculate
10. F10: Activate menu bar
11. F11: New chart
12. F12: Save As
13. Ctrl + A: Select all
14. Ctrl + B: Bold
15. Ctrl + C: Copy
16. Ctrl + D: Fill down
17. Ctrl + E: Flash fill
18. Ctrl + F: Find
19. Ctrl + G: Go to
20. Ctrl + H: Replace
21. Ctrl + I: Italic
22. Ctrl + J: Justify
23. Ctrl + K: Insert hyperlink
24. Ctrl + L: Create table
25. Ctrl + M: Insert worksheet
26. Ctrl + N: New workbook
27. Ctrl + O: Open workbook
28. Ctrl + P: Print
29. Ctrl + Q: Quick analysis
30. Ctrl + R: Fill right
31. Ctrl + S: Save
32. Ctrl + T: Create table
33. Ctrl + U: Underline
34. Ctrl + V: Paste
35. Ctrl + W: Close workbook
36. Ctrl + X: Cut
37. Ctrl + Y: Redo
38. Ctrl + Z: Undo
39. Ctrl + 1: Format cells
40. Ctrl + 2: Bold
41. Ctrl + 3: Italic
42. Ctrl + 4: Underline
43. Ctrl + 5: Strikethrough
44. Ctrl + 6: Show/hide objects
45. Ctrl + 7: Show/hide gridlines
46. Ctrl + 8: Show/hide outline symbols
47. Ctrl + 9: Hide rows
48. Ctrl + 0: Hide columns
49. Ctrl + Shift + =: Insert rows/columns
50. Ctrl + -: Delete rows/columns
51. Ctrl + Shift + F3: Create name
52. Ctrl + Shift + F6: Previous workbook
53. Ctrl + Shift + F12: Print preview
54. Ctrl + Shift + C: Copy format
55. Ctrl + Shift + D: Fill down
56. Ctrl + Shift + F: Find and replace
57. Ctrl + Shift + G: Go to
58. Ctrl + Shift + L: Apply filter
59. Ctrl + Shift + M: Merge cells
60. Ctrl + Shift + N: New worksheet
61. Ctrl + Shift + O: Select all objects
62. Ctrl + Shift + P: Insert page break
63. Ctrl + Shift + Q: Quick analysis
64. Ctrl + Shift + R: Fill right
65. Ctrl + Shift + S: Save As
66. Ctrl + Shift + T: Create table
67. Ctrl + Shift + U: Expand formula bar
68. Ctrl + Shift + V: Paste special
69. Ctrl + Shift + W: Close workbook
70. Ctrl + Shift + X: Cut
71. Ctrl + Shift + Z: Redo
72. Alt: Access ribbon
73. Alt + A: Access Data tab
74. Alt + B: Access Home tab
75. Alt + C: Access Formulas tab
76. Alt + D: Access PivotTable tools tab
77. Alt + E: Access