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org (ISSN-2349-5162)

HYPER SOUND WATER PURIFYING SYSTEM

Abhishek Birajdar Ganesh Wagmode
Final Year Student B.E, Final year Student B.E
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
D.Y. Patil College of Engineering, D.Y Patil College of Engineering,
Pune, India Pune, India

Aniruddha Kategaonkar Paras Patil

Final year Student B.E Final year Student B.E
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
D.Y Patil College of Engineering, D.Y Patil College of Engineering,
Pune, India Pune, India

Prof. Aradhana Chavan

Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
D.Y Patil College of Engineering,
Pune, India

INTRODUCTION
All humans daily consume water to sustain life and maintain a good health, therefore water
conservation is important and its quality must meet specific standards. The quality of water is determined by
many factors such as physical, chemical or biological parameters. The main sources of drinking water are
lakes, reservoirs, canal, ground water, sea water, rain water, atmospheric water generation and fog collection
that depending on the source of pollutant, their pollution could be different. All water in earth is not good for
drinking purpose and must use of some treatment process to achieve the standard quality for therefore we are
facing a challenge to produce suitable drinking water. General treatment of drinking water is consisting of
several stage to remove or reduction of suspended, dissolved solid and microbial pollutants.
Main process of water treatment include flocculation, sedimentation and media filtration to remove
colloidal and suspended solids, ion exchange, carbon adsorption and membrane processes to remove dissolved
solids; and at last stage a disinfection for microbial inactivation that often performed by chlorination, ozonation
and ultraviolet radiation(UV). Any process of drinking water has some purification limitation and application
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problems such as high cost, ineffective for removal some pollutant, operation problems and generate toxic
secondary pollutants.
One of the innovate technologies that was used for improvement of water treatment process is
application of ultrasound (US) waves having a frequency of 20,000 Hz or above that is called “sonication”
Table No. 1 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Conventional Methods
Treatment Method Advantages Typical Risks & Problems

Screening Removes large suspended Blockage, overflows or

particles and consequently odor problems could arise
partially reduces pollution load. due to infrequent cleaning.
Flow homogenization
Flow Equalization Reduced size and cost of Requires large area in case of
downstream treatment facilities high flow rate. Anaerobic
condition if not aerated
Settling Basins Easy to operate Improper control over
Steadiness of treatment operations sedimentation tanks may
(Reduced shock loads) cause solids and BOD
overloading problems.
Fouling Large area
requirement
Coalescence Small & compact Limited capacity
Easy operation & maintenance Partial removal of
Low cost emulsified oil
Conventional Low land required High-energy consumption
Activated Sludge No problems of flies Sludge bulking
Requires very highly skilled
professionals to operate
Extended Aeration Sludge is partially digested within Retention time in final
System air tank. clarifier twice that of
More resistance to incoming conventional system.
shock load Higher consumption of
oxygen
Aerated Pounds Good BOD removal Higher sludge production
High suspended solids in
effluent
SBR Higher efficiency High power consumption

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Save on area as no separate Failure if any problem
clarifier is required occurs in the automatic
Less sludge formation control system
Trickling Filter Low equipment and power cost Fly and odor nuisance
Shock loading can be absorbed. Limited capacity pounding
Minimum sludge produce and clogging of filters
Bio tower Minimum sludge formation Fly and odor nuisance
Vertical design, less area required Limited capacity Pounding
and clogging of filters
Anaerobic High organic pollution load Biogas production
Treatment  Less sludge production Temperature required
(30oC) Very sensitive to
shock load

ULTRASOUND:
Ultrasound is longitudinal wave with a frequency above 20 kHz (Leighton, 1994). This frequency is
above the sonic range (20 Hz to 20 kHz) at which humans can hear and below the mega-sonic region (>600
kHz) US could generate by two techniques, firstly “magnetostrictive” electrical energy is converted to
mechanical energy (or vibration) with a magnetic coil attached to vibrating piece like nickel and Terfenol-D.
Secondly for piezoelectric technique, the electrical energy is converted to high frequency electric energy with
piezoelectric crystals (rely to material strain) attached to the vibrating piece (sonotrode, probe or horn). The
use of ultrasound technologies has been evaluated for multiple purposes in many systems an against several
species of algae, plants, and bacteria. This

FIG.1 Effect on waste water on lake

technology is best suited for small water bodies, including golf course and ornamental ponds, small lakes and
reservoirs, lagoons, and marinas. It also has been used to reduce algal biofilms in some water treatment
facilities.
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1. Ultrasound technology
Introduction
Ultrasound irradiation is a novel advanced oxidation process that has emerged as an answer to the
growing need for lower levels of contaminants in wastewater . The basis for the present-day generation of
ultrasound was established as far back as 1880 with the discovery of the piezoelectric effect by the Curies .
Cavitation phenomenon was first identified and reported in 1895 . Destruction of microorganisms by ultrasonic
has been of considerable interest since 1920’s when studies of Harvey and Loomis were published. They
showed that heating injure the bacteria, but ultrasonic appeared to have a greater effect. Since l945, an
increasing understanding of the phenomenon of cavitation has developed coupled with significant
developments in electronic circuitry and transducers (i.e. devices which convert electrical to mechanical
signals and vice versa). As a result of this there has been a rapid expansion in the application of power
ultrasound to chemical processes, a subject that has become known as “Sonochemistry” In the 1960’s, research
concentrated on understanding the mechanisms of ultrasonic interaction with microbial cells. Cavitations
phenomenon and associated shear disruption, localized heating and free radical formation were found to be
contributory causes . By 1975 it was shown that brief exposure to ultrasonic lead to thinning of cell walls
which was attributed to release cytoplasm membrane from the cell wall. Fecal coliforms inactivation most
likely results from a combination of physical and chemical mechanisms which occur during acoustic
cavitation, so it is expected that higher intensities will enhance inactivation rates. The correlation of chemical
reaction rates and ultrasonic intensity has been reported previously. However, for most processes, increase in
process rate not continues with higher sound intensities Since 1990, several studies have focused on the use of
ultrasound to remove organic xenobiotics from water.

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2. Instruments used sonicator

FIG 2 Typical set up for Sonicator

A Sonicator system is comprised of 3 major components: Generator, Converter and Horn (also known
as a probe). The ultrasonic electronic Generator transforms AC line power to high frequency electrical energy.
The generator features a keypad or buttons which allow the user to control the sonication parameters. The
generator provides high voltage pulses of energy at a frequency of 20 kHz that drives a piezoelectric
Converter. The converter is a cylindrical device which is connected to the generator by a high voltage cable.
The converter transforms electrical energy to mechanical vibration due to the characteristics of the internal
piezoelectric crystals. The vibration is amplified and transmitted down the length of the Probe/Horn. Probes
have threaded ends and attach to the converter. During operation, the probe’s tip longitudinally expands and
contracts. Amplitude is the distance the tip travels and is dependent on the amplitude setting selected by the
user.
In liquid, the rapid vibration of the tip causes cavitation, the formation and violent collapse of microscopic
bubbles. The collapse of thousands of cavitation bubbles releases tremendous energy in the cavitation field.
Objects and surfaces within the cavitation field are “processed.” By increasing the amplitude setting, cavitation
intensity within the sample is also increased. The probe tip diameter dictates the amount of sample that can be
effectively processed. Smaller tip diameters deliver high intensity sonication but the energy is focused within a
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small, concentrated area. Larger tip diameters can process larger volumes, but offer lower intensity. Boosters
can be used to increase the intensity of a larger tip probe to speed up processing times. To ensure a positive
outcome, it is important to select the appropriate generator and probe to match the volume, viscosity and other
parameters of each particular application. Please consult with a Sonicator product specialist for help making
the optimum choices.

3. Sound theory
Most modern ultrasonic devices rely on transducers which are composed of piezoelectric materials. Such
materials respond to the application of an electrical potential across opposite faces with a small change in
dimensions. This is the inverse of the piezoelectric effect. If the potential is alternated at high frequencies, the
crystal converts electrical energy to mechanical vibration (sound) energy. At sufficiently high alternating
potential, high frequency sound (ultrasound) will be generated. When more powerful ultrasound at a lower
frequency is applied to a system, it is possible to produce chemical changes as a result of acoustically
generated cavitation . Frequencies above 18 kHz are usually considered to be ultrasonic. The frequencies used
for ultrasonic cleaning, range 20 kHz to over 100 kHz. The most commonly used frequencies for industrial
cleaning are those between 20 and 50 kHz Ultrasound has wavelengths between successive compression waves
measuring roughly 10 to 10-3 cm. These are not comparable to molecular dimensions Because of this
mismatch, the chemical effects of ultrasound cannot result from a direct interaction of sound with molecular
species

FIG 3 Sound theory

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[Link]
Bubble cavitation
Ultrasound reactor technology (USRT) in a liquid leads to the acoustic cavitation phenomenon such as
formation, growth, and collapse of bubbles (cavitation), accompanied by generation of local high temperature,
pressure, and reactive radical species (°OH , °OOH) via thermal dissociation of water and oxygen. These
radicals penetrate into water and oxidize dissolved organic compounds. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is formed
as a consequence of °OH and °OOH radical recombination in the outside of the cavitation bubble . ncentration
of HO° at a bubble interface can be as high as 4x10-3 M, which is 108-109 times higher than that in the other
advanced oxidation processes. Pyrolysis of pollutants could lead to radical formation and starting chain
reactions, e.g. degradation of carbon tetrachloride .
The basis for ultrasound irradiation applications is that acoustic cavitation can create a number of
mechanical, acoustical, chemical and biological changes in a liquid . Bubbles form, grow and subsequently
collapse through compression-rarefaction cycles. Temperature in collapsing bubbles can reach to 3000-
5000°K and pressure to 500-10,000 atm. Under such extreme conditions, water molecules undergo homolysis
to yield hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen atoms. Since oxidation by hydroxyl radical is an important
degradation pathway, amount of the hydroxyl radicals present in the sonolysis system is directly related to the
degradation efficiency. There are two main mechanisms in sonolysis system for pollutant decomposition.
Pyrolysis reactions in cavitations bubbles Radical reactions by radical species (°H, °OH) from water sonolysis.
In elastic media such as air and most solids, there is a continuous transition as a sound wave is transmitted. In
non-elastic media such as water and most liquids, there is continuous transi tion as long as the amplitude or
loudness of the sound is relatively low. As amplitude is increased the magnitude of the negative pressure in the
areas of rarefaction eventually becomes sufficient to cause the liquid to fracture because of the negative
pressure, causing a phenomenon known as cavitations. Cavitations bubbles are created at sites of rarefaction as
the liquid fractures or tears because of the negative pressure of sound waves in the liquid. As the wave fronts
pass, the cavitations bubbles oscillate under influence of positive pressure, eventually growing to an unstable
size. Finally the violent collapse of the cavitation bubbles results in implosions, which causes radiation of
shock waves from the sites of the collapse. The collapse and implosion of myriad cavitation bubbles
throughout an ultrasonically activated liquid result in the effect commonly associated with ultrasound. Thus,
sonochemical destruction of pollutants in aqueous phase generally occurs as the results of imploding cavitation
bubbles and involves several reaction pathways and zones such as Pyrolysis inside the bubble and/or at the
bubble-liquid interface and hydroxyl radical- mediated reactions at the bubble liquid interface and/or in the
liquid bulk .

5. Cost Considerations:

Implementation: Implementation costs would include purchase and placement of units, and costs related to
installation of a power source in the area of treatment. Placement requires no equipment and can be

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accomplished quickly. The number of units required is dependent on the area of water to be treated. Planning
and design activities in this phase may include research and development of this Control, modeling, site
selection, site-specific regulatory approval, plans and specifications, and real estate acquisition. Design will
also include analysis of this Control’s impact to existing waterway uses including, but not limited to, flood risk
management, natural resources, navigation, recreation, water users and dischargers, and required mitigation
measures

Operations and Maintenance: In recommended applications, little maintenance is needed. In most

applications, the device must be removed from the water for minor cleaning on a monthly basis. Operations
would include electricity requirements of approximately 10 watts per hour per unit. Repair and replacement
costs would vary, depending on damage from impacts of ice, debris, changing channel depths, and boat traffic.
Solar-powered ultrasound units are available, but may have additional maintenance considerations (battery
replacement)
Mitigation: Design and cost for mitigation measures required to address impacts as a result of implementation
of this Control cannot be determined at this time. Mitigation factors will be based on site-specific and project-
specific requirements that will be addressed in subsequent, more detailed, evaluations.
In this project application of this technology is used for various pollutants removal such as turbidity
removal, disinfection or bacteria removal from water and wastewater are studied here by performing various
test as Jar test, MPN,DO and BOD determination.

LITERATURE REVIEW

M.R. DOOSTI, R. KARGAR [1] :They have studied this technique could improve the water
treatment process environmentally. The various parameters could affect to the efficiency of ultrasound
technique such as power density, frequency and irradiation time. So it is needed to obtain the optimum power
density, frequency and irradiation time to reach cost-effective. The most experiments are carried out in
laboratory scale due to its cost. The utilization of solar energy may help to decrease the cost. It is suggested
that the ultrasound technique could be extended to clean up of other polluted parameters in water and the
environment.

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SHOBHA MUTHUKUMARAN, SANDRA KENTISH [2] : They have studied the ultrasonic cleaning of
polysulfide ultrafiltration membranes fouled with dairy whey solutions. The effects of a number of cleaning
process parameters have been examined in the presence of ultrasound and results compared with the
conventional operation. Experiments were conducted using a small single sheet membrane unit that was
immersed totally within an ultrasonic bath. Results show that ultrasonic cleaning improves the cleaning
efficiency under all experimental conditions. The ultrasonic effect is more significant in the absence of
surfactant, but is less influenced by temperature and transmembrane pressure. Our results suggest that the
ultrasonic energy acts primarily by increasing the turbulence within the cleaning solution.

AH MAHVI [3] : They showed that heating injure the bacteria, but ultrasonic [Link] have a greater
effect . Since l945, an increasing understanding of the phenomenon of cavitations has developed coupled with
significant developments in electronic circuitry and transducers. As a result of this there has been a rapid
expansion in the application of power ultrasound to chemical processes,a subject that has become known as
“Sonochemistry” . The basis for the present-day generation of ultrasound was established as far back as 1880
with the discovery of the piezoelectric effect by the Curies Cavitation phenomenon was first identified and
reported in 1895. They showed that heating injure the bacteria, but ultrasonic appeared to have a greater effect.
Since l945, an increasing understanding of the phenomenon of cavitation has developed coupled with
significant developments in electronic circuitry and transducers. In the 1960’s, research concentrated on
understanding the mechanisms of ultrasonic interaction with microbial cells. Cavitation phenomenon and
associated shear disruption, localized heating and free radical formation were found to be contributory causes.
Since 1990, several studies have focused the use of ultrasound to remove organic xenobiotics from water .

H. ZHOU AND D.W. SMITH [4] :They have studied that use of conventional water and wastewater
treatment processes becomes increasingly challenged with the identification of more and more contaminants,
rapid growth of population and industrial activities, and diminish in availability of water resources. Three
emerging treatment technologies, including membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and
UV irradiation, hold great promise to provide alternatives for better protection of public health and the
environment and thus are reviewed in this paper. Advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are
compared to highlight their current limitations and future research needs. It can be concluded that, along with
the growing knowledge and the advances in manufacturing industry, the applications of these technologies will
be increased at an unprecedented scale.

K L VODOPYANOV [5] : The aim of the present paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of photo acoustic
excitation of ultrasound pulses with high power levels at frequencies of typically 1 GHz and above,
representing the frequency limit of commercially available SAMs (2 GHz). Higher acoustic power levels are

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not only needed to overcome the increasing absorption with rising frequency, but are also useful, if nonlinear
acoustic schemes are to be exploited.

PHULL ET AL [6] : (1997) They have studied the use of ultrasound for wastewater treatment and found that
ultrasound, in combination with chlorination, was more effective for reducing bacterial colonies over
sonication used alone. Ultrasound also reduced the amount of chlorine required for wastewater disinfection
(Phull et al. 1997). Ultrasonic technologies coupled with hydraulic flushing effectively controlled blue-green
algae blooms in Lake Senba, Japan (Lee et al. 2002).

AKIRA HIRATSUKA, DHUNDI RAJ PATHAK [7] : In this study, ultrasonic waves were irradiated to
drinking water for water softening process and other contaminants removal. The experimental results showed
that this technique improved the water treatment process efficiently. The study also revealed that the various
parameters such as amplitude, frequency and irradiation time could affect the efficiency of ultrasound
techniques for the improvement of water quality.
As a research theme of environmental engineering, numerous researchers are much interested in the
development of new techniques to get a safe drinking water through purification of water resources . But,
development of a novel as well as sustainable and cost effective techniques for the removal of pollutants from
drinking water is the challenging issue for environmental professionals. The most widely applied water
treatment processes, a combination of some or all of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration to
reduce or eliminate turbidity and improve water quality. Moreover, ion ex- change, carbon adsorption,
membrane processes and dis- infection are generally used to remove contaminants in traditional water
purification system. Above processes have some purification limitation and application problems such as high
cost, ineffective for removal some pollutant, operation problems and generate toxic secondary pollutants . Such
a limitation can be eliminated by the application of innovative techniques such as semiconductor catalysts,
forward osmoses, advances oxidation process and magnetic purification.
In this study, an examination for the improvement of water treatment process using ultrasonic waves
was carried out. As a result, frequency of ultrasonic waves affecting water quality describing hardness,
especially the content of calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) was confirmed.
There will be a possi- bility to make tasty, healthy and immune water if we could have water containing many
of the ingredients such as Ca, K and SiO2. The experimental results confirmed that the ultrasonic waves
accelerated the reaction better and improved the water treatment process as well as taste of water significantly.
The experimental results also revealed that it is very difficult to compare the efficiency of water treatment
process with the effect among irradiation times (30 min., 20 min. and 10 min.) quantitatively which warranting
further examination on this.

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U. NEIS, T. BLUME [8] : They have studied the Surface waters to be used as resource for drinking water,
waste water and sludge produced in treatment processes are very complex media containing soluble, colloidal
and particulate matter. Apart from inert or dead matter the colloidal and particulate phase is mainly composed
by organic bio-particles (viruses, bacteria, protozoa). Treatment processes like disinfection of potable water,
hygienisation of sewage treatment plant effluents or anaerobic sludge stabilisation aim at reducing or
inactivating bio-particles. Power ultrasound is used to intensify these processes. Research was conducted to
quantify the effects of power ultrasound frequency, intensity and dose. Based on these results the ultrasound
reactor design was modified but still has to be optimised.

ANCA STEFAN [9] : They have studied the sonic technology consists in using a installation with an
ultrasound generator that induces simultaneously in water during operation an air-jet and ultrasound that
influence the physical and chemical characteristics of the water. In order to asses the water quality status, were
determined by the basic physico-chemical indicators of treated water, namely the dissolved oxygen, the
turbidity, the pH, the content of nitrates, nitrites and ammonia. The paper presents the installation design for
sonic treatment of water, the ultrasound generator, the working methodology and the effects of the sonic
technology on the water characteristics.

BRITTA WÜNSCH, WOLFGANG HEINE, UWE NEIS [10] : They have studied Bulking and floating
sludge cause great problems in many waste water treatment plants with biological nutrient removal. The
purification as well as the sludge digestion process can be affected. These problems are due to the interlaced
structure of filamentous microorganisms, which have an impact on the sludge’s settling behaviour. Foam is
able to build up a stable layer, which does not settle in the secondary clarifier. Foam in digestion causes a
reduction of the degree of stabilisation and of the biogas production. We use low-frequency ultrasound to
combat filamentous organisms in bulking sludge. Low-frequency ultrasound is suitable to create high local
shear stresses, which are capable of breaking the filamentous structures of the sludge. After preliminary lab-
scale tests now a full-scale new ultrasound equipment is operating at Reinfeld sewage treatment plant,
Germany. The objective of this study is to explore the best ultrasound configuration to destroy the filamentous
structure of bulking and foaming sludge in a sustainable way. Later this study will also look into the effects of
ultrasound treated bulking sludge on the anaerobic digestion process. Up to now results show that the settling
behavior of bulking sludge is improved. The minimal ultrasound energy input for destruction of bulking
structure was determined.

MUTARANI, Moh. IRSYAD, and AMORANTO TRISNOBUDI [11] ; They have studied ultrasonic
waves can give physical, chemical, and biological effect to the medium. One of the effects of the ultrasonic
irradiation that will be examined in this research is acoustic agglomeration/flocculation which was proven
trough the decrease of water turbidity. The measurement of the decrease was used by turbidimeter. Ultrasonic

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processing was done by irradiating the ultrasonic waves into liquids with a specific frequency and intensity so
that collision between particles occurred due to molecular vibration that inducted from irradiation of ultrasonic
waves. This collision will form bigger particles that is easier to be settled.

E. JOYCE, S.S. PHULL, J.P. LORIMER, T.J. MASON [12] : They have studied Some species of bacteria
produce colonies and spores which agglomerate in spherical clusters (Bacillus subtilis) and this serves as a
protection for the organisms inside against biocidal attack. Flocs of fine particles e.g. clay can entrap bacteria
which can also protect them against the biocides. It is because of problems such as these that alternative
methods of disinfecting water are under
active investigation. One such method is the use of power ultrasound, either alone or in combination with other
methods. Ultrasound is able to inactivate bacteria and deagglomerate bacterial clusters or flocs through a
number of physical, mechanical and chemical effects arising from acoustic cavitation. The aim of this study
was to investigate the effect of power ultrasound at different powers and frequencies on Bacillus subtilis

A. PETRAUSKAS [13]
In this article of principle construction of water wells and their regeneration methods are discussed. Commonly
occurring reasons of water well obstruction are described and presented. The regeneration process of water
wells using ultrasound is examined in detail along with the benefits of using this method. The regenerating
process of ultrasound is possible because of cavitation effect. The process of cavitation is described and
illustrated. Methods of generating ultrasound are presented. Implemented examples of actual regeneration
systems are also described and presented along with their technical parameters.

METHODOLOGY
Sonication is adaptable treatment that is to be used for water and wastewater which may be alternative
for various conventional treatments from these some application given below:

3.1. APPLICATION OF ULTRASOUND TREATMENT

3.1.1. Application of ultrasound for membrane filtration:
Membrane technologies are now widely accepted as suitable process for separation solids from
liquid due to its high removal capacity and ability to meet multiple water quality objectives. Some advantages
of this technology are effective in easier to be automated, compact, removing pathogens, requiring less
coagulating agents and disinfectors, simpler to maintain and capable of producing high-quality drinking water
for human consumption.. In addition to these advantages, membrane filtrations have some operation problems
such as concentration polarization and fouling which fouling is more pronounced. Membrane fouling is a

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process where solute or particles such as natural organic matter, silica, iron oxides, calcite, and clays deposit
onto a membrane surface or into membrane pores in a way that degrades the membrane's performance.
These methods have some disadvantages. For example, chemical cleaning
of membranes results in increased cost and disposal of waste chemicals and cause secondary pollution. Using
US for cleaning membrane have some advantages such as online operation(during the filtration time can be
use), without any secondary pollutant and transportation and handling problems, enhancing disinfection of the
distribution systems due to present hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl free radical (OH°) that produced
by US. Most ultrasonic cleaning devices work on the principle of cavitation phenomena. Due to this
phenomena, acoustic streaming, micro streaming, micro streamers, micro jets, and shock waves could
generated that may be capable to preventing the deposition of particles that lead to fouling and dislodge
particulate matter from membrane surfaces and enhance the dissolution of substances due to the increased mass
transfer of liquid to surfaces.

[Link] of ultrasound for turbidity:

Turbidity is a principal physical characteristic of water. It is caused by suspended substances or
dissolved substances such as clay, silt, finely divided inorganic and organic matter, soluble colored organic
compounds, plankton and other microscopic organisms. Conventional methods for reduction turbidity and
Total Suspended Solid (TSS) in water treatment process are rapid and slow filtration, microfiltration,
ultrafiltration and coagulation/flocculation. In recent years, some studies on application of US for reduction of
turbidity and TSS were carried out. An experiment with variation of time, power, and variation of frequency of
US irradiation was performed. Time period using 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 hours and four conditions of frequency
and power 20 kHz 25 W, 28 kHz 30 W, 45 kHz 40 W, and 200 kHz 100 W were applied.

[Link] of ultrasound for algae removal:

Algae growth is the common problem in the water treatment plants and water reservoir. Algae are
aquatic organisms classified separately from plants. Algae are a large and diverse group of simple, typically
autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelps that grow to 65
meters in length. A novel technique for control algae growth is ultrasonic irradiation. US can destroying the
algae by initially physical pathways that the main destroying performed by cavitation phenomena. Control
mechanisms that was reported may be consist of: production of free radicals, disruption of gas vesicles and
inhibition of photosynthesis.
Although increase of some types of algae was reported that 67% increase of Microcystis sp during
continuous application of US at a frequency of 28 kHz an power 20 W and 60% increase of Spirulina platensis
after a pulse of 12 minutes every 11 days of 1.7 MHz US frequency was reported.

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[Link] of ultrasound for water disinfection process:
The water disinfection process is fundamental to remove microorganisms and can be done by different
methods such as use of Ultraviolet and chemical substances, like are chlorine, hypochlorite, chloramines,
chlorine dioxide, bromine and ozone Their effectiveness can be considered respectively: ozone chlorine
bromine chlorine dioxide hypochlorite chloramines. US technique in many studies has investigated in different
condition such as alone disinfection process, as pretreatment or combined by other disinfection methods such
as UV, chlorine, Ozone for water disinfection. Hulsmans and colleague have evaluated the effects of process
parameters ultrasonic water disinfection system.

[Link] of ultrasound for water softening process:

Water hardness is known as existence of bivalent and trivalent cations such as calcium (Ca2+),
magnesium (Mg2+), and in lower traces; aluminum (Al2+, Al3+) and iron (Fe2+, Fe3+) that among these
cations, Ca2+ and Mg2+ are the main factors of [Link] hardness cause some problems such as scale
formation in pipes and cooling tower, reaction by soap and formation hard foam and decrease heat change
capacity and membrane clogging.. Conventional methods for hardness removal are lime-soda process, ion
exchange, electrocoagulation, electrodialysis and nano-filteration. Entezari and Tahmasbi used combined US
irradiation operating at 20 kHz and ion exchange process for hardness removal from water. They used styrene-
divinylbenzene co-polymer with sulfonic acid group as a strong acid cation resin. Effect of different parameter
such as contact time, amount of sorbent, temperature and ion concentration were investigated.

[Link] PROCEDURE FOR WORK AT VARIOUS PARAMETERS FOR

WATER AND WASTE WATER:

[Link]:
APPARATUS :Turbidity meter ,flocculator,beakers etc
REAGENTS : 1. 1% Alum solutions
2. 1% Lime solutions
3. Turbide water sample

PROCEDURE:
A) Calibration of Nephalometer:
1. Prepare the standered turbid solution of known concentration
[Link] the appropriate filter for test
[Link] distilled water in test tube and put this test tube in to the hole
[Link] the knob so that 100% transmission is possible
[Link] out the test tube replace the distilled water with standerd turbide solution
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[Link] on the ligt switch and note down the % transmission reading.
[Link] the test tube fill it with given sample of turbid water and insert it into hole
8. Put on the ligt switch and note down the % transmission reading

B) To determine optimum dose of alum

[Link] 500ml of raw water of known turbidity in each jar
[Link] each jar add varying dosage of alum and lime solution selected from the following table.

Table No.2 Alum and lime dosages REF: laboratory manual.

Alum solution 1% Lime solution 1%

5 mg/lit 0.25 ml 0.1 ml

10mg/lit 0.50 ml 0.2 ml

15mg/lit 0.75 ml 0.3 ml
20mg/lit 1.00 ml 0.3 ml
25mg/lit 1.25 ml 0.4 ml

30mg/lit 1.50 ml 0.5 ml

[Link] selected dosages of alum should include the optimum dosages reuired for particular turbidity of sample
[Link] dosages just neutralize acidity included by alum process if ph of raw water sample is less than 7 ph
correction is necessary
[Link] mixes the contents of each jar for 30sec.
[Link] jar in the flocculator and flocculate for 20 min.
[Link] flocculation and allow the flocculated particles to settled for 20 to30 minutes
[Link] the supernatant from each jar determine its turbidity and report the optimum dosages

TURBIDITY BY USING SONICATOR

1. Collect the fresh raw wastewater sample.
2. By using Sonicator allow to pass ultrasound wave for different time.
3. Allow it particle to steeled for 30 min.
4. Then measure turbidity by using Nephalometer .

3.2.2. MPN :
APPARATUS: Fermentation Tubes, Durham tubes,Autoclave,incubator.

PROCEDURE:
1. Sterilize fermentation tubes & durhams tubes at 100°c fo 30 [Link] autoclave
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2. Prepare 3 sets of three fermentation tubes.
3. Pipette out 10ml,1ml,0.1ml of given sample in first second & third set respectively in each three tubes.
4. Add 10 ml lactose broth in each tube.
5. Fill Durhams tubes with resulting solution from each [Link] all the Durhams tubes in inverted
position in each [Link] close the mouth of fermentation tubes with cotton plug.
6. Place all set in incubator for 24hrs at 35°c .
7. After incubation period is over each tube is carefully examined for gas formation. Confirmation of gas
formation is done by observing bubbles formation in the Durham’s tubes. Even a tiny bubble is
recorded as a positive gas formation.
8. Count the number of Durham’s tubes showing positive gas formation from each set.
9. Follow the table given below which shows [Link] tubes giving positive out of 3 from each set &
corresponding MPN index.

Ref: Laboratory manual.

Table No.3 MPN index
3 of 10 ml each 3 of 1ml each 3 of 0.1ml each MPN index per 100mm
0 0 1 3
0 1 0 3
1 0 0 4
1 0 1 7
1 1 0 7
1 1 1 11
1 2 0 11
2 0 0 9
2 0 1 14
2 1 0 15
2 1 1 20
2 2 0 21
2 2 1 26
3 0 0 23
3 0 1 39
3 1 2 64
3 1 0 43
3 1 1 75
3 1 2 120

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3 2 0 93
3 2 1 150
3 2 2 210
3 3 0 240
3 3 1 460
3 3 2 1100
0 0 0 <2

DISINFECTION BY USING SONICATOR

1. Collect the fresh raw wastewater sample.
2. Allow to passing ultrasound wave for 45 min.
3. Then by using same MPN method find most probable number of treated waste water sample.

3.2.3. D.O DISSOLVED OXYGEN:

REAGENTS
1. Manganous Sulphate.
2. Alkali-Iodide Azide Solution
3. Concentrated sulphuric Acid
4. Strach Indicator
5. Sodium Thiosulphate (0.025N) Na2S203
6. Potassium Dichromate Solution.(0.02)

THEORY
Solubility of atomospheric oxygen in water depends on altitude,temp. & salt concentration in water
At O°c,20°c & 35°c saturation.D.O concentration is 14.62,9.17 & 7.0 mg/lit respective in clean water at 1.0
atmospheric pressure.
Higher [Link] salt concentration higher altitude & higher organic matter content reduce the
dissolved oxygen in water.

PROCEDURE
1. Fill the BOD bottle (300ml) without any turbulence & stopper the bottle.
2. Remove the stopper & first add 2ml of MnSO4 & 2ml 0f alkali-iodide-Azide using a pipette below liq.
Level in BOD bottle. Stopper the bottle.
3. Formation of White precipitate indicates, absence of DO. If DO is present there will be brown
precipitate.
4. Remove the stopper & add 2ml of concentrated H2SO4 (36N) below liquid level in
[Link] the bottle & shake the bottle until the brown precipitate completely dissolves to
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give a uniformly yellow coloured [Link] colour is due to formation of free iodine from
oxidation of iodide.
5. Take 203ml solution from 300ml BOD [Link] 3ml is the correction for 4ml of added reagents.
6. Titrate it with sodium thoisulphate using starch indicator until blue colour changes to colourless.

BY USING SONICATOR FIND D.O

1. Collect the fresh raw wastewater sample.
2. Allow to passing ultrasound wave for 45 min.
3. By using above method find D.O

3.2.4. B.O.D.( BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND)

REAGENTS:
1. Distilled water
2. Phosphate Buffer Solution
3. Magnesium sulphate solution
4. Alkali-Iodide-Azide solution
5. Calcium chloride solution
6. Manganese sulphate solution
7. Ferric chloride solution
8. Standard Sodium Thiosulphate solution
9. Starch indicator
10. Concentrated Sulphuric Acid.

THEORY
BOD is defined as the amount of D.O [Link] bacteria to oxidize the decomposable organic matter
present in wastewater under aerobic condition.A known volume of sample of wastewater under aerobic
condition. A known volume of sample of waste water in incubated at 20degree/c for 5 days. D.O depletion in
the test bottles is a measure of amount of biodegradable organic matter present in the sample.
PROCEDURE
A).Preparation of dilution water
1. Aeriate 1liter distilled water to get [Link] 7mg/lit.
[Link] 1ml each of phosphate buffer , magnesium sulphate,calcium chloride, ferric chloride.
3. Add 2ml settled sludge(for seeding).
B).BOD TEST
1. Fill two bottles with samples diluted with dilution water.
2. Keep 1 bottel for incubation and final initial D.O. of another bottle.

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3. Fill two bottles with dilution water.
4. Keep 1 bottel for incubation and final initial D.O. of another bottle.
5. Find D.O of incubated bottles after 5 days incubation.

BY USING SONICATOR FIND OUT B.O.D REQUIRED

1. Collect the fresh raw wastewater sample.
2. Allow to passing ultrasound wave for 45 min.
3. By using above method find out B.O.D

DETAILED SPECIFICATION OF SONICATOR USED :

Name of supplier : Sidilu ultrasonics,Banglore
Frequency of sonicator : 20 khz
Time of running in 1 cycle : 3 minute.

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FIG. 4 Bath Tube Type Sonicator

RESULTS
After determination of various parameters and test , catch the following results
[Link]
By Using Flocculation/Jar Test Method
Initial turbidity: 85 NTU
Table No: 4 tubidity by jar method
SAMPLE 1%alum 1%lime TURBIDITY
solution Solution
5mg/lit 0.25ml 0.1ml 27 NTU
10mg/lit 0.50ml 0.2ml 25 NTU
15mg/lit 0.75ml 0.3ml 24 NTU
20mg/lit 1.00ml 0.3ml 21 NTU
25mg/lit 1.25ml 0.4ml 19 NTU
30mg/lit 1.50ml 0.5ml 20 NTU

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FIG. 5 Showing Turbidity removal in Jar test

BY USING SONICATOR
Initial turbidity :85 NTU

Table No. 5 Showing Turbidity removal by using sonicator

Time Frequency Turbidity
15min 20khz 37
30min 20khz 35
45min 20khz 31
60min 20khz 30

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FIG. 6 Shows turbidity removal by using sonicator

By conventional treatment the minimum turbidity is 19 NTU

By Sonicator minimum turbidity is 30 NTU at [Link] 20khz frequency.

[Link] : MPN INDEX.

Readings before sonications:

Table No. 6 showing MPN results before sonication
3 of 10 ml each 3 of 1ml each 3 of 0.1ml each MPN index per
100mm
1 0 1 7

Readings after sonications:

Table No. 7 shows MPN results after sonication
3 of 10 ml each 3 of 1ml each 3 of 0.1ml each MPN index per
100mm
0 0 0 <2

By using MPN before sonication we find out 7 most probable [Link] by using sonicator and found
mpn value near to zero

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Therefore we can say the sonicator can disinfect waste water up zero disinfection.

[Link] OXYGEN DETERMINATION

D.O. water before sonication treatment :
Dissolved oxygen is increases by using 20khz with time 45minute running .
Calculation of Dissolved Oxygen Before Treatment

Calculation of D.O.=

1. Normality Na2So3=

=
=
For 1st day
2. D.O For Distilled =

Water (B1)
=

= 4.25 mg/lit

3. D.O. For w/w (D1) =

= 2.35 mg/lit

After 5 days

4. D.O for Distilled =

Water (B2)
=
=5.30 mg/lit

5. D.O.w/w sample =

(D2)
=

= 1.05 mg/lit

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st
1 day
For distilled water: 4.25 mg/lit
For waste water : 2.35 mg/lit
At 5th day
For distilled water: 5.30 mg/lit
For waste water : 1.05 mg/lit

D.O of water after sonication treatment

At 1st days:
1. D.O For Distilled =
Water (B1)
=
= 6.36mg/lit

2. D.O. For w/w (D1) =

=
= 6.50mg/lit

After 5 days:
3. D.O for Distilled =
Water (B2)
=

= 4.50mg/lit

4. D.O.w/w sample =

(D2)
=

= 8.26mg/lit

1st day
For distilled water: 6.36 mg/lit
For waste water : 6.50 mg/lit
At 5th day
For distilled water: 4.50 mg/lit
For waste water : 8.26 mg/lit
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From obtained results we found that dissolved oxygen is increased by using Sonicator is about 6.36 mg/lit
for 1st day result.
From obtained results we found that dissolved oxygen is increased by using Sonicator is about 8.26 mg/lit
for 1st day result.

4.4. BOD DETERMINATION:

BOD calculation:
1. Normality of Na2So3 =

=
For wastewater
BOD5 =

= 10.35 mg/lit

For Sonicator:
BOD5=

= NIL.

BOD determination before sonication : 10.35 mg/lit

BOD determination after sonication : Nil.

Biological oxygen demand is more for waste water before using sonicator but after using it we found
that the biological oxygen demand for waste water is nil.

CONCLUSION

After studying various test and references we can say that the ultrasound wave techniques are used for
wastewater treatment plant.

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 By using ultrasound wave method we can removing turbidity maximum without using flocculation
process. From this we can replace the flocculation tank from the wastewater treatment plant. also
minimize the chemical cost required for it .

 By using ultrasound wave method we got result total disinfection, zero infected virus @ 20khz within
45 minutes. So from this we can minimize the chemical cost required for disinfection and also we can
replace the chlorination process from wastewater treatment plant

 After using the ultrasound wave method “DO” of waste water increases, so no necessity to mixing the
oxygen by using another method .

 So by the replacing flocculation tank, sedimentation tank, chlorination tank we can only used the
ultrasound wave method in waste water treatment plant .

 So the construction cost and the running cost we can minimize.

REFERENCES

1. Shobha muthukumaran a, sandra kentish: The optimisation of ultrasonic cleaning procedures for dairy
fouled ultrafiltration membranes.

2. Ah mahvi: Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 38, No.2, 2009, pp.1-17 Application of Ultrasonic Technology
for Water and Wastewater Treatment.

3. M.R. doosti, r. kargar: Received 27 November 2011; Accepted 4 January 2012; Published online 5
June 2012 IAEES.

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4. Anca stefan :”Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Braila Engineering Faculty, 810017,Braila,
[Link] Research Of The Physico-Chemical Parameters Of Water Treated With Sonic
Technology.

5. World Health Organization website: (section 2.3 Charcoal and activated carbon adsorption

6. Akira hiratsuka1, dhundi raj pathak, Application of Ultrasonic Waves for the Improvement of Water
Treatment, Received April 10, 2013; revised May 11, 2013; accepted June 4, 2013

7. U. Neis, T. Blume, The Effect of Ultrasound on Particulate Matter, Especially Micro-organisms in

Complex Water and Waste Water Media, Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Department of
Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 21071 Hamburg, Germany.

8. Britta Wünsch, Wolfgang Heine, Uwe Neis, Combatting bulking sludge with ultrasound, Department of
Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Technical University Hamburg-Harburg ,21071 Hamburg
,Germany
9. Mutiarani1, Moh. Irsyad2, and Amoranto Trisnobudi3, ultrasonic irradiation in decreasing water
turbidity iradiasi ultrasonik dalam menurunkan kekeruhan air

10. Microbubble generation william b zimmerman1*, václav tesa_2, simon butler1, hc hemaka bandulasen
1department of chemical and process engineering, university of sheffield, mappin street, sheffield s1
3jd, united kingdom.

11. H. zhou and d.w. smith Advanced technologies in water and wastewater treatment.

12. Makuta T, Takemura F, Hihara E, Matsumoto Y and Shoji M, “Generation of micro gas bubbles of
uniform diameter in an ultrasonic field”, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 548, pp. 113–131, 2006.

13. Burns SE, Yiacoumi S and Tsouris C, “Microbubble generation for environmental and industrial
separations” Separation and Purification Technology, 11: 221-232, 1997.

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