Surveying by Jaspal Sir

MARATHON ON
SURVEYING
JASPAL SIR
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CHAPTER- 1 FUNDAMENTALS
• Surveying is the process of determining the relative position of point on, above
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and below the surface of earth by means of direct and indirect measurement of
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distance, direction and elevation.
• It may also be termed as process of establishing the point by predetermined,
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angular and linear measurement.
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NOTE:
Ja
Earth is an oblate spheroid: here spheroid is obtained by rotating an ellipse
about its one of the axis. Since the polar diameter of earth is approximately 42.95
smaller than equatorial diameter. It is termed as oblate spheroid.
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Due to the curvature of the earth the surveying is primarily classified into two.
• Plane surveying
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• Geodetic surveying
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PLANE SURVEYING
• It is the type of surveying in which the curvature of earth is not consider or the
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mean surface of the earth is to be planner.
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• It is suitable to be used for small area of work.
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• It is considered for an area < 250 𝒌𝒎𝟐 .
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• All the lines and triangles formed during a survey in this case will be considered
as plane line and plane triangle.
Ja
• Here level line is considered to be straight line or plumb line (line represented by
freely suspended “plumb bob” are considered to be parallel to each other at
different points.
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GEODETIC SURVEYING
• That type of surveying in which curvature or shape of earth is taken into
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consideration.
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• Here all lines laying in the surface are curved lines and triangles are spherical
triangle.
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• It is suitable to be used when area of surface is large ( generally > 250 𝒌𝒎𝟐 ) and
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high degree of precision is required.
Ja
• This surveying is done by department of national survey of India to establish the
control points. (which are taken as reference point for marking other points in
plane surveying )
NOTE:
• For any triangle with area 195 𝑘𝑚2 , sum of interior area would be just 1” (1 sec)
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extra in geodetic surveying.
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• For any line of length of 12 km it is just 1cm extra in geodetic surveying.
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Surveying can also be classified as follow:
• Base on nature of survey.
• Based on object of survey. Ja
• Based on instrument used.
BASED UPON THE NATURE OF SURVEY
a) Land survey
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• Here surveying is done for the features on land
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• It is further classified into:
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1. Topographical survey
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This consist of horizontal and vertical measurement to determine physical
features like river, land, pond, forest, hills(natural), road, railway, canal, town,
villages. Ja
2. Cadastral survey
these surveys are made for fixing the property line and calculation of land
area or the transfer of land property.
3. City survey
These surveys are made in connection with construction of street, water
pipelines, sewer, LPG lines, optical fiber.
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b) Marine/hydrographic survey
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• It deals with water bodies for purpose of navigation water supply, mean sea level,
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reservoir functioning, water disposal.
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• It consist of measurement of discharge of stream stage of water body and
fluctuation in oceans tides.
c) Astronomical survey Ja
• It is carried for determining the absolute location of any point on the surface of the
earth with the help of heavenly bodies/celestial/spatial bodies ex sun, any fix star.
BASED ON OBJECT OF SURVEY
a) Engineering survey
This is done to find sufficient data to be used for engineering design work
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like roads, reservoir, sewers, trench, foundation etc.
b) Military survey
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It is used for determining points of strategic important.
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c) Geological survey
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It deals with determination of formation of earth strata.
d) Archaeological survey
This is used to find existence of past civilization.
e) Mine survey
Carried out for exploration of new miles.
BASED ON INSTRUMENT USED
a) Chain surveying
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• It is the simplest type of surveying in which only linear measurements are taken
either with chain or tape.
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• Angular measurement are not taken in chain surveying.
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b) Compass surveying
• In this type of surveying horizontal angles are measured with the help of magnetic
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compass in addition to this linear measurement is taken with the chain or tape.
• Although magnetic compass is not precise in measuring angles, hence this
surveying is not very accurate, however it is more accurate than chain surveying.
c) Leveling
• In this type of survey levelling instrument is used to determine relative elevation
of various points in vertical plane.
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d) Plane table surveying
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• In this survey, a map or pan is prepared in field by observing the terrain after
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determine the direction of various line and measuring the linear distances with the
chain.
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• The accuracy of this survey is low but in this case measurement and plotting are
done together.
e) Theodolite surveying
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• In this type of survey theodolite is used for measurement of horizontal and vertical
angles.
• Its accuracy is comparatively more than compass surveying.
• It is further classified as
1. Transverse survey
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(in this various station form polygon)
2. Triangulation survey
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( in this forms system of triangle)
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f) Tacheometer surveying
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• In this type of survey a special type of theodolite called tacheo-meter is used
which is fitted with cross hairs in addition to central horizontal hair.
• In this horizontal angle, horizontal distances and vertical distances are measured
with tacheometer.
• It is extremely easy and gives better results than theodolite survey in rough terrain.
g) Photogrammetric surveying
• Photogrammetry is the process of taking measurement with the help f
photographs.
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• It is generally use for topographic mapping of large area.
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• It is used for areas which are difficult to access.
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• Photographs are preferred to be taken from ground, but if not possible arial
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photography is used.
h) EDM ( electronic distance measurement) survey
Ja
• In this type of surveying linear measurement is done with the help of EDM.
• Here also controls form the triangle, hence termed as triangulation.
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
the fundamental principles of surveying are as follows:
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a) Working from whole to part:
• Whether plane or geodetic surveying is done work is to be carried out from whole
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to part.
• In this we stablished first system of control point with high degree of accuracy.
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• Minor control points are established by less precise method.
Ja
• By doing so accumulation of the error is avoided and minor error are localized.
b) Location of a point by measurement from two points:
• The relative position of the points to be surveyed should be located by
measurement from at least two points of reference, the position of which is already
fixed.
1. Chain surveying 2. Offset method
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3. Triangulation 4. Traversing
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5. Traversing
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PLAN & MAP
• A plan is a graphical representation to some scale of the features on, near, or
below the surface of earth.
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• Since the surface of the earth is curved and the paper of plan is plane, no part of
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the surface can be represented on such map without distortion.
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• Hence it is suitable for plane surveying in which area involved is comparatively
smaller.
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• The representation is called as map, scale is small and is called plan if scale is
large.
Ja
• In case of maps vertical distances can be represented along with horizontal
distances and direction with the help of contour.
NOTE:
Distance: linear measurement in horizontal plane is termed as distance.
Elevation: linear measurement in vertical plane is termed as elevation.
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Distance
Ja Elevation
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SCALES
• It is fixed ratio that every distance on the plan/map bears with the corresponding
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distance on the ground.
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• Scale can be represented by any one of the following forms.
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a) Engineer’s scale
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here “1 cm” on the plan represents some whole no. of meters on the ground.
Ex. 1 cm= 100m
b) Representative fraction(RF)
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here 1 unit of length on the plan represents some no. of same units of length
on the ground.
Ex. 1:10000 or 1/10000
NOTE:
• Here distance is independent of unit of measurement.
• Engineers scale and RF are both numerical scale.
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c) Graphical scale
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If the plan or map is to be used after few years the numerical scales may not
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give accurate results, if the sheet or paper shrink or expand in such case graphical
scale is used in which scale is drawn on the plan or map, which also shrink or
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expands proportionally and the distance can thus found accurately.
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Original Scale
𝑋𝑚𝑚 =10m
AB on ground = 50m
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Shrunk Scale
𝑦𝑚𝑚 = 10m
A’B’ on ground = 50m
𝑋
Original scale =
1000
𝑦
Shrunk scale =
1000
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𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑘 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
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• Here is termed as shrunk factor or shrunk ratio.
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
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𝑆.𝐿. 𝑌 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑘 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
• 𝑆. 𝐹 = = =
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𝑂.𝐿. 𝑋 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
Ja
• Correct distance on the map in terms of original scale =
𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑘 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑆.𝐹
𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑘 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
• Correct area on the map in terms of original scale =
(𝑆.𝐹)2
NOTE:
Error due to wrong measuring scale:
• If a wrong measuring scale is used to measure the length or area of an already
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drawn line or area on the plan, the measured length or area will not be correct.
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• Hence it is to be corrected as follows.
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𝑅𝐹 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
Correct length = × 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑅𝐹 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
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𝑅𝐹 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 2
Correct area = × 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑅𝐹 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
CHOICE OF SCALE OF MAP
• The choice of scale of map to be selected depends upon
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a) Use of the map.
b) Extent of the territory is to be represented.
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• While deciding scale of map following points are considered.
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a) Choose a scale large enough so that in plotting or in scaling distance from the
finished map it will not be necessary to read the scale closer than 0.25mm.
b) Choose as small scale as is consistent with the clear representation of smallest
detail desired.
• Some common scales generally used in various survey are as follows:
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Purpose of Survey Scale
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Topographic Survey 1 cm = 10 m – 2.5 km
Cadastral Survey 1 cm = 5 m – 0.5 km
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Geographical Survey 1 cm = 5 km – 160 km
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Forest Map 1 cm = 0.25 km
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TYPE OF SCALE
Scales may be classified as follow :
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a) Plain scale
• It is a scale on which it is possible to measure two dimension only i.e., units and
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tenth.
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Ex. cm & mm , m & dm (where 1m = 10 dm and 1 cm = 10 mm)0144
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b) Diagonal scale
On this scale it is possible to measure their dimension i.e., unit tenth and hundredth
Ex. m, dm, cm
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c) Vernier scale
• It is a special device for measuring accurately the fractional part of smallest
division on graduated scale or main scale.
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• Hence in this case reading are taken closer than the smallest reading on the
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graduated scale.
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• The vernier consist of small scale called the vernier scale which moves along the
graduated/ main scale.
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• The vernier scale has an index marks which represents zero of vernier scale.
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• The divisions of vernier scale are made either slightly shorter or longer than that
of main scale.
• Th least count of vernier is equal to difference of length of one division of the
main scale and one division of vernier scale.
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TYPE OF VERNIER SCALE
a) Direct vernier scale:
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In this case divisions on vernier scale are slightly shorter than those on main
scale in this case reading on both main and vernier scale increases in same direction.
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let n divisions on vernier scale are equal to in length of (n-1) divisions on
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main scale.
𝑛𝑉 = 𝑛 − 1 𝑆
Ja 𝑛−1 𝑆
𝑉 =
𝑛
𝐿. 𝐶. = 𝑆 − 𝑉
(𝑛𝑆 − 𝑆)
𝐿. 𝐶. = 𝑆 −
𝑛
Hence.
𝐿. 𝐶. = 𝑆ൗ𝑛
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Where,
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V = length of one division on vernier scales.
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S = length of main scale
b) Double vernier:
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It is vernier in which main scale is figured in both the direction and vernier
also extends to both sies of index mark.
Here also
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c) Retrograde vernier:
In this type of vernier divisions are slightly longer on vernier scale than those
of main scale.
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Here reading in the case of retrograde vernier increase in the direction
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opposite to that of main scale.
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Let n divisions of vernier scale are equal to (n+1) divisions of main scale.
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𝑛𝑉 = 𝑛 + 1 𝑆
Ja 𝑛+1 𝑆
𝑉 =
𝑛
𝐿. 𝐶. = 𝑉 − 𝑆
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(𝑛𝑆 + 𝑆)
𝐿. 𝐶. = −𝑆
𝑛
Hence.
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Where,
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V = length of one division on vernier scales.
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S = length of main scale
d) Extended vernier: Ja
It may happen that the division on the main scale are very close and it would
be difficult if the vernier were of normal length to judge the exact graduation where
coincidence occur.
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In this case extended vernier may be used here (2n-1) divisions on main scale are
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equal to n division of vernier.
𝑛𝑉 = 2𝑛 − 1 𝑆
Ja 2𝑛 − 1 𝑆
𝑉 =
𝑛
𝐿. 𝐶. = 2𝑆 − 𝑉
(2𝑛𝑆 − 𝑆)
𝐿. 𝐶. = 2𝑆 −
𝑛
Hence.
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ACCURACY & ERROR
1. Precision:
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Degree of perfection or degree of fineness use in the instrument, methods of
observation and observation is termed as precision.
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2. Accuracy:
Degree of perfection obtained in using instruments, method of observation
and observation is termed as accuracy.
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NOTE:
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• The difference between two measured values of same quantity is termed as
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discrepancy.
• It is not same as an error; A small discrepancy may have grate error and a large
discrepancy may have small error. Ja
c) Error:
• It is the difference between a measured value and true value of quantity.
• Since true value of the quantity is not known true error of measurement can not be
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found hence measurement is done in a certain prescribed limits of error.
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Error = measured value – true value
Correction = true value – measured value
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Hence
Error = ( - ) correction.
SOURCES OF ERROR
These error may arise due to following.
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a) Instrumental Error :
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This error arise due to imperfect or faulty instrument use for the
measurement.
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Ex. A chain or tape being used i.e. too short or too long than actual.
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b) Personal Error:
Ja
This error arise due to imperfection in human response like weak eye sight,
imperfection of touch etc.
c) Natural Error:
This error arise due to natural phenomena such as temperature, humidity.
Wind,
Use gravity,
code "JASPALLIVE" refraction,
for instant magnetic
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Plus subscriptions.
Error are classified into following:
a) Mistake
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• These are error which arise from inattention, inexperience, carelessness, poor
judgement and confusion in mind of observer.
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• It can be identified by taking same measurement by another observer.
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• It can also be overcome by comparing several measurements of same quantity and
discard the odd value.
Ex. Ja
1. A reading of 70m is written as 17m.
2. Miscounting of the number of tape length.
b) Systematic ( cumulative ) error
• It arises from the source that act in similar manner on observation.
• The method of measurement, the instrument used and the physical condition at the
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time of measurement cause systematic error.
E.g. expansion of steel taps
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Using compass in a particular magnetic field.
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• These error are cumulative in nature.
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• These can be eliminated by applying correction.
• The proper way to check systematic error is to measure the same quantity by an
entirely different method.
c) Compensating / random / accidental error
• These are the errors remaining after mistake and systematic error are removed.
• It is mainly caused by limitations of observer and instrument and are random in
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nature.
• These error follow the law of probability
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I. Small error occurs more frequently than large one.
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II. Positive and negative error are equally likely.
III. Very large error are seldom.
IV. It can be represented by normal distribution curve.
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V. Random error is proportional to , where N is no. of observation.
𝑁
• Bad ranging → ± cumulative
• Variation in temperature → ± cumulative
• Variation in pull → ± cumulative
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• Careless holding and marking → ± compensating
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sp
Ja
Q. A line of 5 m on the original map is shrunk to 4.6 m. calculate the shrunk scale if
the original scale of the map was 1 cm = 80m :
a) 1 cm =73.6 m
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b) 1 cm =79.6 m
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c) 1 cm =86.95 m
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d) 1 cm =92.4 m
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[SSC: 2017]
Ja
Q. Calculate the length of one division of the vernier scale, if least count of the
combination of main and vernier scale is 0.02mm. The least count of the main scale
is 1mm.
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a) 1
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b) 0.98
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c) 1.02
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d) 1.03
[SSC: 2017]
Ja
Q. Which of the following scale of the map is not affected due to shrinkage of map ?
a) Engineer’s scale
b) Graphical scale
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c) Representative fraction
d) None of these
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[SSC: 2017]
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Ja
Q. Symmetric errors are those errors:
a) Whose effects are cumulative and can be determined
b) On circumference of circumscribing circle
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c) Outside the great triangle
d) In the centre of the circumscribing circle.
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[GATE: 1990]
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Ja
Q. Reconnaissance survey for determining feasibility and estimation of scheme falls
under the classification based on the
a) Nature of the field of survey
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b) Object of surveying
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c) Instruments used
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d) Method employed
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[IES: 2019]
Ja
Q. Working from the whole to the part is followed as fundamental principle of
surveying so as to:
1. Distribute errors
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2. Improve ease of working
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3. Prevent accumulation of errors
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4. Compensate errors in a way
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5. Refer to a common datum, say MSL
a) 1, 2 and 4
b) 1, 3 and 5
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c) 3 and 4
d) 2 and 5
Use code "JASPALLIVE" for instant maximum discount on Unacademy Plus subscriptions. [IES: 2011]

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Surveying by Jaspal Sir

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MARATHON ON

• That type of surveying in which curvature or shape of earth is taken into

the fundamental principles of surveying are as follows:

• The choice of scale of map to be selected depends upon

Scales may be classified as follow :

a) Direct vernier scale:

These error may arise due to following.

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