TUTORIAL 3.

0:PERIODIC TABLE

1. The table shows the group and period of the elements P, Q, R, S and T.

Element Period Group

P 2 15
Q 2 18
R 3 1
S 4 17
T 4 16

(a) Write the electronic configuration for each of the element.

(b) Write the electronic configuration for P3−, R+ and S −.
(c) State the block for each element.

Solution:

1. (a) P: 1s2 2s2 2p3

Q: 1s2 2s2 2p6
R: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
S: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5
T: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p4
(b) P3- : 1s2 2s2 2p6
R+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6
S - : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
(c) s block - R
p block - P, Q, S, T

2. State the period, group and block for each element:

A: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
B: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5
C: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
D: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2
E: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6

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Solution:

2.
Elements Period Group Block
A 3 18 P

B 4 17 P

C 4 2 S

D 4 5 d
E 4 18 P

3. The figure shows the location of elements A, B, C, D and E in the periodic table.

A B C D
E

(a) State how the elements A to E are arranged.

(b) Why are elements B and E in the same group?
(c) Why are elements B and C in the same period?
(d) Which of the elements are metal?

Solution:

3. (a) Elements are arranged in the order of increasing proton number.

(b) Both elements B and E have the same number of valence electrons.
(c) Both elements B and C have the same principal quantum number, n.
(d) Metals: A, B, E

4. Explain the variation in the ionic radii across a period .

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Solution:

4. Across a period, ionic radii decreases because the effective nuclear charge
increases due to the increase in proton number. The charge “felt” by the
outermost electron increases, and the electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus
which makes the ionic radii smaller.

PSPM 08/09 QUE 10

Students were asked to explain the trend observed in the ionic radii of elements
in the second period.
Student must be able to explain as below:-
• Ionic radius decreases from Li+ to B3+ because the effective nuclear charge
increases as proton number increases within the same shell (n=1)
• Big increase in radius from B3+ to N3- because of increase in the number of shell
n=1 to n=2.
• Ionic radius decreases from N3- to F- because the effective nuclear charge
increases as proton number increases within the same shell (n=2)
• All cation species have smaller radius than anions because cations have one
lesser shell

5. Cations Mg2+, Al3+, Na+, Si4+ are isoelectronic with the electronic configuration,
1s2 2s2 2p6. Arrange the cations in order of increasing ionic radius. Explain.

Solution:

5. Si4+ < Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+

Increasing ionic radius
Moving from Na to Si, the effective nuclear charge increases as the number of
protons in the nucleus increases. The electrons are attracted more strongly to the
increased positive nucleus, thus reducing the total ionic radius.

6. Removal and addition of electron results in change of atomic radii.

Species Na Na+ Cl Cl-
Radius/nm 0.156 0.095 0.099 0.181

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Explain the difference in radius between the ions and their respective neutral
atoms.

Solution:

6. Na+ < Na.

The number of electrons in Na+ ion is 10 and Na atom is 11, but the number of
protons is the same (11 protons). The attraction between the nucleus and the
electrons in Na+ is stronger.
Cl > Cl.
Cl- ion has more electron than its neutral atoms as it gains electron during its
formation. The greater electron-electron repulsions in Cl- ion caused the
electrons to spread out and experience less attraction from the nucleus.

7. (a) What is meant by the first and second ionisation energies?

(b) State the factors that affect the ionisation energy of an atom.

Solution:

7. (a) The first ionisation energy of an atom is the energy required to remove
one mole electron from one mole of gaseous atom to produce positive
ion.
Energy + X(g) X +(g) + e-

The second ionisation energy of an atom is the energy required to

remove one mole electron from one mole positive ion in the gaseous
state.
Energy + X +(g) X 2+(g) + e-

(b) Three main factors that affect the ionisation energy of an atom :
i. Size
As the distance from the outermost electron to the positive
nucleus increases, the attraction of the nucleus for electron
decreases. The ionisation energy gets smaller as the atomic
radius increases.

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ii. Effective nuclear charge

More positive nucleus will have greater attraction for the
valence electrons and the ionisation energy of an atom will be
greater.
iii. Shielding effect
The electrons in the inner shell shield the valence electrons from the
positively charged nucleus. The valence electrons will be less firmly held. The
more shells between the valence electrons and the nucleus, the more will
be the screening effect. Hence, the lower will be the ionisation energy of the
atom

8. The table shows the successive ionisation energies (IE / kJ mol-1) for elements J,
K, L, M and N.

Element IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5

J 801 2430 3660 25000 32820
K 1086 2350 4620 6200 38000
L 786 1580 3230 4360 16000
M 418 3052 4410 5900 8000
N 738 1450 7730 10500 13600

(a) Explain which element will form ion with the charge of +1.
(b) i. Choose two elements which belong to the same group.
ii. Explain the difference in the first ionization energy values for the
two elements.
(c) Determine the group for element L.

Solution:

8.
Element IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5
s
IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4
J 3.03 1.51 6.83 1.31
K 2.16 1.97 1.34 6.13

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L 2.01 2.04 1.35 3.67

M 7.30 1.44 1.34 1.36
N 1.96 5.33 1.36 1.30

(a) M, because the ratio of IE2 to IE1 is the highest

(b) i. Elements K and L
ii. The first ionisation energy for element L is lower than K because L
is in lower period than K. The atomic size of L is bigger and the
screening effect is greater than K. Thus, the attraction of
nucleus on the outer electron is weaker.
(c) Group 14

9. Ionisation energy for nitrogen atom is greater than that of oxygen atom but the
ionisation energy for N+ is lower than that of O+. Explain.

Solution:

9. 7N : 1s2 2s2 2p3 (Stability of the half-filled 2p orbitals)

8O : 1s2 2s2 2p4
O+ : 1s2 2s2 2p3 (Stability of the half-filled 2p orbitals)
N+ : 1s2 2s2 2p2

10. Among the elements magnesium, sodium and silicon, which has the highest
second ionisation energy? Explain.

Solution:

10. 11Na : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

12Mg : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
14Si : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
Sodium has the highest second ionisation energy because the second electron to
be removed from the ion comes from the full-filled 2p orbitals

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11. The table shows the electronic configuration of elements W, X, and Y.

Element Electronic configuration

W [Ne]3s1
X [Ne] 3s23p4
Y [Ar]4s2

(a) Explain
i. the difference in the first ionisation energy between elements W
and X
ii. the difference in ionic radius between X 2- and Y 2+
(b) Write the molecular formula of the oxide formed when Y reacts with
oxygen and state whether it is acidic, basic or amphoteric.
Solution:

11. (a) i. W: [Ne] 3s1

X: [Ne] 3s23p4
The first ionisation energy for W is lower than X because across a
period, the valence electron is more difficult to remove as the
atomic radius decrease.
ii. X2- : [Ne] 3s23p6
Y2+ : [Ar]
The ionic radius of Y2+ is smaller than X2 because the effective
nuclear charge of Y2+ is higher than X2- .

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12. The graph shows the variation of ionisation energies for element Z.

log ionisation energy

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

(a) State the group and period forofelement

No. electron Z.
removed
(b) Why a higher energy is needed to remove the fourth electron?
(c) Explain how the atomic radius of Z changes when an electron is removed.
(d) State the change in the atomic radius of Z when an electron is added.
(e) State the most stable oxidation number of element Z.

Solution:

12. (a) Group 13, period 3

(b) Because the fourth electron is from the inner shell (close to the nucleus)
(c) Atomic radius decreases
(d) Atomic radius increases
(e) +3

13. (a) Define electronegativity.

(b) Explain qualitatively the variation of electronegativity across a period and
down a group.

Solution:

13. (a) Electronegativity is the relative tendency of an atom to attract

electrons to itself when chemically combined with another atom.

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(b) Electronegativity increases across a period

Due to the increasing positive charge on the nucleus in
combination with the decrease in atomic radius.
Electronegativity decreases down a group
Although the positive charge on the nucleus increases, this is more than
the offset by the increase in the atomic radius and the additional
screening effect of the extra electron shells.

14. Elements Na, Al, P, Cl and Ar are in period 3. Select the element that
(a) has the highest melting point.
(b) forms diatomic molecular gases.
(c) has the highest second ionisation energy.
(d) forms amphoteric oxide and write the equation to show its amphoteric
behaviour.
Solution:

14. (a) Al
(b) Cl2
(c) Na
(d) Al
As a base:
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2 AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
As an acid:
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) 2 NaAl(OH)4(aq)

15. (a) Classify the following oxides as basic, acidic or amphoteric.

Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, P4O10, SO3, Na2O, Cl2O
(b) Write the equations for the reaction between the following oxides with
water.
i. Na2O
ii. SO3
iii. Al2O3

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Solution:

15. (a) Basic oxide: MgO, Na2O

Acidic oxide: SiO2, P4O10, SO3, Cl2O
Amphoteric oxide: Al2O3
(b) i. Na2O(s) + H2O(l) 2 NaOH(aq)
ii. SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
iii. As a base:
Al2O3(s) + 6 HCl(aq) 2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
As an acid:
Al2O3(s) + 2 NaOH(aq) + 3 H2O(l) 2 NaAl(OH)4(aq)

16. The table shows the melting point of the elements in period 3.
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Melting point 98 650 660 1423 44 120 -101 -189

(oC)

Explain the variation in melting points of the elements in terms of the structure
and the intermolecular forces.

Solution:

16. (a) Melting point increases from Na to Al. Strength of the metallic bonding
is proportional to the number of valence electrons. Valence electrons
of Al, Mg, Na are 3, 2 and 1 respectively.
Si has the highest melting point. It has gigantic molecular colavent
structure. Each Si is tetrahedrally covalent bonded to four other Si atoms
infinitely.
P, S, Cl and Ar have low melting points. Only weak van der Waals
forces are present between these molecules/atom. P, S and Cl have
simple molecular structures while Ar exists as monoatom. van der Waals
forces increase as the size of molecule/atom increases.
Size of S8 > P4 > Cl2 > Ar
Order of increasing melting points: Si > Al > Mg > Na > S8 > P4 > Cl2 > Ar

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Objective Questions

1. Identify the element with the highest melting point.

A Al
B Mg
C Na
D Si

2. Which of the following groups contains a basic, an amphoteric and an acidic

oxide?

E SiO2, SO3, Cl2

F MgO, Al2O3, SO3
G Na2O, SiO2, P4O10
H MgO, Al2O3, Na2O

3. Which of the following arrangements shows the order of increasing ionic radius?

A K+ <Cl- <S2- <P3-

B K+ <P3- <S2- <Cl-
C P3- <S2- <Cl- <P3-
D Cl- <S2- <P3- <P3-

4. The table shows the first, second, third and fourth ionisation energies of elements
Y and Z.
Element Ionisation Energy / kJ mol-1
First Second Third Fourth
Y 494 1450 6940 9540
Z 418 1390 5800 7600

Which of the following statements about Y and Z is/are true?

I The size of Y atom is smaller than that of Z atom.

II Both elements can form ions with +2 charge.

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III Both elements belong to the same group.

5. The atomic radius of the d-block elements do not change significantly because

I the effective nuclear charge do not change much.

II the electrons are added into an inner d orbitals.
III the screening effect increases

6. Going down a group in the periodic table

I electronegativity decreases.
II the metallic properties increases.
III ease of cation formation increases.

7. The size of Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+. Which of the followings explain(s) this trend?

I Effective nuclear charge increases.

II The number of electrons are the same but the number of protons
increases.
III The number of electrons and protons increases.

8. The graph shows all the successive ionisation energies of an element P.

Ionisation energy

X
X

X
X X
X
X
X
X
X

X X
X
X
X X

No. of electrons removed

Choose the correct statement(s)

I P is expected to form an basic oxide.

II P is found in the third period of the periodic table.

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III The electronic configuration of P is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4.

Answer: 1. D 2. B. 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. C

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