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Problem Set1

This document describes 5 problems related to digital communication systems. Problem 1 involves determining an orthonormal basis and constellation for 4 signal waveforms using Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization and inspection. Problem 2 asks about the minimum number of basis functions needed to represent the signals in Figure 1. Problem 3 expresses a signal as a weighted combination of orthonormal basis functions and determines the coefficients. Problem 4 sketches a constellation for a binary system using 2 signals. Problem 5 sketches the decision region for an optimal receiver of a constellation over an AWGN channel.

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Abhijith AS
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39 views

Problem Set1

This document describes 5 problems related to digital communication systems. Problem 1 involves determining an orthonormal basis and constellation for 4 signal waveforms using Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization and inspection. Problem 2 asks about the minimum number of basis functions needed to represent the signals in Figure 1. Problem 3 expresses a signal as a weighted combination of orthonormal basis functions and determines the coefficients. Problem 4 sketches a constellation for a binary system using 2 signals. Problem 5 sketches the decision region for an optimal receiver of a constellation over an AWGN channel.

Uploaded by

Abhijith AS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE611 Problem Set 1

1. The following four waveforms are used for signaling in a digital communication system:
(rect(t) = 1 for 0 ≤ t < 1 and zero elsewhere)

s0 (t) = rect(t) + rect(t − 2)


s1 (t) = rect(t − 1) + rect(t − 3)
s2 (t) = rect(t − 1) + rect(t − 2)
s3 (t) = rect(t − 1) − rect(t − 3)

(i) Determine an orthonormal basis and the corresponding constellation in two ways:
(a) by using Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalisation starting with s0 (t) and going in se-
quence, and
(b) by inspection of the waveforms without any computations.
(ii) Verify that one constellation can be obtained from the other simply by rotation.
(iii) What is the distance of each point si from the origin? Is it the same in both con-
stellations? Why? How do the distances between s0 , s1 , s2 and s3 compare in either
case?

2. (Wozencraft & Jacobs pp. 269-273:) What is the minimum number of orthonormal basis
functions required to represent the four signal waveforms in Figure 1?

s0 (t) s1 (t)
3
2

1 2 3 t 1 2 3 t
−1
−2

s2 (t) s3 (t)

1
2 3
1 2 t t
−1
−2
−3

Figure 1:

1
f (t) f (t)
1 2
0.5 0.5

0 2 4 t 0 4
t
−0.5
f (t)
3
0.5

0 1 2 3 4 t
−0.5

Figure 2:

3. Consider the three waveforms fn (t) shown in Figure 2.


(a) Show that these waveforms are orthonormal.
(b) Express the waveform x(t) as a weighted linear combination of fn (t), n = 1, 2, 3, if

3 
 (1 ≤ t < 2)
(2 ≤ t < 3)

−2 
x(t) =

 1 (3 ≤ t < 4)


0 else
and determine the weighting coefficients.
4. A binary communication system uses the two waveforms shown in Figure 3 for signalling.
Sketch a signal constellation representation of the signals.
s 1(t) s 2(t)
A A
T
0 T t 0 3T/4 t
−A

Figure 3:

5. Sketch the decision region for the optimal receiver that minimizes probability of error
when the signal constellation in Figure 4 is transmitted over an AWGN channel. Assume
that the symbols are equally likely.

(−1, 0.5)

(1, −0.5)

Figure 4:

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