2022 VJC Prelim Paper 1 Solutions 2

x2
( x + y)
2
1 A curve has equation 2 x + y + 2 = . +
1 + x2
Find the equation of the normal to the curve at the point ( 0, 2 ) . [5]

x2
( x + y) +
2
2x + y + 2 = Be careful when differentiating.
1 + x2
Don’t forget your chain rule, product
1
2 x + y + 2= ( x + y ) + 1 − − − − (1)
2
rule (or quotient rule), your signs
1 + x2 [which can be avoided by adding in
Differentiate (1) w.r.t x : appropriate brackets]
dy  dy 
2 + = 2 ( x + y ) 1 +  − ( −1) (1 + x 2 ) −2 ( 2 x ) − − − ( 2)
dx  dx 
At ( 0, 2 ) , Be efficient
dy  dy  dy
2+ = 2 ( 0 + 2 ) 1 +  + 0 There’s no need to make the
dx  dx  dx
subject. You should immediately
dy 2 3 substitute in x = 0 and y = 2
=− ⇒ Gradient of normal is
dx 3 2

3
Equation of normal at (0, 2) is=
y x+2
2

π 
2 =  + x  radians. Point D is on BC such that
The diagram shows triangle ABC, where angle ACD
4 
AD = 2 and BD = 2 3 . A

B C
D

Show that if x is sufficiently small for x3 and higher powers of x to be neglected, then
BC ≈ k (1 + 3 − 2x + 2x 2 ) ,

where k is a constant to be determined. [5]

BC = BD + DC Secondary school results:
2 Apply TOA in triangle ADC, we have
= 2 3+
π  2
tan  + x  DC = .
4   π 
tan  + x 
2 4 
= 2 3+
π No need for sine rule or cosine rule.
tan + tan x
4
π
1 − tantan x Maclaurin series expansion
4
2(1 − tan x) #1: If x is small, then 2 x, 3x are also
= 2 3+ small. However ( x + a ) is not
1 + tan x
 3

2(1 − x) considered small, regardless of the

≈2 3+
1+ x size of the constant a.
= 2 3 + 2(1 − x)(1 + x) −1  π π
Hence tan  x +  ≈ x + .
( −1)( −2) 2  4 4
= 2 3 + 2(1 − x)[1 + (−1) x + ) x + ...] #2: Since angle x (measured in
2!
radians) is small enough such that x3
= 2 3 + 2(1 − x)[1 − x + x 2 + ...]
and higher powers of x can be
= 2 3 + 2(1 − 2 x + 2 x 2 + ...) ignored, then tan x ≈ x .
≈ 2(1 + 3 − 2 x + 2 x 2 ) where k = 2
1
#3: To find series expansion of ,
Alternative 1+ x
first rewrite into (1 + x ) then use
−1
Let f ( x ) = BC = BD + DC
2 π  binomial expansion.
2 3+
= 2 3 + 2cot  + x 
=
π   4 
tan  + x 
4 
π 
f ′( x) =
−2cos ec 2  + x 
4 
 π   π  π 
f ′′ ( x ) =
−2  2cos ec  + x    − cos ec  + x  cot  + x  
 4   4  4 
When x = 0 ,
( 0) 2 3 + 2
f=
−2
f ′( 0) = 2
= −4
 π
 sin 
 4
  
 2  1  π 
f ′′ ( 0 ) =
−2  − cot    =8
π 
 sin   sin
π  4 
 4  4 
Hence
8
BC = 2 3 + 2 + ( −4 ) x + x 2 + 
2!
≈2 ( 3 + 1 − 2 x + 2 x2 ) where k =2

3 (a) Find ∫ (ln x) dx . [3]

2

1 dv
∫ (ln x) x x(ln x) 2 − ⌠ x ⋅ 2 ( ln x ) ⋅ Using by-parts with u = ( ln x ) and
2 2
d= dx =1
⌡ x dx

∫ du 1
2
= x(ln x) − 2 ln x dx Hence = 2 ( ln x )   and v = x
dx  x
 1 
= x(ln x) 2 − 2  x ln x − ⌠ x ⋅ dx  dv
 ⌡ x  2nd by parts with u = ln x and =1
2
dx
= x(ln x) − 2 x ln x + 2 x + C Again don’t forget your arbitrary constant.

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2022 VJC Prelim Paper 1 Solutions 4

⌠ ( sin x + cos x )
2

(b) Find  dx . [3]

⌡ cos ( 2 x ) − 2 x

⌠ ( sin x + cos x )
2 Sometimes when trigonometric functions are
 dx involved, you will need to use trigonometric
⌡ cos ( 2 x ) − 2 x identity to change the form of the integrand in
⌠ sin 2 x + 2sin x cos x + cos 2 x order to apply integration formula.
= dx
⌡ cos ( 2 x ) − 2 x
⌠ 1 + sin 2 x
= dx
⌡ cos ( 2 x ) − 2 x
1 ⌠ −2sin 2 x − 2
= −  dx
2 ⌡ cos ( 2 x ) − 2 x
1
= − ln cos ( 2 x ) − 2 x + C
2

4 A curve has equation y = f ( x), where

 2− | x + 1| for − 3 < x  1,
f ( x) = 
2 − 2 ( x − 2 )
2
for 1  x < 2.
(i) Sketch the curve for −3 < x < 2 . [3]

(-1,2) y
(2, 2)

(0, 1)

x
(-3,0) O (1,0)

(ii) Hence, solve the inequality f ( x )  0.1( x − 1) for −3 < x < 2 , leaving your answers in an
2

exact form. [4]

Have to look for points of intersections
without using GC

Have to use the graph from (i), to solve the

inequality. Hence your solution needs to
showcase that method in one way or another.
 5

To find the point of intersection: Recall definition of modulus

2 + ( x + 1=
) 0.1( x − 1)
2 function:
 x + 1, when x ≥ −1
10 x + 30 = x 2 − 2 x + 1 x +1 = 
− ( x + 1) when x < −1
x 2 − 12 x − 29 =
0
12 ± 260
x=
2
6 + 65 or x =
x= 6 − 65
( reject ) 2 points of intersection:
∴ f ( x )  0.1( x − 1)
2
x= 6 − 65 and x = 1
Note that −3 < x < 2
−3 < x ≤ 6 − 65 or x = 1

5 Do not use a calculator in answering this question.

The complex number z satisfies the equation
z 2 − (4 + i) z + 2(i − t ) =
0,
where t is a real number. It is given that one root is of the form k − ki, where k is real and positive.
Find t and k, and the other root of the equation. [7]

(k − ki) 2 − (4 + i)(k − ki) + 2(i − t ) =

0 Secondary school result
(a − b)
2
(k 2
−2k ( ki ) + (ki) 2 ) − ( 4k + ki − 4ki − ki 2 ) + 2(i − t ) =
0 =a 2 − 2ab + b 2

(k 2
−2k 2i − k 2 ) − ( 4k − 3ki + k ) + 2(i − t ) =
0

( −5k − 2t ) + i ( 2 + 3k − 2k 2 ) =
0
Compare
Real part: =
− 5k − 2t 0 − − − (1)
Imaginary parts: 2 + 3k − 2k = 0 − − − ( 2 )
2

From ( 2 ) : − 2k 2 +3k + 2 =0
(2k + 1)(k − 2) = 0
1
k= − or k =
2
2
( reject )
Substitute k = 2 into (1) , t = −5

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2022 VJC Prelim Paper 1 Solutions 6

z 2 − (4 + i) z + 2(i + 5) =
0
(4 + i) ± (4 + i) 2 − 4(1)(2i + 10)
z=
2
(4 + i) ± 15 + 8i − (8i + 40)
=
2
(4 + i) ± −25
=
2
4 + i ± 5i
=
2
= 2 3i or 2 − 2i
+
Hence the other root is 2 + 3i

Alternative (to find other root)

Secondary school result:
Let z1= 2 − 2i and z2 = other root. For any quadratic equation
By sum of roots, ax 2 + bx + c =0,
 −4 − i  b
z1 + z2 = −  Sum of roots, α + β = −
 1  a
2 − 2i + z2 =4 + i c
Product of roots, αβ =
z2 = 4 + i − 2 + 2i = 2 + 3i a

c
It is given that f ( x ) = ax + b + , where a, b and c are constants. The diagram shows the curve
x −1
with equation y = f ( x ) . The curve crosses the axes at points P, Q and R, and has stationary points
at ( −1, 25 ) and ( 3, 9 ) .
Find the values of the constants a, b and c . [4]
 7

y = f ( x ) passes through ( 3, 9 ) :
c 1
a ( 3) + b + = 9 ⇒ 3a + b + c = 9 − − − (1)
3 −1 2

y = f ( x ) passes through ( −1, 25 ) :

c 1
a ( −1) + b + = 25 ⇒ − a + b − c= 25 − − − ( 2 )
−1 − 1 2

c
f ′ ( x )= a −
( x − 1)
2

At stationary point ( 3,9 ) :

c 1
a− = 0 ⇒ a − c = 0 − − − ( 3)
( 3 − 1)
2
4
Solving (1), (2) and (3),
a= −2, b = 19, c = −8

3 
It is now given that points P, Q and R have coordinates ( 0, 27 ) ,  , 0  and ( 9, 0 ) respectively.
2 
Sketch the curve

(i) y = f ( x ) , [2]

Note that ( 0, 27 ) is not a turning point,

hence ensure shape at that point is
sketched “sharply”

Observe that the line (oblique

asymptote) will be reflected in the y-
axis, hence to get the equation of the
reflected line, just replace x by − x and
we have = y 2 x + 19

1
(ii) y = , [3]
f ( x)
stating the equations of any asymptotes, the coordinates of any points where the curve crosses the
axes and of any turning point(s).
Take note of these requirements which applied to both (i) and (ii).

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2022 VJC Prelim Paper 1 Solutions 8

1 
( 0, 27 ) →  0, 
 27 
1 
( −1, 25) →  −1, 
 25 
1
( 3,9 ) →  3, 
 9
 1
Take note that  3,  should
 9
be sketched higher than
 1 
 −1, 
 25 

7 The diagram below shows the curve C with parametric equations given by
π
x=−3θ cos3θ , y=4θ sin 3θ , for 0 ≤ θ ≤ .
3
Point P lies on C with parameter θ and C crosses the x-axis at the origin O and the point R.

2π 2 x
(a) Find the area of the region bounded by C and the line =
y − , giving your answer correct
3 3
to 2 decimal places. [4]
First step is to figure out how to add the line
2π 2 x
=y − onto the curve in order to
3 3
visualise the required region,

2π 2 x Start by finding the coordinates of the x and

y
= −
3 3 y-intercepts of both line and C.

Shaded region = region bounded by C and the

straight line.
Hence area of required region = area bounded
When θ = 0 , x = 0 , y = 0 by curve from O to R – (area of triangle)
π
When θ = , x = π , y = 0
3
Hence R (π ,0 )
 9

To find y-intercept:
Let x = −3θ cos3θ = 0
cos3θ 0=
= or θ 0
π
3θ =
2
π
θ=
6
π π   π  2π
When
= θ = , y 4=   sin 3  
6 6 6 3
 2π 
Hence C cuts the y-axis at O and  0, .
 3 
Required area
π 1  2π  dx
= ∫ y dx − ( π )   y = 4θ sin 3=
θ, 9θ sin 3θ − 3cos3θ ,
0 2  3  dθ
π 2π π
π2 When x = 0 , ( y = ), hence θ =
= ∫π ( 4θ sin 3θ )( 9θ sin 3θ − 3cos3θ ) dθ −
3
3
3 6
6
π
= 2.74 units 2 When x = π , θ =
3

(b) Use differentiation to find the maximum value of the area of triangle OPR as θ varies, proving
that it is a maximum. [6]

d2 A
Rigor is expected i.e. = −50.968 must be seen. If the first derivative test is used,
dθ 2
dA
then has to be evaluated at the 3 values of θ
dθ

Note P ( −3θ cos3θ , 4θ sin 3θ ) Note that O and R are fixed points
Let A be the area of the triangle OPR hence OR = π
1
A = × π × 4θ sin 3θ = 2πθ sin 3θ
2
dA
= 2π [3θ cos3θ + sin 3θ ]
dθ
dA
For max A, =0
dθ
2π [3θ cos3θ + sin 3θ ] = 0
By GC, θ = 0,0.67625 or θ = 0 (reject)

d2 A
2π [ −9θ sin 3θ + 3cos3θ + 3cos3θ ]
=
dθ 2
= 6π [ 2cos3θ − 3θ sin 3θ ]
Substituting θ = 0.67625
d2 A
=6π  2cos ( 3 × 0.67625 ) − 3θ sin ( 3 × 0.67625 ) 
dθ 2
= −50.968 < 0

Maximum A =2π × 0.67625 × sin ( 3 × 0.67625 )

= 3.81 (3s.f.)

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2022 VJC Prelim Paper 1 Solutions 10

n 2 + 5n
8 (a) The sum of the first n terms of a sequence is given by S n = . Show that the sequence
8
follows an arithmetic progression with common difference d, where d is to be determined.
In a geometric progression, the first term is 100 and its common ratio is 3d. Find the smallest
value of k such that the sum of the first k terms of the arithmetic progression is greater than the
sum of the first 30 terms of the geometric progression. [6]

u=
n S n − S n−1 u=n S n − S n −1 (not S n +1 − S n ) is true for all
n + 5n ( n − 1) + 5 ( n − 1)
2 2 series
= −
8 8 Be extra careful with algebraic
1 2
=  n + 5n − ( n 2 − 2n + 1 + 5n − 5 )  manipulations/expansions, e.g.
8 −5 ( n − 1) =−5n + 5 , not −5n − 5 , not −5n + 1
1
= ( n + 2)
4

Consider
un − un−1
1 1
= ( n + 2) − ( n −1 + 2)
4 4
1
=
4
= constant
Conclude properly as it is a ‘show’ question.
Hence, the sequence is an arithmetic progression
1
with common difference, d =
4

( )
100 1 − 3 
30

k 2 + 5k  4  k 2 + 5k
> Expression for LHS, i.e. is already
8 1− 3 8
4 stated in the question. There is no need to
2
k + 5k − 3199.429 > 0 n
rewrite it using S n =  2a + ( n − 1) d 
( k − 54.119 )( k + 59.119 ) > 0 2
k < −59.119 or k > 54.119
Show clearly how the inequality is solved
Since k ≥ 0 , smallest k = 55
Answer is smallest k = 55, not k = 55
 11

(b) The first and second terms of a geometric sequence are u1 = a and u=
2 a 2 − a . If all the terms
∞
of the sequence are positive, find the set of values of a for which ∑u
r =1
r converges. [2]

u2
Common ratio r= = a −1
u1
For the series to converge, r <1
⇒ −1 < a − 1 < 1
⇒0<a<2

Furthermore, for all terms to be positive, Read the question carefully, all
u1= a > 0 and r = a − 1 > 0 terms are positive, hence first
term and r must be positive.
Alternatively,
For the series to converge, and all terms to be positive
0 < r <1
⇒ 0 < a −1 < 1
⇒1< a < 2 Give your final answer in set
notation
Hence, the set of values of a
{a ∈  :1 < a < 2}

For this sequence, it is known that the sum of all the terms after the nth term is equal to the nth
∞
term. Find the value of a and hence the value of ∑u
r =1
r . [3]

Given : un = un+1 + un+ 2 + ... Read the question carefully, “… sum of all
n −1 n
⇒ ar =ar + ar + .... n +1 terms after the nth term…”
ar n ar n
⇒ =
r 1− r
⇒ r = 1− r
1 3
⇒ r =
= i.e. a
2 2
3
a 2
Thus = S∞ = = 3
1− r 1− 1
2
Alternatively,
Using n = 1
S∞ − a = a
a
−a =a
1 − ( a − 1)
3
a=
2
3
a 2
Thus =
S∞ = = 3
1− r 1− 1
2

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 2022 VJC Prelim Paper 1 Solutions 12

9 The curve C has equation

1 2
0.
x + y2 − 2 y =
3
(i) Sketch C. [2]

1 2 Need to label the coordinates

x + y2 − 2 y = 0 of all vertices, including
3
1 2 centre.
x + ( y − 1) − 1 =0
2

3 Shape of ellipse is
1 2
x + ( y − 1) =
2
1 not as 3 > 1 .
3

(ii) Use the substitution x = p sin θ to show that

p
p 2π
∫ 0
p 2 − x 2 dx =,
4
where p is a positive constant. [4]
p x = p sin θ Remember to change the
∫ 0
p 2 − x 2 dx
dx = p cos θ dθ limits for definite integrals
using substitution
π When x = 0 , θ = 0
∫ p 2 − p 2 sin 2 θ ( p cos θ ) dθ
2
= π
0 When x = p , θ =
π 2

∫ cos 2 θ ( cos θ ) dθ
2 2
=p
0
π
 π
∫ cos θ ≥ 0 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 
2
=p 2
cos 2 θ dθ
0  
π

=p 2 ⌠ 2  cos 2θ + 1  dθ
⌡0  2 
π
 sin 2θ θ  2
2
= p  + 
 4 2 0
 π  π 
 sin 2  2  
+ 2  p π
2
= p2   =
 4 2 4
 
 
 13

(iii) The region R is bounded by C, the line x = 3 and the x-axis. Find the exact area of R. [3]

It is very useful to do a simple sketch and

shade the region

1 2 Do not always assume positive square root

x + ( y − 1) =
2
1 for all cases. For this section of the curve,
3
1
1 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 , so y =−
1 1 − x2
1 1 − x 2 ( y < 1)
y =− 3
3
3 1  Always check if you can use the previous
Area= ∫ 1 − 1 − x 2  dx
0
 3  3 1
part to solve. In this case, ∫ 1 − x 2 dx
3 1 3 0 3
∫0 1 dx − 3 ∫0 3 − x dx
2
= looks close to the previous result
p
p 2π
= 3−
1  3π 
 
3 4 
∫0
p 2 − x 2 dx =
4

3π Exact answer is required, so one cannot use

= 3−
4 GC.

(iv) R is rotated completely about the y-axis. Find the exact volume of the solid obtained. [3]

Read the question carefully – R is rotated

( 3 ) (1) − π ∫ x
2 1
Volume π
= 2
dy
0 about y -axis, not x-axis.
3π − π ∫ ( 6 y − 3 y 2 ) dy
1
=
0 Most students who produced a sketch got this
3π π 3 y 2 − y 
=− 3 1 part correct by realising the solid is a hollow
0 figure.
=π

(ii) Describe a pair of transformations which transforms the graph of C onto the graph of
1.
x2 + y 2 = [2]

Translate 1 units in the negative y-direction.

1
Stretch the resultant curve by a factor of parallel to the x-axis,
3
y-axis invariant.

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 2022 VJC Prelim Paper 1 Solutions 14

10 Workers are installing zip lines at an adventure park. The points ( x, y, z ) are defined relative to the
entrance at ( 0,0,0 ) on ground level, where units are in metres. The ticketing booth at (100,100,1)
and lockers at ( 200,120,0 ) are also on ground level. Zip lines are laid in straight lines and the
widths of zip lines can be neglected. The ground level of the park is modelled as a plane.

(i) Find a cartesian equation of the plane that models the ground level of the park. [2]

100   200  Try to avoid unnecessary

    careless mistakes in cross
A normal to the ground,
= n 100  ×  120 
  product by writing clearer
  
 1   0  and bigger
 −120 
 
=  200 
 −8000  ( 0,0,0 ) (100,100,1)
 
 3  ( 200,120,0 )
 
= −40  −5 
 200  Question asked for
 
Equation of ground: 3 x − 5 y + 200 z = 0 “cartesian equation”

A zip line connects the points P ( 300,120,30 ) and Q ( 300,320, 25 ) , and is modelled as a segment
of the line l. The façade of a building nearby can be modelled as part of the plane with equation
 1 
 
r.  −5  =0 . As a safety requirement, every point on the zip line must be at a distance of at least
100 
 
10 metres away from the façade of the building.

(ii) Write down a vector equation of l. Hence, or otherwise, determine if the zip line passes the
safety requirement. [4]
 300   0 
    Note the zip line is modelled
l: =r  120  + λ  −200  , λ ∈ 
    5  as a segment PQ, not the
 30    whole line l.
Note that at P, λ = 0 ; and at Q, λ = −1 and that the origin lies on
the plane of the façade. One needs to consider the
Distance from point on zip line to façade distance from a general
point on the line segment
 300   0   1 
    1   PQ to the plane.
=  120  + λ  −200   .  −5 
P
 30   5   10026 100  It is not sufficient to find the
     1  distance from P (or Q) to the
Q  
2700 + 1500λ
=  −5  plane.
10026 100 
 
1200 O
≥  −1 ≤ λ ≤ 0
10026
≈ 11.984 > 10

Since all points on the zip line are more than 10 m away from the
façade of the building, it passes the safety requirement.
 15

Alternatively,
Distance from P to façade
 300   1 
  1  
=  120  .  −5 
 30  10026 100 
   
2700
=
10026
= 27.0 > 10

Distance from Q to façade

 300   1 
  1  
=  320  .  −5 
 25  10026 100 
   
1200
=
10026
= 12.0 > 10

Since P and Q are both on the same side of the building façade,
all points on the zip line are more than 10 m away from the
façade of the building, it passes the safety requirement.

The workers need to install another zip line from Q to R (127, 220, a ) , where 0 < a < 30 , and the
angle PQR is given to be 60° .
(iii) Find the value of a, leaving your answer to 3 decimal places. [3]

 0   0   −173  Recall definition of dot

     and    product
QP =  −200  =
5  −40  QR=  −100  P    
 5   1   a − 25  QP QR = QP QR cos θ
     
with both vectors either
 0   −173  60° outward facing or inward
Q
   facing.
 −40  .  −100  R
 1   a − 25 
cos 60 =   
1601 39929 + ( a − 25 )
2

1
(
  (1601) 39929 + ( a − 25 ) =
4
 
2
) ( 4000 + ( a − 25) )
2 Question reads “to 3 decimal
places”, so it is a clue to use
GC to solve an equation with
399.25 ( a − 25 ) − 8000 ( a − 25 ) − 18417.75 =
2
0 only one unknown.

By GC, a − 25 = −2.08522 or a − 25 =
22.1228 (rej.  a < 30 )
a = 22.915 (to 3 d.p.)

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2022 VJC Prelim Paper 1 Solutions 16

The façade of the building meets the ground level of the park at line m. A worker sets up a
transmitter at point S on line m such that S is nearest to Q.

(iv) Find a vector equation of m and the distance from Q to S. [4]

Façade: x − 5 y + 100 z = 0
Ground: 3 x − 5 y + 200 z = 0 Use GC to solve 2 cartesian
equations simultaneously
 −50 
by GC, m : r µ  10  ,
Solving simultaneously = µ ∈
 0
 1 
  Not necessary to add  0  in
0
 
 300 
  the equation of m.
Since O lies on m, and OQ =  320  .
0  −50 
 25     
  =r  0  + µ  10 
Q     1 
 300   −50  line m 0  
   
 320  ×  10 
 25   1 
   
QS = S
2601
 70 
  O
 −1550 
 19000 
 
=
2601
363407400
=
2601
≈ 374
The distance from Q to S is 374 m (to 3 s.f.).

11 A tank contains 500 litres of water in which 100 g of a poisonous chemical called Prokrastenate is
dissolved. A solution containing 0.1 g of Prokrastenate per litre is pumped into the tank at a rate of
5 litres per minute, and the well-mixed solution is pumped out at the same rate. By letting x grams
be the amount of Prokrastenate in the tank after t minutes, show that
dx k − x
= ,
dt 100
where k is a constant to be determined. [2]

dx x
= 0.1× 5 − ×5
dt 500
dx x
= 0.5 −
dt 100
dx 50 − x
=
dt 100
 17

Find x in terms of t and find the time taken for a quarter of Prokrastenate to be removed from the
tank. value of t when x = 75. [5]

1 dx 1 One should always attempt to solve the DE even if k

= was not found in the earlier part.
50 − x dt 100
1 1
∫ 50 − x dx = ∫ 100 dt
t
− ln 50 − x = +C
100
t
−
50 − x =Ae 100

t
−
x 50 − Ae 100
=
Substituting= x 100 ⇒ A = −50
t 0,=
t
−
Hence, =x 50 + 50e 100

Substitute x = 75 ,
t
−
75
= 50 + 50e 100

−
t
Evaluate the final answer as 69.3 (3sf) and not leave
e 100 = 0.5 it as 100ln2.
=t 100ln
= 2 69.3

The well-mixed solution is that is pumped out flows into an empty container, in the form of an open
inverted cone with a height of 60 cm and base radius 30 cm, at the same rate (see diagram).

5 litres/min
30cm

60cm

Given that 1 litre = 1000 cm3,

(i) Show that the volume of the well-mixed solution in the container, V cm3 can be expressed as
πh3
V= , where h cm is the depth of the solution at that instant. [2]
12

Let the radius and height of water after t min be h

r cm and h cm respectively. Need to explain r = using similar triangles as
2
it is a ‘show’ question
By similar triangles,
r 30
=
h 60
h
r=
2

[Turn Over
 2022 VJC Prelim Paper 1 Solutions 18

1
V = π r 2h
3
2
1 h π h3
= π  h
=
3 2 12

(ii) Hence, or otherwise, find the rate of change of the depth of solution after 5 minutes. [4]
1
[The volume of a cone of base radius r and height h is given by V = π r 2 h .]
3
After 5 min, Convert 5 litres to 5000cm3 in order to be
πh 3 consistent in the use of units, since cm is used in
5 × 5 × 1000 = the question
12
30000
=h = 45.708
3
π
πh 3
V=
12
dV π h 2
=
dh 4
dV dV dh
= ×
dt dh dt
π ( 45.708 )
2
dh
=5000 ×
4 dt
dh
= 3.0472
dt Final answer is in cm/min, not cm/s
The height of the water level is increasing at the
rate 3.05 cm/ min after 5 min.