Project Name: Design, Supply, Installation, Testing & Commissioning of 230/132kV &

132/33kV Substation on Turnkey Basis (Package-1.1)

Contract No.: PGCB/KfW/BMZ.2014.67.976/2018/Package-1-1

PROTECTION ZONE
CALCULATION FOR LIGHTING
Name Date Signature

Designed by 魏穗涵 (W.S) 21-12-2022

Checked by 魏涵穗 (R.S) 11-01-2023

INDEX OF REVISIONS:

REV DATE REVISED NAME PAGES REMARK

00 03-03-2022 -- 8 FOR APPROVAL

01 29-01-2023 -- 9 FOR APPROVAL

Standard: IEEE 998-2012

Design Method: Rolling Sphere

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 1. Introduction:

Lightning stroke can cause fatality structural damage, and could lead to malfunction of the
electric equipment. The lightning stroke will vary by characteristics from area to area. The
lightning itself is an emission or discharge of electricity from cloud to ground, from ground to
cloud and from cloud to cloud. When the lightning strikes the ground, it chooses a path with
low resistance. According to the IEEE standard 998-1996 “the stroke occurs in two steps, the
first is ionization of the air surrounding the centre and the development of stepped leaders,
which propagate charge from the cloud into the air”. The second step is return stroke,
according to the same standard, “the return stroke is the extremely bright streamer that
propagates upward from the earth to the cloud following the same path as the main channel
of the downward stepped leader”.

Direct stroke lightning protection for Bhulta 230/132kV Sub-station is provided by shield wire.
Each lightning conductor consists shield wire, the earthing grid and the conductor which
connects the shield wire with the earthing grid meant to carry the lightning current away safely
to the ground.

2. Description of DSLP Calculation:

The submitted calculation is done by the “Rolling Sphere Method” as per the description of
IEEE standard 998-1996.
Basics for the calculation:
❖ Rolling sphere method:

The technique involves rolling an imaginary sphere of prescribed radius over the surface of a
substation. The sphere rolls up and over lightning shield and other grounded metal objects
intended for lightning protection. A piece of equipment is protected from a direct stroke if it
remains below the curved surface of the sphere by virtue of the sphere being elevated by
shield wires or other devices. Equipment that touches the sphere or penetrates its surface is
not protected.
❖ Shield wire (Overhead ground wire/Sky wire):

A wire suspended above the phase conductors positioned with the intention of having lightning
strike it instead of the phase conductors.
❖ Striking Distance:

The length of the final jump of the stepped leader as its potential exceeds the breakdown
resistance of this last gap; found to be related to the amplitude of the first return stroke.
❖ Surge Impedance:

The ratio of voltage and current of a wave that travels on a conductor.

3. Reference documents:

IEEE std 998-1996: IEEE Guide for Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of Substations.

4. Calculation:

Area wise calculations have been shown one by one.

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 CALCULATION FOR 230KV SIDE (SINGLE SHIELD WIRE)
1. Striking distance(S) calculation

Substation Data
1 Rated voltage = 230 kV
2 Average height of the conductor, h = 7.9 m
3 Rated lighting impulse withstand V0 = 1050 kV
voltage,
4 Limiting corona gradient, E0 = 1500 kV/m
5 Radius of conductor, r = 0.0192 m
6 No of conductor in a = 1 nos
bundle,
7 Spacing between adjacent conductors l = 0 m
8 The basic impulse level in kilovolts, BIL = 1050 kV

The corona radius (Rc)

The corona radius is given by the following equation,
Rc x ln {(2xh)/ Rc } – (Vc / E0) = 0 ... (equation C.1: IEEE Std 998-
2012.)
After solving equation, Rc = 0.149 m

Surge impedance (Zs):

The surge impedance of conductors under corona is given as,
Zs = 60 x √(ln(2 x h/Rc) x ln (2xh/r)) ... (equation C.5: IEEE Std 998-
2012.)
= 335.7188 ohm

Stroke current (Is):

The allowable stroke current is obtained by
Is = 2.2BIL/ Zs ... (equation 18: IEEE Std 998-
2012.)
= 6.881 kA

Striking distance (S)

The striking distance is related to the magnitude of the stroke current and it is obtained by
S = 8kIs0.65
= 28.04 m ... (equation 17: IEEE Std 998-
2012.)

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 2. Maximum horizontal separation (C) of shield wire and equipment for protection at
height 7.9m

Here,
Height of shield wire, H = 22 m
Height of equipment or Bus conductor, A = 7.9 m
Striking distance (S) = 28.04 m

𝑅 = √(𝑆 2 + (𝑆 − 𝐻)2 )

= 27.37 m

T = √(𝑆 2 + (𝑆 − 𝐴)2 )
= 19.50 m

C = 𝑅 −𝑇

= 7.87 m

Conclusion:
The maximum height of equipment under a single shield wire in 230kV Side is a 230kV Bushing of
the transformer which is 7.9m. The maximum horizontal distance of bushing from the single shield
wire is 3.4m which is less than protected distance 7.87m.

Here, protective angle = tan -1 (H/ S) = tan -1 (22/ 28.04) = 37.950

According to Horvath’s Suggestion protection angle is less 400 is achieved for single shield wire.
All equipment under single shield wire is achieved.

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1. Checking of maximum protected height (A) between two shield wires:

Here,

Height of shield wire, H = 22 m

Striking distance = 28.03 m
(S)
Distance between two parallel shield Wire (SW), = 16
X

L = 𝑋/2
= 8 m

E = √(𝑆 2 − 𝐿2 )
= 26.86 m

𝐷 = 𝑆 −𝐸
1.17 m

𝐴 = 𝐻 −𝐷
= 20.83 m

Conclusion:
Under zone 3 the maximum height conductor is 7.9m (230kV transformer bushing) which is less
than protection Zone height (A) 20.83m. So, all equipment height within 7.9m under zone 3 is
protected.

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 CALCULATION FOR 132KV SIDE (SINGLE SHIELD WIRE)
1. Striking distance(S) calculation

Substation Data
1 Rated voltage = 132 kV
2 Average height of the conductor, h = 4.5 m
Rated lighting impulse withstand
3 voltage, V0 = 650 kV
4 Limiting corona gradient, E0 = 1500 kV/m
5 Radius of conductor, r = 0.0192 m
6 No of conductor in a bundle, = 1 nos
7 Spacing between adjacent conductors l = 0 m
8 The basic impulse level in kilovolts, BIL = 650 kV
9 strikes on shield wire K = 1
The corona radius (Rc)
The corona radius is given by the following equation,
Rc x ln {(2xh)/ Rc } – (V0 / E0) = 0 ... (equation C.1: IEEE Std 998-2012.)
After solving equation, Rc = 0.0953 m

Surge impedance(Zs):
The surge impedance of conductors under corona is given as,
60 x √(ln(2 x h/Rc) x ln
Zs = (2xh/r)) ... (equation C.5: IEEE Std 998-2012.)
= 317.33 ohm

Stroke current (Is):

The allowable stroke current is obtained by
Is = 2.2BIL/ Zs ... (equation 18: IEEE Std 998-2012.)
= 4.506 kA

Striking distance (S)

The striking distance is related to the magnitude of the stroke current and it is obtained by
S = 8kIs0.65
= 21.29 m ... (equation 17: IEEE Std 998-2012.)

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2. Maximum horizontal separation (C) of shield wire and equipment for protection at
height 4.5 m

Here,
Height of shield wire, H = 16.2 m
Height of equipment or Bus conductor, A = 4.5 m
Striking distance (S) = 21.29 m

𝑅 = √(𝑆 2 + (𝑆 − 𝐻)2 )

= 20.67 m

T = √(𝑆 2 + (𝑆 − 𝐴)2 )
= 13.09 m

C = 𝑅 −𝑇

= 7.58 m

Conclusion:
The maximum height of equipment under a single shield wire in 132kV Side is a CSE which is
4.5m. The horizontal distance of CSE from the shield wire is 5m which is less than protected
distance 7.58m.

Here, protective angle = tan -1 (H/ S) = tan -1 (16.2/ 21.29) = 37.230

According to Horvath’s Suggestion protection angle is less 400 is achieved for single shield wire.
All equipment under single shield wire is achieved.

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 CALCULATION FOR 132KV SIDE (DOUBLE SHIELD WIRE)
1. Striking distance(S) calculation

Substation Data
1 Rated voltage = 132 kV
2 Average height of the conductor, h = 12.7 m
3 Rated lighting impulse withstand V0 = 650 kV
voltage,
4 Limiting corona gradient, E0 = 1500 kV/m
5 Radius of conductor, r = 0.0192 m
6 No of conductor in a = 1 nos
bundle,
7 Spacing between adjacent conductors l = 0 m
8 The basic impulse level in kilovolts, BIL = 650 kV

The corona radius (Rc)

The corona radius is given by the following equation,
Rc x ln {(2xh)/ Rc } – (V0 / E0) = 0 ... (equation C.1: IEEE Std 998-
2012.)
After solving equation , Rc = 0.074 m

Surge impedance(Zs):
The surge impedance of conductors under corona is given as,
Zs = 60 x √(ln(2 x h/Rc) x ln (2xh/r)) ... (equation C.5: IEEE Std 998-
2012.)
= 388.679 ohm

Stroke current (Is):

The allowable stroke current is obtained by
Is = 2.2BIL/ Zs ... (equation 18: IEEE Std 998-
2012.)
= 3.679 kA

Striking distance (S)

The striking distance is related to the magnitude of the stroke current and it is obtained by
S = 8kIs0.65
= 18.66 m ... (equation 17: IEEE Std 998-
2012.)

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2. Checking of maximum protected height (A) between two shield wires:

Here,
Height of shield wire, H = 16.2 m
Striking distance (S) = 18.68 m
Distance between two parallel shield Wire (SW), X = 12

L = 𝑋/2
= 6 m

E = √(𝑆 2 − 𝐿2 )
= 17.67 m

𝐷 = 𝑆 −𝐸
0.99 m

𝐴 = 𝐻 −𝐷
= 15.21 m

Conclusion:
According to the layout, maximum height of conductor in the 132kV Side under 2 parallel shield
wire is 12.7m. So, all the equipment under zone 2 is protected.

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