Physics Investigatory
Physics Investigatory
Physics Investigatory
Certificate
Roll No:
Date:
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Teacher-in-charge
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External Examiner Internal Examiner
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Acknowledgement
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Table of Contents
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Abstract
The Automatic Night Lamp Project utilizes a simple yet effective circuit design
comprising essential components such as the BC547 transistor, a 6-9V battery, a
battery pin, a resistor (ranging from 300-500Ω), a 3V LED light, a photoresistor,
and another resistor (5-10kΩ). This project aims to provide an energy-efficient and
convenient solution for automatically illuminating an area in low-light conditions.
The core of this system is the BC547 transistor, configured as a switch, which
controls the LED light. During daylight or well-lit conditions, the photoresistor
exhibits low resistance, preventing the transistor from turning on the LED.
However, as ambient light decreases, the photoresistor's resistance increases,
allowing the transistor to conduct and, in turn, illuminating the LED. This
mechanism ensures that the lamp activates when it's dark, serving as an energy-
saving night light.
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Aim
“The aim is to create an energy-efficient and cost-effective night lamp that
automatically turns on in low-light conditions, using components like the BC547
transistor, photoresistor, and LED light. This project demonstrates practical
applications of electronics for energy conservation and convenience.”
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Hypothesis
I hypothesize that by constructing a circuit using a transistor, a photoresistor, and
a 3V LED light, I can successfully create an automatic night lamp system. I believe
that this system will demonstrate the capability to intelligently detect diminishing
ambient light levels and activate the LED light accordingly. This automation is
expected to result in energy conservation during daylight hours, contributing to
eco-friendliness and cost-efficiency.
Additionally, I anticipate that this project will serve as a practical illustration of the
potential applications of electronic components in everyday life. I assume that the
system will not only offer an energy-efficient solution but also provide
convenience, making it suitable for various real-world scenarios, including home
and outdoor lighting. Ultimately, I expect that my project will effectively address
the need for automatic lighting in low-light conditions, showcasing the practicality
and efficiency of the proposed design.
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Experiment
Requirements
• BC547 transistor
• 6-9V Battery
• Battery Pin
• Resistor 300-500Ω
• 3V LED light
• Photoresistor (LDR)
• Resistor 5-10Kω
• Wires
• Torch
• Soldering Iron
Theory
1. BC547 transistor:
2. Battery:
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3. Resistor:
• The term "resistor" refers to a device that acts as a two-terminal
passive electrical component that is used to limit or regulate the
flow of electric current in electrical circuits. And it also allows us
to introduce a controlled amount of resistance into an electrical
circuit. The most important and commonly used components in
an electronic circuit are resistors.
4. LED:
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• As the electrons enter the semiconductor material, they give away
some of their energy. This energy release is in the form of light. Each
electron releases a tiny packet of light energy called a photon.
• The LED is designed so that the released light comes out in a specific
direction, making it useful for various applications.
• LEDs are fantastic because they don't waste much energy. Almost all
the electricity that goes into them comes out as light, making them
much more efficient than traditional light bulbs.
5. Photoresistor:
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electric current through it. Conversely, when exposed to higher levels
of light, its resistance decreases, allowing more electric current to
pass through.
• In the dark or low-light conditions, the photoresistor has a high
resistance, which means it acts as an insulator and doesn't allow
much current to flow through it.
• When exposed to light, whether natural sunlight or artificial light, the
semiconductor material in the photoresistor absorbs photons
(particles of light). This absorbed light energy excites electrons within
the material, causing them to move more freely. As a result, the
resistance of the photoresistor decreases, allowing more electric
current to flow.
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Procedure
3. R1 is connected to the base of the transistor and one pin of the LDR while
the emitter is connected to the other pin of the LDR and the negative
terminal of the battery.
5. Cover the LDR with an opaque object to check if the night lamp is working
as intended.
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Observations
1. When light doesn’t fall on the LDR: When it's dark, the LDR has high
resistance, so the voltage at the base of the transistor is low. This prevents
current from flowing from the collector to the emitter of the transistor,
effectively keeping the LED off.
2. When light falls on the LDR: When it becomes bright (daylight or room
light), the resistance of the LDR decreases. As a result, the voltage at the
base of the transistor increases. When this voltage exceeds a certain
threshold, it allows current to flow from the collector to the emitter of the
transistor.
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Result
• According to our hypothesis and subsequent observations, alterations in the
ambient light level led to variations in the resistance of the LDR. This, in
turn, exerts influence over the base current of the transistor. In low light
conditions, the transistor permits current to energize the LED, causing it to
illuminate. Conversely, in well-lit environments, the transistor interrupts the
current to the LED, resulting in its deactivation.
Precautions
• No stray light should fall on the LDR. It is better to work in a dark room.
• Connect LDR carefully to the voltage source.
Sources of Error
• Fluctuations or inconsistencies in the power supply voltage can affect the
stability and reliability of the circuit.
• Changes in ambient light levels, such as sudden flashes or fluctuations, can
trigger the lamp unintentionally or prevent it from turning on when needed.
• The sensitivity of the photoresistor to light may not precisely match the
desired threshold for activating the lamp.
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Conclusion
As we look ahead, the knowledge gained from this project will undoubtedly play a
pivotal role in the development of more efficient and innovative solutions,
benefiting not only individuals but also our broader environment through smarter
energy consumption.
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Gallery
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Recommendations
1. Component Quality:
Implement a calibration step to fine-tune the circuit's sensitivity to light. Test the
night lamp under various lighting conditions to ensure it responds appropriately.
Explore options for power efficiency. Battery-operated night lamps may require
periodic battery replacement, so consider low-power components and
rechargeable battery options.
4. User Interface:
Once the basic automatic night lamp is working well, consider adding advanced
features such as remote control, wireless connectivity, or energy monitoring for
further enhancements.
6. Neater Circuitry:
Could have been done on a breadboard for neater and organized circuitry.
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Bibliography
Websites referred:
• https://youtu.be/u9Riurh4y9U?si=6jAGCxoSQ51aeUKG
• https://youtu.be/sTu3LwpF6XI?si=QcqJRk6XzJi14KPW
• https://www.vedantu.com/physics/resistor
• https://byjus.com/question-answer/define-battery/
• https://www.wikipedia.org/
Books referred:
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