Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
31 views

Lecture 2 Part A

1) A function is a mapping that associates each element of one set with exactly one element of another set. The domain is the set of inputs, the codomain is the set of possible outputs, and the range is the set of actual outputs. 2) Operations on functions include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The domain of an operation is the intersection of the domains of the individual functions. 3) The inverse of a function f is a function g such that f(g(x)) = g(f(x)) = x. A function has an inverse if and only if its graph does not intersect any horizontal line more than once.

Uploaded by

Ridha Jmai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
31 views

Lecture 2 Part A

1) A function is a mapping that associates each element of one set with exactly one element of another set. The domain is the set of inputs, the codomain is the set of possible outputs, and the range is the set of actual outputs. 2) Operations on functions include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The domain of an operation is the intersection of the domains of the individual functions. 3) The inverse of a function f is a function g such that f(g(x)) = g(f(x)) = x. A function has an inverse if and only if its graph does not intersect any horizontal line more than once.

Uploaded by

Ridha Jmai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

Differentiation and Integration 1

Lecture 2 Part A

1
Functions
Function - Mapping

A function is a relation that uniquely associates members of


one set with members of another set. More formally, a function
from X to Y is an object f such that every x  X is uniquely
associated with an object f(x)  Y. The set X of values at which a
function is defined is called its domain, while the set Y is called
codomain and the set of values that the function can produce is
called its range. We write f: X  Y and f(x) = y.
Domain (f) = D (f) = X Codomain (f) = Y
Range (f) = R(f) = {y  Y: y = f(x) , x  X}.

2
Example : Let X = {a, b, c, d}
، Y = {x, y, z} and f : X  Y
such that
f is function

2) Let A = {1, 2, 3} , B = {4, 5, 6, 7} and f,g,h: A  B


such that

f is function g is not function h is not function


3
Domain of some functions
Polynomial
If f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + … + anxn then,
D(f) = R.
(for example f(x) = 5 + 2x, g(x) = 1 – x + x3 )
Fractional functions
If where g(x) and h(x) are polynomials, then
D(f) = R – Z(h), where z(h) is the set of zeros of the function h.
• Root functions
If where g(x) is polynomial, then
D(f) = {x  R : g(x) ≥ 0}.
(for example f(x) = 2 − 𝑥, g(x) = 3𝑥 + 2)
4
Operations on functions
If x element in the domain of functions f, g then:
1. (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) • D(f + g) = D(f)  D(g)

2. (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x) • D(f - g) = D(f)  D(g)

3. (f . g)(x) = f(x) . g(x) • D(f . g) = D(f)  D(g)

4. (f . g)(x) = f(x) . g(x). • D(f / g) = D(f)  D(g) – Z(g)

where z(g) is the set of zeros of the function g.


5
Example
D(f) = {x  R: x ≥ 0} = [0, ∞)

D(g) = {x  R: 2 - x ≥ 0}
= {x  R: 2 ≥ x} = (- ∞, 2]
D(f + g) = D(f)  D(g) = [0, ∞)  (- ∞, 2]
= [0, 2] 0 2

D(f - g) = D(f)  D(g) = [0, ∞)  (- ∞, 2]


= [0, 2]
D(f . g) =D(f)  D(g) = [0, ∞)  (- ∞, 2]
= [0, 2]
D(f / g) =D(f)  D(g) – Z(g)
= [0, ∞)  (- ∞, 2] - {2} = [0, 2)
6
Example
Find D(f) where

Her where

D(h) = {x  : 2x - 3 ≥ 0}
={x  : x ≥ 3/2} = [3/2, ∞)
D(g) = 
Z(g) = {x: x2 – 5x + 4 = 0}
= {x: (x – 4)(x – 1) = 0} = {1, 4}

3/2

D(f) =D(h)  D(g) – Z(g)


= [3/2, ∞)   - {1, 4}
= [3/2, ∞) - {4}
7
Example Find D(f) where

Her where both h(x) = x - 3 and, g(x) = x2 – 9 are

polynomials.

D(f) = R - Z(g) where

Z(g) = {x  R: x2 – 9 = 0}
= {x  R : (x – 3)(x + 3) = 0} = {3, -3}

D(f) = R – {3, -3}

8
Function composition

A function composition is the application of


one function to the results of another.
The functions f: X → Y and g: Y → Z
can be composed by computing the output of g when it has an
argument of f(x) instead of x.
Thus, one obtains a composite function
g ∘ f: X → Z
defined by (g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x)) for all x  X.

9
Example :
1) Let f: X  Y , g: Y  Z are define as

then (g o f) : X  Z where
(gof)(a) = g(f(a)) = g(y) = t

(gof)(b) = g(f(b)) = g(z) = r

(gof)(c) = g(f(c)) = g(y) = t

10
Example :
Let f: R  R, f(x) = x2 and g: R  R, g(x) = x - 3. Then
(fog)(2) = f(g(2)) = f(-1) = 1
(gof)(2) = g(f(2)) = g(4) = 1

Note that f o g  g o f

11
Example:
Let f: R  R, f(x) = sin x and g: R  R, g(x) = x2.
1) Show that f o g  g o f.
2) Find (fog)(/2) and (gof)(/3)
(fog)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x2) = sin x2
(gof)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(sin x) = (sin x)2
So, f o g  g o f.
(fog)(/2) = f(g(/2)) = f(/4) = sin (/4) = 1/2
(gof)(/3) = g(f(/3)) = g(sin (/3)) = (sin /3)2 = ¾.
12
Inverse function
Let f: X  Y and g :Y  X be two functions. If f(g(y)) = y and
g(f(x)) = x, then g is called the inverse of f and f is the inverse of g.
In this case f is called invertible with inverse g = f-1. Not all
functions have an inverse.

Horizontal Line Test


Let f be a function. If any horizontal line intersects the
graph of f more than once, then f does not have an inverse. If no
horizontal line intersects the graph of f more than once, then f
does have an inverse.

13
Example: Use the graph the following
functions to determine whether or not they
have inverses.
1) f(x) = (x - 3) x2.
There is a horizontal line that hits the graph more
than once. f does not have an inverse.

2) f(x) = x3 + 3x2 +3x.


No horizontal line hits the graph more than once.
f does have an inverse.
14
Steps for finding the inverse of a function f.

1) Replace f(x) by y in the equation describing the function.


2) Interchange x and y. In other words, replace every x by a y and
vice versa.
3) Solve for y.
4) Replace y by f-1(x).

15
Example Find f-1(x) where f(x) = x3 + 2

Step 1 y = x3 + 2.
Step 2 x = y3 + 2.
Step 3 x - 2 = y3  = y.
Step 4 f-1(x) =

16
Example Find f -1(x) where f(x) =

Step 1 y=
Step 2 x=
Step 3 x2 = y - 3  y = x2 + 3.
Step 4 f-1(x) = x2 + 3.
(fof -1)(x) = f(f -1(x)) = f(x2+ 3) = =x
(f -1o f)(x) = f -1 (f(x)) = f -1 ( )=( )2 + 3 = x

17
18

You might also like