Chemical Bonding

CHAPTER 6
CHEMICAL BONDING
Jasmin F. Narag
CONTENTS:
a. Types of Chemical Bonds a. Writing of Chemical Formulas
b. Stability of Atoms b. Naming of Ionic Compounds
• Valence Electrons c. Naming of Covalent
• Electron Dot Structure
Compounds
• Formation of Ions d. Nonpolar and Polar Covalent

Compounds
• Polyatomic Ions
• Oxidation Numbers
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
▪created by Gilbert N. Lewis
▪A representation of an atom or ion in which the
elemental symbol represents the atomic nucleus
and all but the valence-shell electrons. The valence-
shell electrons are represented by dots arranged
around the elemental symbol.
HOW TO DRAW LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE?
1. Identify the valence shell electrons:
This can be done by writing the electronic configuration using the
methods and identifying the valence shell electrons as those with the
highest n value.
▪ .
HOW TO DRAW LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE?
▪ 1. Identify the valence shell electrons:
. Note that the number of valence-shell electrons in the atoms of an element is
the same as the number of the group in the periodic table to which the element
belongs.
▪ 2. Write the Chemical symbol and put a dot for each valence electron in one
of four equally spaced locations around the symbol.
Ca
DRAW LEWIS STRUCTURES FOR ATOMS OF THE
FOLLOWING:
a. element number 4
b. cesium (Cs)
c. aluminum (Al)
d. selenium (Se)
FOLLOWING:
a. element number 4
Solution: Element number 4 is beryllium; it belongs
to group IIA (2) and thus has two valence shell
electrons. The Lewis structure is
Be
FOLLOWING:
b. cesium (Cs)
Cesium is in group IA(1), has one valence-
shell electron, and has the Lewis structure
Cs
FOLLOWING:
c. aluminum (Al)
Aluminum is in group IIIA(13). It has three
valence-shell electrons and is represented by
the following Lewis structure:
Al
FOLLOWING:
d. selenium (Se)
▪Selenium is in group VIA(16) and thus has six
valence-shell electrons. The Lewis structure is
Se
✔LEARNING CHECK
Draw Lewis structures for atoms of the following:
a. element number 9
b. magnesium (Mg)
c. sulfur (S)
d. krypton (Kr)
✔LEARNING CHECK
a. element number 9
✔LEARNING CHECK
b. magnesium (Mg)
✔LEARNING CHECK
c. sulfur (S)
S
✔LEARNING CHECK
d. krypton (Kr)
Kr
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS
Intermolecular bonds
▪ 1. Ionic Bond - The attractive force that holds together ions of opposite charge.
An ionic bond is the bond that occurs when a metal gives away a valence electron (becomes a cation) and a nonmetal
gains the valence electron (becomes an anion). In other words, it’s a bond between a metal and a nonmetal.
• Form crystalline solids
• High melting and boiling points
• Conduct electricity when melted
• Many are soluble in water
• Strong attraction between positive and negative ions
• Brittle and hard
IONIC BOND
• There are 2 ways to show ionic bonding:
• Electron – dot method:
The criss-cross method:
Make sure to reduce when necessary!

BINARY COMPOUNDS
• Sometimes compounds only involve 2
elements. These are called Binary compounds.
• To name binary ionic compounds:
1.Write the name of the metal first (capitalized).
2.Write the name of the nonmetal (lower case).
3.Change the ending of the nonmetal to –ide.
• Example: NaCl Sodium chloride
▪ MgCl2 Magnesium chloride
TERNARY COMPOUNDS
They are compounds consisting of three
elements. To name ternary ionic compounds:
1.Write the name of the metal first
(capitalized).
2.Write the name of the nonmetal (lower case).
3.Change the ending of the nonmetal to –ide.
• Example: LiOH Lithium hydroxide
▪ KCN Potassium Cyanide
OXIDATION NUMBER
▪ Oxidation number is the charge on the ion. This is
what we use for the criss-cross method. For
metals, it is the number of valence electrons
available for bonding. For nonmetals, it is the
number of valence electrons needed to fill the
outer energy level.
▪ Example: Na+1 and Cl-1
▪ Mg+2 and I-1
NOTE:
Some metal atoms, especially those of transition and inner-
transition elements, form more than one type of charged ion. Ex:
1. Cu+ and Cu2+, and
2. Fe2+ and Fe3+
The names of ionic compounds containing such elements must
indicate which ion is present in the compound. A nomenclature
system that does this well indicates the ionic charge of the metal
ion by a Roman numeral in parentheses following the name of the
metal.
Thus, CuCl is copper(I) chloride and CuCl2 is copper(II) chloride,
cuprous chloride cupric chloride
NAME THE FOLLOWING IONIC COMPOUNDS:
a.KCl
b.SrO
c.Ca3N2
a.KCl – potassium chloride
b.SrO – strontium oxide
c.Ca3N2 – calcium nitride
Write formulas for ionic compounds that would form between the following simple ions.
a.Cr2+ and S2-= CrS =Chromium (II) sulfide = chromous sulfide
b. Cr3+ and S2-= Cr2S3 = Chromium (III) sulfide =chromic sulfide

c. Co2+ and Br- = CoBr2=Cobalt (II) bromide =Cobaltous
bromide
d. Co3+ and Br- = CoBr3= Cobalt (III) bromide = cobaltic
bromide
Write formulas for ionic compounds that would form
between the following simple ions.
a. 2+
Cr and S 2+
b. 3+
Cr and S2+
c. Co 2+ and Br 2+
d. Co 3+ and Br2+
(a)Cu(NO3)2 Cu2+
(b)KH2PO4
(c)NH4ClO3
▪ Strategy Note that the compounds in (a) and (b) contain both metal and
nonmetal atoms, so we expect them to be ionic compounds. There are no metal
atoms in (c) but there is an ammonium group, which bears a positive charge.
So NH4ClO3 is also an
Ammonium chlorate
SOLUTION:
(a)Cu(NO3)2 (b) KH2PO4 (c)NH4ClO3
(a) The nitrate ion (NO3-) bears one negative charge, so the copper
ion must have two positive charges. Because copper forms both Cu+
and Cu2+ ions, we need to use the Stock system and call the
compound copper(II) nitrate.
▪ (b) The cation is K+ and the anion is H2PO42- (dihydrogen
phosphate). Because potassium only forms one type of ion (K+),
there is no need to use potassium(I) in the name. The compound is
potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
▪ (c) The cation is NH4+ (ammonium ion) and the anion is ClO3- . The
compound is ammonium chlorate.
Silver nitrate
LEARNING CHECK:
(a) PbO
(b) Li2SO3
LEARNING CHECK:
WRITE CHEMICAL FORMULAS FOR THE FOLLOWING COMPOUNDS:
(a) PbO - lead (II) oxide

(b) Li2SO3 – lithium sulfite
WRITE CHEMICAL FORMULAS FOR THE
FOLLOWING COMPOUNDS:
(a)mercury(I) nitrite,
(b)cesium sulfide
(c)calcium phosphate
COVALENT BONDS
• Covalent bonds form between nonmetals. It is the
attraction they form when sharing electrons.
• Once a covalent bond is formed, the resulting
compound is referred to as a molecule.
• Single, Double or Triple bonds can form between 2
nonmetals.
COVALENT BONDS
nonmetals.
COVALENT BONDS
Electrons are not always shared equally between the
atoms in a covalent bond.
Polar molecule is a molecule that has a slightly positive
end and a slightly negative end.
Nonpolar molecule is a molecule in which electrons are

shared equally.
COVALENT BONDS
nonmetals.
COVALENT BONDS
• Properties of Covalent bonds include:
• Poor conductors of heat and electricity
• Lower melting and boiling points
• Solid, liquids or gases
• Strong bonds between atoms but weak
attraction between molecules
• Do not dissolve in water
COVALENT BONDS
• To draw covalent bonds:
• Place the element that is LEAST represented in the
middle and radiate all other elements around the
central atom.
• Only place valence electrons that will be shared
between the 2 atoms. Any electrons not being shared
must go on the “outside” of the atom.
• Connect shared electrons with dashes.
• Covelant bonds DO NOT REDUCE!
COVALENT COMPOUNDS
Covalent compounds
use prefixes to
indicate the number
of atoms per element
is in the compound.
NAMING COVALENT COMPOUNDS
1.The first element NEVER uses the prefix mono but does
use all other prefixes. Make sure to capitalize it!
2.Write the appropriate prefix for the second element.
3.Write the root of the 2nd element’s name. If the prefix ends
is o/a and the element name also begins with o/a, drop one
of the o/a. Ex) mono & oxygen becomes monoxide
4.Change the ending of the 2nd element to –ide.
Example) CO → Carbon monoxide
CO2 → Carbon dioxide
P2O5 → Diphosphorus pentoxide
DIATOMIC MOLECULES
• There are 7 nonmetals that are highly
unstable. Because of this, they bond readily with
another like atom. These are referred to as
Diatomic Molecules because they are found
naturally in pairs.
• Atoms include: H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, and I. If you look
closely (with the exception of H), they make a “7” on
the periodic table!
HYDRATE
A hydrate is a compound that has water chemically
attached to its ions and written into its chemical
formula.
To name, name the ionic compound to which it is
attached. Then use the prefix for the number of
hydrates and then simply end with the word
“hydrate”.
Example: CoCl2*6H2O → Cobalt chloride
hexahydrate
LEARNING CHECK:
• MgO2 Ionic or covalent bond?
• CCl4 Ionic or covalent bond?
• Name this compound: CaCl2
• Name this compound: CCl4
• Name this compound: CaSO4 * 2H2O

Chemical Bonding

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CHAPTER 6

• Formation of Ions d. Nonpolar and Polar Covalent

The criss-cross method:

Make sure to reduce when necessary!

a.Cr2+ and S2-= CrS =Chromium (II) sulfide = chromous sulfide

b. Cr3+ and S2-= Cr2S3 = Chromium (III) sulfide =chromic sulfide

(a) PbO - lead (II) oxide

Nonpolar molecule is a molecule in which electrons are

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