Bending Stress in Beams: Formula

Lecture Title: Bending Stress in Beams University Of Technology
Lecture Notes on Strength of Materials (2017-2018) Mechanical Engineering Department
BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS
Introduction
In deriving the relations between the bending moment and the bending stress, the
following assumptions are made:
1- Plane section of the beam, originally plane remains plane.

2- The material of the beam is homogenous and obeys Hooke’s law.
3- The beams are initially straight of constant cross-section.
Derivation
The stress caused by bending moment are
known as bending or flexure stresses, and the
relation between theses stresses and the
bending moment is expressed by the flexure
formula. d
 shortened
P unchanged
dx
a c c'
a c
y e f
g h k d
b d
b d
R2 d'
R1
lengthened
Figure 1:
Page 1 of 11 Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohsin Noori Hamzah

Lecturer Rasha Mohammed
Note: the plane that fiber ef is called the neutral surface because such fiber
remains unchanged in length and hence carries NO STRESS.
Consider now the deformation of a typical fiber gh located y units from the neutral
surface. Its elongation is the arc of a circle of radius y with angle dθ and is given
by:
𝛿 = ℎ𝑘 = 𝑦𝑑𝜃
and the strain
𝛿 𝑦𝑑𝜃
𝜀= =
𝐿 𝑒𝑓
If 𝜌 is the radius of curvature of the neutral surface, then
𝑦 𝑑𝜃 𝑦
𝜀= =
𝜌 𝑑𝜃 𝜌
Applying Hooke’s law:
𝐸
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 = ( ) 𝑦 (1)
𝜌
Now consider equilibrium of forces along x-axis;
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0: ∫ 𝜎𝑑𝐴 = 0
Using eq. (1), the above integral becomes,
𝐸 𝐸
∫ (𝜌) 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = 0 → (𝜌) ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = 0
Since y dA is the moment of the differential area dA or the first moment of area
about the neutral axis, hence
𝐸
(𝜌) 𝐴𝑦̅ = 0
However, since only 𝑦̅ in this relation can be zero. We conclude that the distance
from the neutral axis to the centroid of the cross-sectional area must be zero, i.e.,
the neutral axis must contain the centroid of the cross-sectional area.
Consider now the bending moment M induced in the beam, as shown in Figure 2,
which can be expressed as;
𝑀 = ∫ 𝑦(𝜎𝑑𝐴) (2)

Substitute eq. (1) into eq. (2), we get

𝐸 𝐸
𝑀 = ( ) ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 = ( ) 𝐼
𝜌 𝜌
y
Figure 2  dA
where I is the moment of inertia or the 2nd moment of area of the beam section
about the neutral axis.
𝐸
𝑀 = ( )𝐼 (3)
𝜌
Using eq. (1) and eq. (3)
𝐸 𝑀 𝜎
= =
𝜌 𝐼 𝑦
This leads directly to the flexure formula.

𝑀𝑦
𝜎=
𝐼
Moment of Inertia or 2nd Moment of Area

Shape 2nd Moment of Area
y
𝑏ℎ3
h 𝐼𝑁.𝐴. =
x 12
b
h 𝑏ℎ3
h/3
x 𝐼𝑁.𝐴. =
36
b
b ℎ3 𝑎2 + 4𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
𝐼𝑁.𝐴. = ( )( )
h 36 𝑎+𝑏
𝑦̅ ℎ 𝑎+2𝑏
a x where 𝑦̅ = ( ) ( )
3 𝑎+𝑏
𝜋𝐷4
𝐼𝑁.𝐴. =
64
𝜋
𝐼𝑁.𝐴. = (𝐷𝑜4 − 𝐷𝑖4 )
64


Parallel-Axis Theorems
For the section shown in Figure 3, the axis Xo-Xo is
y
passing through the centroid, while X-X axis is Xo Xo
distanced d from it. Consider now calculating the 2nd d
X X
moment of area through X-X axis, Figure 3
𝐼𝑋−𝑋 = ∫(𝑦 + 𝑑)2 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 + 2𝑑 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴 + 𝑑 2 ∫ 𝑑𝐴
Since ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴 is the 1st moment of area (centroid), then ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = 𝐴𝑦̅ , since the
axis Xo-Xo passes through the centroid, hence 𝑦̅ has a value of zero. Therefore,
𝐼𝑋−𝑋 = 𝐼 ̅ + 𝐴 𝑑 2
Example 1:
𝐴𝑌̅ = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖 𝑦̅𝑖
(200 × 50 + 200 × 50)𝑌̅ = (200 × 50) × 25 + (200 ∗ 50) ∗ 150

175
𝑌̅ = = 87.5 𝑚𝑚
2
50×2003 200×503
𝐼𝑁𝐴 = ( + (50 × 200) × (150 − 87.5)2 ) + ( + (50 × 200) ×
12 12
(87.5 − 25)2 ) = 113.5 × 106 (Answer)
50mm
200mm
50mm
200mm

Some Interested Beam Sections
50mm
25 mm
50 mm
50 mm
50 mm
25 mm
100mm


Example 1:
The overhanging beam shown in the figure is made of cast iron for which the
allowable stresses are t = 40 MPa and c = 100 MPa. Determine the maximum
uniformly distributed load that can be supported.





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Lecture Title: Bending Stress in Beams University Of Technology

Lecture Notes on Strength of Materials (2017-2018) Mechanical Engineering Department

BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

1- Plane section of the beam, originally plane remains plane.

Page 1 of 11 Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohsin Noori Hamzah

Now consider equilibrium of forces along x-axis;

Page 2 of 11 Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohsin Noori Hamzah

Substitute eq. (1) into eq. (2), we get

This leads directly to the flexure formula.

Moment of Inertia or 2nd Moment of Area

Page 3 of 11 Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohsin Noori Hamzah

Page 4 of 11 Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohsin Noori Hamzah

distanced d from it. Consider now calculating the 2nd d

𝐼𝑋−𝑋 = ∫(𝑦 + 𝑑)2 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 + 2𝑑 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴 + 𝑑 2 ∫ 𝑑𝐴

𝐴𝑌̅ = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖 𝑦̅𝑖

(200 × 50 + 200 × 50)𝑌̅ = (200 × 50) × 25 + (200 ∗ 50) ∗ 150

(87.5 − 25)2 ) = 113.5 × 106 (Answer)

Page 5 of 11 Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohsin Noori Hamzah

Some Interested Beam Sections

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