2022 Second International Conference on Advanced Technologies in Intelligent Control, Environment, Computing & Communication Engineering (ICATIECE) | 978-1-6654-9396-3/22/$31.

00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICATIECE56365.2022.10047579

2022 Second International Conference on Advanced Technologies in Intelligent Control, Environment, Computing and Communication Engineering ICATIECE

Simulation and Optimization of Battery Management

System Using MATLAB Simulink
Asra Ahmad Antyoday Kumar Kamlesh Pandey
Electrical and Electronics Department Electrical and Electronics Department Electrical and Electronics Department
Amity University Noida Amity University Noida Amity University Noida
Noida, India Noida, India Noida, India
asraahmad14jun@gmail.com antyoday945361@gmail.com kpandey@amity.edu

P.M. Tiwari Jagrat Singh Rana Kshitij Dilip Wankhade

Electrical and Electronics Department Electrical and Electronics Department Electrical and Electronics Department
Amity University Noida Amity University Noida Amity University Noida
Noida, India Noida, India Noida, India
pmtiwari@amity.edu jagrat09092000@gmail.com kshitijwankhade2012@gmail.com

Abstract—The fate of renewable batteries depends almost completely on portability and put off industry improvement for months or years.
fabrication, controlling and checking of the battery packet or battery The fundamental worry is staying away from thermal runaway
and its related frameworks. Batteries are favorable storage tool for fixed that is a positive feedback loop by which reactions which are
utilization due to their development and the forthrightness with which chemical set off in the cell magnifies heat discharge, conceivably
they designed and introduced contrasted with different innovations. bringing about a fire [2]. An over charged battery which has
The Battery management system widely known as the BMS is the chief
extravagant release rates, or a short-circuit (outside or inside) can
of any battery driven gadget. The BMS permits new working
methodologies impractical with ordinary battery frameworks. Battery become a root source of thermal runaway [3]. The battery
wellbeing is a significant worry, because of an enormous number of management system (BMS) is a complex software and hardware
catastrophes, for which short circuits has been accounted as one of the work frame which plays necessary part in any high voltage battery
fundamental roots. Hence diagnosing and forecasting short circuits are pack. The battery management system may satisfy an assortment
of incredible importance to upgrade security of any electric driven of capacities relying upon the specific application just as the kind
device. The motivation behind the BMS is to ensure protected and and capacity of the battery. The fundamental objective of battery
dependable battery activity. The battery management system (BMS) is management system is to keep the battery inside the wellbeing
a basic segment of any electric gadgets like cell phones, laptop PCs, activity area as far as temperature, current, and voltage during
electric vehicles etc. To keep up the wellbeing and dependability of the
discharge and charge, and in specific cases at circuit when it is open.
battery, state checking and assessment, cell balancing, and charge
control are components that have been applied in BMS. To control The Battery management system design can be parted in two
battery execution and wellbeing, it is essential to fathom what should be principal parts:
controlled and why it is essential to be controlled. This paper is about • Software that effectively screens every element which
basics of battery management system, its objective, its components and handles with the battery securities furthermore, cautions,
future enhancements that can be made. deals with internal communication within various hardware
Keywords—Battery management system, State of charge, blocks italso deals with communicating peripheral systems
Balancing, Driving, Charging, Electronic control unit, Plant and executes assessment or cell adjusting calculations [5].
• Hardware that secures the state variables of the batteries,
I. INTRODUCTION voltage, current and temperature. It ought to guarantee the
The car industry is searching for alternative energy sources in concurrent obtaining of the evaluation to enhance the
place of traditional fuel sources due to the growing demand for precision of the assessments. It's anything but a high rate of
more effective and reliable transportation. Due of this, the sampling to make sure that the framework elements can be
popularity of electric vehicles and hybrid has recently increased. observed, and it needs to accurately gauge the electrical and
In comparison to conventional sources of energy, electric vehicles thermal variables to stay away from mistake proliferation and
emit less CO, CO2, and hydrocarbons. This makes them clean. to permit a dependable assessment of the relative multitude
Vehicles that use unconventional sources of energy include multi- of boundaries that are not quantifiable straightforwardly.
source automobiles that use fuel cell, diesel, and petroleum Furthermore, the displaying of the cell is a significant piece
batteries, among others. An essential component for operating of the BMS [7].
non-conventional automobiles is the battery. To be a viable These automobiles increased efficiency and acceptability,
transportation option, electric vehicles (EV) need to have electric vehicles have gained popularity recently as a solution to
enormous packs of battery with high power and energy the greenhouse effect, the demand for environmentally friendly
densities[1]. Many cells or modules are connected in parallel and energy, and the necessity for renewable sources of energy [8]
series in these batteries [4].Cells are the small individual II. FUNCTIONS OF THE BATTERY MANAGEMENT
electrochemical unit and convey a voltage that relies upon the SYSTEM
blend of synthetic substances and mixtures picked to make the A. Isolation monitoring
cell [3]. Single- use cells are called primary cells and battery- Isolation monitoring is another essential security measure of
powered cells arecalled secondary cells. Battery packs or batteries any high voltage system particularly in vehicles. In present times,
are fabricated from gatherings of cells. Security is perhaps the vehicles with high voltage framework are completely isolated
main standard for electric devices mainly vehicle. Indeed, even a from the vehicle's frame. This makes sure that a single short
solitary battery fire could turn popular assessment against electric
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 coming in the high voltage framework does not allow an management system is calculation (SOC/SOH). Healthand state
individual to get an electrical stock [9].A completely confined of charge in the least difficult terms, SOH is a more extensive
circuit needs two flaws before current can move through the body proportion of the general ability of the battery capacity contrasted
– first flaw permits electrons to leave the circuit and stream into with its starting performance. While SOC is percentage of
the body and second flaw exist to permit the electrons to leave electrons accessibility to perform compared tocompletely charged
the body and stream once again into the circuit. Hence isolation battery. SOC can't yet be estimated straightforwardly[10].
monitoring works on the grounds that an electrical shock can Subsequently, SOC algorithms evaluates SOC using quasi-
possibly happen when current flow is provided to our body from equilibrium. Cell voltage transient response, cell voltage
an electric circuit, and there is a way back from our body to lower measurements, current integration and cell temperature. To
voltage segment of the electrical circuit. There are various extend the cell voltage measurements, State of charge algorithms
methods for estimating isolation on the electric devices. The incorporate the current leaving or entering the battery pack as a
circuit used to quantify isolation ought not to have any subsequent input. Numerous methods have been generated to
disappointment modes that permit the isolation observing grant further SOC precision, including SOC power level and
wellbeing circuit to turn into the wellspring of isolation represent cell transient response as a function of temperature. The
disappointment [10]. BMSshould perform cell balancing. Cell balancing is the process
B. Communications of leveling the individual cell's SOC [11]. The process of cell
Battery management system need to communicate with balancing requires precise cell voltage measurement. Cell
extra vehicle regulators. The battery management system balancing is necessary because of imbalance in both the cells and
regularly demands changes in vehicle activity because of their on- vehicle environment. Assembling imbalance can result
checked battery pack conditions and can give some gauging in varying cell resistance and cell capacity value. Likewise, on-
of battery pack ability soon. Communication is likewise vehicle working environment imbalance (for instance
important to give data to the driver, for example, vehicle temperature) can also result in varying cell resistances. These
range, any flaws that emergeand working mode. Ultimately, effects make cells to slowly separate in their state of charge.
off-vehicle communication is required when utilizing an E. State of health
off-board DC charger. Off-board DC chargers will empower SOH is a more intricate calculation yet does not need the
higher re-charge rates without troubling the vehicle with the same exactness every minute. State of health algorithms regularly
expense weight and intricacy of a high-force on- board incorporate calculations for increase in resistance loss of
charger[10]. capacity, the resulting loss of force and energy content.The SOH
C. Cell voltage control and measurement calculation estimates generally execution loss as the battery
Voltage monitoring is conceivably the leading aim of the decays with time[10].
BMS. The BMs regularly screens the voltage across every series F. Temperature control and measurement
range of cells. The main role for monitoring cell voltage is The battery management system is usually responsible forcell
prevention of overcharge. The cell voltage is additionally a basic temperature and battery pack control. The procedure for
contribution to cell balancing calculation, state of health and the controlling and monitoring cell temperatures is special forevery
state of charge calculations. Abundant overcharge will bring application. Temperature is one more characteristic that has
about a blend of chemical reactions and temperature rise that significant life and safety implications as described before.
prompts cell venting. This, clearly, ruins the cell and makes a However, the BMS should contain enough information about
genuine security concern [6]. The vented gases are, until now, temperature differing across the pack to permit the control process
exceptionally combustible. Also, extreme overcharge can warm a to regulate pack power, cooling or heating levels as needed [10].
cell adequately to make it burst into flames [10]. Overcharge can G. Contactor control
be prevented if the cell voltage is observed and the charging The battery management system regularly controls thepack's
power source is incapacitated before the voltage ascends to an contactors, as described in the cell voltage control section. This
overcharge esteem. The plan of a batterypack should incorporate includes both the pre-charge contactor(s) and main contractor.
a hearty technique for checking cell voltage to guarantee Some battery packs use a different high voltage circuit for plug-
overcharge and over release are uncommon, recognizable events. in charging to restrict the quantity of electrified high voltage wires
In the event that any cell arrives at the edge of the suitable voltage on the vehicle during charging. This design will require an extra
range, the battery management system commonly has numerous set of contactors and a more mind-boggling contactor control
reactions. Foremost, the Battery managementsystem will demand calculation [10].
an adjustment of power stream out or in of the battery pack to III. HARNESS DASHBOARD OF BATTERY
bring the voltage back inside limits. On the off chance that this MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
doesn't work because of some segment disappointment, the BMS The harness dashboard of battery management system closed-
ordinarily has the position to open the contactors on the battery loop comprises battery management system closed- loop, test
pack and stop all power stream out or in of the battery pack. sequence variant, fault alarm sensors and battery management
Handicapping a vehicle is likewise a hazardous condition for the system state request. By showing red light in the model on the
vehicle tenants and ought to be a final hotel. In this way, BMS dashboard stated here allows the user to know any malfunction
configuration ought to incorporate an assortment of otherwise if there is no malfunctioning the lights will be green on
methodologies to guarantee reliable, safe activity even with in any the dashboard.
event one disappointment. Faults given on the dashboard are as follows:
D. State of charge and health calculation • Overvoltage
Perhaps the most mind-boggling calculation inside a battery • Overcurrent
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 • Under voltage by system commotion and observation noise during
• High temperature State of charge assessment anyway channel UKF
• Fault state calculation is broadly utilized for state of charge
• Low temperature assessment because of its lossless change and high
• Charger assessment precision [12].
• Voltage sensors • Coulomb counting: To evaluate the state of charge
• Inverters coulomb counting method is used. The Coulomb
counting method integrates the discharging current over
the time spam with the aim of estimation of SOC and
evaluates discharging of the current in a battery [13].
But there can be many aspects that can impact the
correctness of Coulomb counting method including
battery history, temperature, cycle life and discharge
current.
• Extended Kalman filter (EKF): For stateestimation EKF
is a triumphant model-based method which is broadly
used also for battery application. The main aim is to
make a sophisticated and reliable calculation as accurate
Fig1. Harness dashboard of battery management system identification of SOC is EKF for the new classification
IV. CLOSED LOOP BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM of lightweight vehicle for instance e-bikes [14]. The
There are two main components of this complex presently used state of charge estimation method is
arrangement: made on extended Kalman filter (EKF) which does not
• Plant have perfect precision because of modeling error,
• Battery management system electronic control unit which could the control of the host machine and effect
(BMS ECU) performance of the battery management system (BMS).
In BMS the main execution as a software in MATLAB 3) Bus management
stimulation environment is battery management system A bus signal from its inputs in this block is generated which
electronic control unit (BMS ECU) and battery is actually the gives output of power limit calculation and current, state
plant. machine, balancing logic and state of charge estimation.
A. Battery management system electronic control unit 4) Power and current limit calculation
In State machine diagram the battery management system The charge current limit and discharge current is evaluated
purpose is implemented. here. These limits are evaluated determining on the maximum
There are five main work frames: and minimum cell current, voltage and temperature and the
• State machine number of six cells connected in series. This block’s main
• State of charge evaluation purpose is to restrict power and current to be streamed out and
• Bus management inside of the batterypack.
• Power and current limit calculation 5) Balancing logic
• Balancing logic To balance the cell voltage we use balancing logic it also
1) State machine contains the state machine algorithm whose purpose is to
The main operating system of battery management system operate the work frame whenever the cell voltage varies [3].
is state machine. It contains four states which can be activated Balancing logic is important in battery management system
simultaneously. because it supervises the pack voltages or the cell voltage. When
• The variable battery management system state is the the model achieves the fault state, the battery pack gets
state which shows fault, charging and driving. Constant disconnected from the load by battery management system.
current and constant voltage stages are usedin charging.
• In case voltage, temperature or current reaches to
undesirable level the fault state switch turns on. For the
inverter and charger, the third and fourthstates explains
the contractor off and on switching order. At the
beginning of charging state, we need to avoid
abundantly large current inrush, so we use this.
2) State of charge evaluation
The precise State of charge estimation holds great
importance to safely operate an electric device and servicelife
span of battery [5]. The battery’s SOC estimation is of Fig2. Battery management system electronic control unit
incredibly important function of the BMS of the electric device. B. Plant
In this model there are three kinds of formats of SOC evaluation: Plant is a work frame which contains Precharger circuit,
• Unscented Kalman filter (UKF): The customary the Battery pack as well as inverter and charger system. The
unscented Kalman calculation is enormously influenced purpose of Precharger circuit is to stop sudden increase in
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current with varying load request. The blocks are connected with state of battery management is driving. Due to the drive cycle
a negative charge line and charge positive line all over the plant. load, the pack current is differed from where current is derived
There are two sorts of battery pack organizing we can choose a from the battery pack. Well temperature increases in this driving
one module bunch of six cells which are in series and sixteen battery managementsystem state due to the heat released and the
module pack of each comprise of six cells associated in series. internal resistance of cell at time of reaction happened inside the
Therefore, there are ninety-six cells in sixteen module pack for cell. When the driving condition gets turned on due to the charge
high power needs, which can be utilized. The demands of current removed from battery pack, The SOC of the battery pack module
from the battery pack during driving situation is depicted by the get decreased. The load circuit is switched of and charge circuit
inverter circuit which is taken. Care of with the load signal. The is connected to source.3, When the BMS state is turned into
charger and the load isa work frame where we have the motor by charging state. At this instant, the charging will be done in two
the charger connected with the -chgr and +chgr and the inverter types: constant voltage and current charging.
which is connected with the -Invtr and +Invtr.

Fig3. Plant
C. Battery pack
This model contains two types of battery pack workframe:
Fig5. Driving condition
• One module bunch of six cells which are in series: In this
B. Charging condition
there are six cells bunch one module battery pack, the +ve
The SOC of the battery is elevated at a certain rate in
line is connected to the +ve terminal of battery one and cells
an exceptionally brief period in constant current charging.
are connected in series and -ve line is connected to the -ve
The voltage of battery pack gets stabilized and state of
terminal of battery seven. Thetemperature sensor is parallel
charge of the battery remains almost constant for a period
connected with battery pack and its purpose is to manage
of time when in constant voltage charging. In the graph,
the cell’s temperaturein the module respectively. The faulty
the range 0.4-0.7 is where the State of charge is increasing
cell is indicated by these temperature sensors when the cell
is thermally running out [1]. Every module is connected to quickly at constant rate is accomplished due to the
consistent current strategy. When the charging state is
a cell management in which each cell is monitored and is
switched, we see the cell voltages increment from 8 to 4.2
equipped with balancing circuit. A voltage regulation block
volt. Due to the transfer of charge inside the cells the cell
and current regulation blocks are attached in parallel and
temperature begins to rise.
series where the current and voltage for every module are
C. Balancing condition
measured
In balancing state, the battery state of charge, pack
current and cell voltage scopes limit where there is no
adjustment in the graph. In balancing state, the vehicle
will be in perfect condition where you won't find any load
applied by the user [19]. Vehicle is additionally not linked
with the charge circuit in balancing state. The cell
temperature in the backup the state is descending, due to
the fact that there is no utilization of the battery pack.
D. Fault condition
Fig4. Cell module At the moment when the cell is thermal drain or
• Ninety-six cells in sixteen module pack: in series six cells overheated of the cell happens then condition of fault
are connected in sixteen modules. Every module having happens. One of the cells is in a fault condition where
negative terminal is connected to next module’s positive overcurrent is released from the cell in driving state. At
terminal. By cell management every signal output is first, the cell is in charging where the cell temperature gets
monitored. to maximum limit and cell voltage rise. Due to the ascent
V. BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODEL in temperature of the cell the battery management system
SIMULATION state is changed to fault mode and there is an abrupt drop
A. Driving condition in voltage in view of the thermal runaway because of the
The conclusions are made upon cell voltage, state of charge, ascent in temperature of the cell. The current is zero, on
and the pack current, balancing command, battery management account of the fault mode is on, the battery management
system state, and cell temperature. In accordance with the drive system cuts of the cells of from linking to the load.
cycle load the voltage of the cell slowly decreases down when the

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 electric vehicle batteries using unscented kalman filtering.
Microelectronics Reliability. 2013 Jun 1;53(6):840-7.
[12] Vezzini A. Lithium-ion battery management. InLithium-Ion Batteries
2014 Jan 1 (pp. 345-360). Elsevier.
[13] Routh B, Mitra D, Patra A, Mukhopadhyay S. Extended Kalman Filter
based Estimation of the State of Charge of Lithium-Ion cells using a
Switched Model. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2020 Jan 1;53(2):13922-7.
[14] Bo L, Xueqing Y, Lin Z. Li-ion battery SOC estimation based on EKF
algorithm. In2015 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Technology
in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems (CYBER) 2015 Jun 8
(pp. 1584-1588). IEEE.
[15] Hu, R., 2011. Battery management system for electric vehicle
applications.
[16] Plett GL. Battery management systems, Volume I: Battery modeling.
Artech House; 2015 Sep 1.
[17] Moulik B, Söffker D. Battery Management System for Future Electric
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VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE [18] Bergveld HJ, Kruijt WS, Notten PH. Battery management systems.
InBattery Management Systems 2002 (pp. 9-30). Springer, Dordrecht.
This paper has investigated about BMS connected issues [19] Vaideeswaran V, Bhuvanesh S, Devasena M. Battery Management
for an EV. This paper throws light on functions of a Systems for Electric Vehicles using Lithium-Ion Batteries. In2019
battery management system which includes isolation Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-
monitoring, communications, cell voltage control and PACT) 2019 Mar 22 (Vol. 1, pp. 1-9). IEEE.
measurement, state of charge, state of health, temperature
control and measurement and contactor control. Further, it
discusses about harness dashboard build on MATLAB
Simulink software which indicates malfunctioning of
given parameters of battery pack of EV. In the harness
dashboard a subsystem named as closed loop battery
management system is there which consist of plant and
BMS ECU. In the simulation, four conditions i.e.,
driving condition, charging condition, balance condition
and fault condition have been considered. The result
showcased the peak current, BMS State, Balance condition,
cell temperature and state of charge of battery during these
conditions. The future work planned to extend this work is to
explore the issues of battery management for the cases of
vehicle to vehicle (V2V) charging, vehicle to grid (V2G)
charging and vehicle to home (V2H).
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