Introduction First Law

● Postulates of KTG ● Work Done by Gas

● Mean Free Path ● Isobaric Process
● Average, RMS & Most Probable Speed ● Isochoric Process
● Maxwell Distribution ● Isothermal Process
● Adiabatic Process
● Cyclic Process

Thermodynamics

Internal Energy Second Law

● Molar Specific Heat ● Heat Engine
● Degree of Freedom ● Refrigerator
● Equipartition Theorem ● Entropy
 Thermodynamics
The Branch of physics which Deals With
Conversion of Heat into Other Forms of Energy .
 KTG
● Gases are made up of large no of molecules

● Molecules do not exert forces on each

other except during Collision

● All Collisions are Elastic in nature.

● Size of Molecules is very small as compare

to separation between molecules
Mean Free Path
n' = No. of molecules per unit volume
d = Diameter of molecules
 JEE Main 13th April 2023 S-2

The mean free path of molecules of a certain

gas at STP is 1500d, where d is the diameter of
the gas molecules. While maintaining the
standard pressure, the mean free path of the
molecules at 373 K is approximately :

A 750d

B 1500d

C 1098d

D 2049d
 JEE Main 13th April 2023 S-2

The mean free path of molecules of a certain

gas at STP is 1500d, where d is the diameter of
the gas molecules. While maintaining the
standard pressure, the mean free path of the
molecules at 373 K is approximately :

A 750d

B 1500d

C 1098d

D 2049d
 Ideal Gas Equation

● PV = nRT
𝞺RT
● P=
M0
 Velocities of Molecules

● Average speed v3
v1

v2
● RMS speed
Pressure
 KTG

● Average speed
v3
v1

v2
● RMS speed
Maxwell Distribution Curve
 Maxwell Distribution Curve
Fraction of
molecules
M0

Mo = Molecular Mass

Vm.p. < Vavg < VRms

Vm.p Speed
.
 JEE Main 6th April 2023 S-2

The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from

200 K to 800 K. If r.m.s. speed of gas at 200 K is v0.
Then, r.m.s. speed of the gas at 800 K will be:

A 4 v0

B 2 v0

C v0

D
 JEE Main 6th April 2023 S-2

The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from

200 K to 800 K. If r.m.s. speed of gas at 200 K is v0.
Then, r.m.s. speed of the gas at 800 K will be:

A 4 v0

B 2 v0

C v0

D
 JEE Main 13th April 2023 S-1

The rms speed of oxygen molecule in a vessel at

particular temperature is
where v is the average speed of the molecule. The
value of x will be:

A 28

B 27

C 8

D 4
 JEE Main 13th April 2023 S-1

The rms speed of oxygen molecule in a vessel at

particular temperature is
where is the average speed of the molecule.
The value of x will be:

A 28

B 27

C 8

D 4
 Molar Specific Heat (C)
It is the heat required to raise temperature of one
mole of substance by unit degree Celsius.

● SI unit is J mol–1 °C–1]

● C depends on process
For Adiabatic C = 0 , Isothermal C = ∞
Molar Specific Heat (C)
 Degrees of freedom (f):
Number of independent terms in the expression of
energy of gas is called as degree of freedom (f).
Monoatomic Gas
Diatomic Gas
Linear Triatomic Gas
Non Linear Triatomic Gas
f = Degree of Freedom

GAS f CV CP 𝛾

Mono 3 3R/2 5R/2 5/3

Diatomic
Or
Linear
5 5R/2 7R/2 7/5
Triatomic

Non-Linear
Triatomic
6 3R 4R 4/3
Mixture of Gases

n1, CV1, CP1, 𝛾1

n2, CP2, CV2, 𝛾2

 Internal Energy
It is the Energy Associated With Gas
Due to its Own Temperature
For ideal gas Since there is no intermolecular
Attraction Among Molecules, We Assume
Potential Energy of Gas Molecules to be ZERO
 Internal Energy [U]

U∝T

K⋅E (P ⋅ E) Internal Energy only depends

on Temperature of gas

U=K+P
v3
v1
U = n CV T
v2

ΔU = n CV ΔT
 Law of Equipartition of Energy
Each degree of freedom of gas has kT/2 energy.
 Internal Energy

● U per molecule per degree of freedom = KT/2

● U per mole per degree of freedom = (NA)(KT/2)
= RT/2
● U per mole for f degrees of freedom = fRT/2
● U for n moles of gas = fnRT/2
 JEE Main 8th April 2023 S-2

The temperature at which the kinetic energy of

oxygen molecules becomes double than its
value at 27°C is

A 1227°C

B 627°C

C 327°C

D 927°C
 JEE Main 8th April 2023 S-2

The temperature at which the kinetic energy of

oxygen molecules becomes double than its
value at 27°C is

A 1227°C

B 627°C

C 327°C

D 927°C
 JEE Main 10th April 2023 S-2

A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of oxygen and

4 moles of neon at temperature T. Neglecting all
vibrational modes, the total internal energy of
the system will be,

A 4RT

B 11RT

C 8RT

D 16RT
 JEE Main 10th April 2023 S-2

A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of oxygen and

4 moles of neon at temperature T. Neglecting all
vibrational modes, the total internal energy of
the system will be,

A 4RT

B 11RT

C 8RT

D 16RT
Work Done by Gas
 Work done by GAS

dW = P dV Wtotal = ∫ PdV

dV = change in volume W = Area under P-V Graph

dV > 0 → Expansion → dW > 0

dV < 0 → compression → dW < 0

P
W

V
 First Law of Thermodynamics
The Heat Given to System is responsible for Change
in Internal Energy of Gas and Work Done by the Gas .
First Law of Thermodynamics

Heat supplied to the system + Ve

ΔQ
Heat drawn from the system – Ve

Temperature Increases +Ve

ΔU
Temperature Decreases – Ve
 1st Law

dQ = dU + dW
Gas
dW > 0 → V increases
dW = P dV
dW < 0 → V decreases

dQ > 0 → Heat supplied

dQ = n C dT
dQ < 0 → Heat Reflected

dU > O → Temperature Increase

dU = n CV dT
dU < O → V Temperature decrease
 Isobaric Process
P = Constant

V2 P
PV = nRT
W=P ∫ dV
V1
V∝T

W=PΔV
V
 Isochoric Process
V = constant

P
PV = nRT W=0

P∝T

V
 Isothermal Process

PV = nRT T = Constant

PV = Constant

P1 V1 = P2 V2
Isothermal Process

V
 Adiabatic Process
dQ = O

PV𝛾 = C TV𝛾 - 1 = C P1 - 𝛾 T𝛾 = C

T P
P

V T
V
Adiabatic Process
 Remember !!!!
Slope of adiabatic is 𝛾 times
slope of isothermal A

C
 B C
Pressure

A D

Volume
 Cyclic Process

P P

WCLW = + Ve WACW = - Ve

V V

W = Area of cycle
Free Expansion

Vacuum
 JEE Main 6th April 2023 S-1

A source supplies heat to a system at the rate of

1000 W. If the system performs work at a rate of
200 W. The rate at which internal energy of the
system increase is

A 500 W

B 600 W

C 800 W

D 1200 W
 JEE Main 6th April 2023 S-1

A source supplies heat to a system at the rate of

1000 W. If the system performs work at a rate of
200 W. The rate at which internal energy of the
system increase is

A 500 W

B 600 W

C 800 W

D 1200 W
 JEE Main 11th April 2023 S-2

The Thermodynamic process, in which internal

energy of the system remains constant is

A Isobaric

B Isochoric

C Adiabatic

D Isothermal
 JEE Main 11th April 2023 S-2

The Thermodynamic process, in which internal

energy of the system remains constant is

A Isobaric

B Isochoric

C Adiabatic

D Isothermal
 JEE Main 25th Jan 2023 S-2

Match List I with List II:

Choose the correct answer from the options
given below:

List I List II A A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV

Isothermal Work done by the gas

A. I.
Process decreases internal energy B A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
B. Adiabatic Process II. No change in internal energy
C A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
The heat absorbed goes
C. Isochoric Process III. partly to increase internal
energy and partly to do work D A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
No work is done on or by the
D. Isobaric Process IV.
gas
 List I List II

Work done by the gas

A. Isothermal Process I.
decreases internal energy

B. Adiabatic Process II. No change in internal energy

The heat absorbed goes

C. Isochoric Process III. partly to increase internal
energy and partly to do work

No work is done on or by the

D. Isobaric Process IV.
gas
 JEE Main 25th Jan 2023 S-2

Match List I with List II:

Choose the correct answer from the options
given below:

List I List II A A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV

Isothermal Work done by the gas

A. I.
Process decreases internal energy B A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
B. Adiabatic Process II. No change in internal energy
C A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
The heat absorbed goes
C. Isochoric Process III. partly to increase internal
energy and partly to do work D A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
No work is done on or by the
D. Isobaric Process IV.
gas
 JEE Main 15th April 2023 S-1

A thermodynamic system is taken through

cyclic process. The total work done in the
process is :

A 100 J

B 300 J

C 200 J

D Zero
 JEE Main 15th April 2023 S-1

A thermodynamic system is taken through

cyclic process. The total work done in the
process is :

A 100 J

B 300 J

C 200 J

D Zero
 JEE Advanced 2023

One mole of an ideal gas expands adiabatically from an

initial state (TA, V0) to final state (Tf, 5V0). Another mole of
the same gas expands isothermally from a different initial
state (TB,V0) to the same final state (Tf, 5V0). The ratio of
the specific heats at constant pressure and constant
volume of this ideal gas is γ. What is the ratio TA/TB?

A 5γ−1

B 51-γ

C 5γ

D 51+γ
 JEE Advanced 2023

One mole of an ideal gas expands adiabatically from an

initial state (TA, V0) to final state (Tf, 5V0). Another mole of
the same gas expands isothermally from a different initial
state (TB,V0) to the same final state (Tf, 5V0). The ratio of
the specific heats at constant pressure and constant
volume of this ideal gas is γ. What is the ratio TA/TB?

A 5γ−1

B 51-γ

C 5γ

D 51+γ
Find specific heat for monoatomic gas for
process
(i) PV3 = Constant (ii) PV3/2 = constant

D R
Process described by the equation, PV3 = constant
For a polytropic process, PV𝛼 = constant

(ii) Pv3/2
Find specific heat for monoatomic gas for
process
(i) PV3 = Constant (ii) PV3/2 = constant

D R
A gas undergoes a cyclic process as shown.
Find efficiency of cycle starting from A.

B C
2P0

P0 D
A

V0 2V0
 B C
2P0

P0 D
A

V0 2V0
Same gas having characteristics P1, V1,T1 & P2, V2,
T2 is placed in two chambers as shown. FInd
final temperature & pressure of mixture if knob
is removed. Assume no heat is loss from the
container.
 2 Law of
nd

Thermodynamics
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Kelvin Planck Statement:
“It is impossible to construct a heat engine
which would give 100% efficiency.”
SOURCE AT WORKING SINK AT
TEMP. T1 SUBSTANCE TEMP. T2
 Carnot Cycle
Carnot Designed Best Possible Cyclic Process for the
Maximum Efficiency of Heat Engine called as CARNOT CYCLE.
P

V
AB → Isothermal expansion
Heat absorbed
BC → Adiabatic expansion A(P1,V1)
CD → Isothermal Compress
DA → Adiabatic compression T1
B(P2,V2)

T2 C(P3,V3)

D(P4,V4)

Heat rejected
 Heat Engine

Q1 Q2

Q1 = Q2 + W

W = Q1 - Q2
 JEE Main 8th April 2023 S-2

Work done by a Carnot engine operating

between temperatures 127°C and 27°C is 2 kJ.
The amount of heat transferred to the engine by
the reservoir is:

A 2 kJ

B 4 kJ

C 2.67 kJ

D 8 kJ
 JEE Main 8th April 2023 S-2

Work done by a Carnot engine operating

between temperatures 127°C and 27°C is 2 kJ.
The amount of heat transferred to the engine by
the reservoir is:

A 2 kJ

B 4 kJ

C 2.67 kJ

D 8 kJ
 JEE Main 25th Jan 2023 S-1

A carnot engine with efficiency 50% takes heat

from a source at 600K. In order to increase the
efficiency to 70%, keeping the temperature of
sink same, the new temperature of the source
will be

A 360 K

B 1000 K

C 900 K

D 300 K
 JEE Main 25th Jan 2023 S-1

A carnot engine with efficiency 50% takes heat

from a source at 600K. In order to increase the
efficiency to 70%, keeping the temperature of
sink same, the new temperature of the source
will be

A 360 K

B 1000 K

C 900 K

D 300 K
 Clausius Statement
“It is impossible to Construct a Refrigerator unaided by any
external agent, which would transfer heat from a Body at a
Low Temperature to Another Body at a High Temperature.”
SOURCE AT WORKING SINK AT
TEMP. T1 SUBSTANCE TEMP. T2
 Refrigerator

Q1 Q2
SOURCE AT WORKING SINK AT
TEMP. T1 SUBSTANCE TEMP. T2

β = Coefficient of W
performance
Q2 + W = Q1
 Entropy (S)

● It is the degree of
Randomness of a system

A B