The table contains some standard electrode potential data.

1
Electrode half-equation E /V

F2 + 2e− 2F− +2.87

Au+ + e− Au +1.68

2HOCl + 2H+ + 2e− Cl2 + 2H2O +1.64

Cl2 + 2e− 2Cl− +1.36

O2 + 4H+ + 4e− 2H2O +1.23

Ag+ + e− Ag +0.80

Fe3+ + e− Fe2+ +0.77

2H+ + 2e− H2 0.00

Fe2+ + 2e− Fe −0.44

(a) In terms of electrons, explain the meaning of the term oxidising agent.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Identify the weakest oxidising agent in the table.

Explain your choice.

Weakest oxidising agent ................................................................................

Explanation ....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 1 of 81
(c) Write the conventional representation of the cell used to measure the standard electrode
potential for the Ag+ / Ag electrode.

State the conditions necessary when measuring this value.

Conventional representation ..........................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Conditions ......................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(4)

(d) Use data from the table to explain, in terms of redox, what happens when a soluble gold(I)
compound containing Au+ ions is added to water.

State what you would observe.

Write an equation for the reaction that occurs.

Explanation .....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Observation ....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Equation .........................................................................................................
(4)

Page 2 of 81
The table is repeated below to help you answer these questions.

Electrode half-equation E /V

F2 + 2e− 2F− +2.87

Au+ + e− Au +1.68

2HOCl + 2H+ + 2e− Cl2 + 2H2O +1.64

Cl2 + 2e− 2Cl− +1.36

O2 + 4H+ + 4e− 2H2O +1.23

Ag+ + e− Ag +0.80

Fe3+ + e− Fe2+ +0.77

2H+ + 2e− H2 0.00

Fe2+ + 2e− Fe −0.44

(e) A cell is made by connecting Fe2+ / Fe and Ag+ / Ag electrodes with a salt bridge.

(i) Calculate the e.m.f. of this cell.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Answer ......................................................................
(1)

(ii) Suggest why potassium chloride would not be suitable for use in the salt bridge of
this cell.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 3 of 81
 (f) Use data from the table to explain what happens when a solution of iron(II) chloride is
exposed to the air.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

A biocide is a chemical that kills bacteria. A biocide is added to prevent the growth of bacteria in
2 the water used in vases of flowers. Household bleach contains aqueous chlorine and can be
used as the biocide. The concentration of chlorine in vase water decreases with time. It was
decided to investigate the rate of this decrease.

The following experimental method was used to determine the concentration of chlorine in vase
water at different times.

• A sample of vase water was taken.

• An excess of potassium iodide solution was added to the sample.
• The chlorine in the sample oxidised the I − ions to I2
• The iodine was titrated with sodium thiosulfate (Na 2S2O3) solution.
• These steps were repeated using further samples taken from the vase water at hourly
intervals.

(a) Suggest two reasons why the concentration of chlorine in the vase water decreases with
time.

Reason 1 ........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Reason 2 ........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Suggest why this sampling technique has no effect on the rate at which the concentration
of chlorine in the vase water decreases.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 4 of 81
(c) Why was it important to use an excess of potassium iodide solution?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Use the following standard electrode potential data to explain why I2 oxidises S2O32− under
standard conditions.

+ e− I− = +0.54 V

+ e− S2O32− = +0.09 V

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(e) Deduce an ionic equation for the reaction between I2 and S2O32−

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 5 of 81
 Fuel cells are an increasingly important energy source for vehicles. Standard electrode potentials
3 are used in understanding some familiar chemical reactions including those in fuel cells.

The following table contains some standard electrode potential data.

Electrode half-equation EƟ / V

F2 + 2e− 2F− +2.87

Cl2 + 2e− 2Cl− +1.36

O2 + 4H+ + 4e− 2H2O +1.23

Br2 + 2e− 2Br− +1.07

I2 + 2e− 2I− +0.54

O2 + 2H2O + 4e− 4OH− +0.40

SO42− + 4H+ + 2e− SO2 + 2H2O +0.17

2H+ + 2e− H2 0.00

4H2O + 4e− 4OH− + 2H2 −0.83

(a) A salt bridge was used in a cell to measure electrode potential.

Explain the function of the salt bridge.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Use data from the table above to deduce the halide ion that is the weakest reducing agent.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Use data from the table to justify why sulfate ions should not be capable of oxidising
bromide ions.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 6 of 81
 (d) Use data from the table to calculate a value for the EMF of a hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell
operating under alkaline conditions.

EMF = ............................... V
(1)

(e) There are two ways to use hydrogen as a fuel for cars. One way is in a fuel cell to power an
electric motor, the other is as a fuel in an internal combustion engine.

Suggest the major advantage of using the fuel cell.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

The following cell has an EMF of +0.46 V.

4

Cu Cu2+ Ag+ Ag

Which statement is correct about the operation of the cell?

A Metallic copper is oxidised by Ag+ ions.

B The silver electrode has a negative polarity.

C The silver electrode gradually dissolves to form Ag+ ions.

D Electrons flow from the silver electrode to the copper electrode

via an external circuit.
(Total 1 mark)

Page 7 of 81
 The table below shows some standard electrode potential data.
5
E /V

ZnO(s) + H2O(I) + 2e– Zn(s) + 2OH–(aq) –1.25

Fe2+(aq) + 2e– Fe(s) –0.44

O2(g) + 2H2O(I) + 4e– 4OH–(aq) +0.40

2HOCl(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– Cl2(g) + 2H2O(I) +1.64

(a) Give the conventional representation of the cell that is used to measure the standard
electrode potential of iron as shown in the table.

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) With reference to electrons, give the meaning of the term reducing agent.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Identify the weakest reducing agent from the species in the table.

Explain how you deduced your answer.

Species...........................................................................................................

Explanation...................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) When HOCl acts as an oxidising agent, one of the atoms in the molecule is reduced.

(i) Place a tick (✓) next to the atom that is reduced.

Atom that is
✓)
Tick (✓
reduced

Cl
(1)

Page 8 of 81
 (ii) Explain your answer to part (i) in terms of the change in the oxidation state of this
atom.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(e) Using the information given in the table, deduce an equation for the redox reaction that
would occur when hydroxide ions are added to HOCl

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 9 of 81
(f) The table is repeated to help you answer this question.

E /V

ZnO(s) + H2O(I) + 2e– Zn(s) + 2OH–(aq) –1.25

Fe2+(aq) + 2e– Fe(s) –0.44

O2(g) + 2H2O(I) + 4e– 4OH–(aq) +0.40

2HOCl(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– Cl2(g) + 2H2O(I) +1.64

The half-equations from the table that involve zinc and oxygen are simplified versions of
those that occur in hearing aid cells.

A simplified diagram of a hearing aid cell is shown in the following figure.

(i) Use data from the table to calculate the e.m.f. of this cell.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Answer = .................................
(1)

(ii) Use half-equations from the table to construct an overall equation for the cell reaction.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 10 of 81
 (iii) Identify which of A or B, in the figure, is the positive electrode. Give a reason for your
answer.

Positive electrode ..................................................................................

Reason ..................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(iv) Suggest one reason, other than cost, why this type of cell is not recharged.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells are used to provide electrical energy for electric motors in vehicles.
6
(a) In a hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell, a current is generated that can be used to drive an electric
motor.

(i) Deduce half-equations for the electrode reactions in a hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell.

Half-equation 1 .....................................................................................

Half-equation 2 .....................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Use these half-equations to explain how an electric current can be generated.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Explain why a fuel cell does not need to be recharged.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 11 of 81
 (c) To provide energy for a vehicle, hydrogen can be used either in a fuel cell or in an internal
combustion engine.

Suggest the main advantage of using hydrogen in a fuel cell rather than in an internal
combustion engine.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Identify one major hazard associated with the use of a hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell in a
vehicle.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

In a test, aqueous iron(III) ions are reduced to aqueous iron(II) ions by iodide ions.
7 This reaction could be used to provide electrical energy in a cell.

(a) The standard electrode potential for the reduction of iron(III) ions into iron(II) ions can be
measured by connecting a suitable electrode to a standard hydrogen electrode.
Draw a clearly labelled diagram to show the components and reagents, including their
concentrations, in this Fe(III)/Fe(II) electrode.
Do not draw the salt bridge or the standard hydrogen electrode.

(3)

Page 12 of 81
 (b) A salt bridge is used to complete the cell. This could be prepared using potassium nitrate
solution and filter paper.

State the purpose of the salt bridge. State one essential requirement of the soluble ionic
compound used to make the salt bridge.

Purpose of salt bridge ....................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Requirement ..................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

One cell that has been used to provide electrical energy is the Daniell cell. This cell uses copper
8 and zinc.

(a) The conventional representation for the Daniell cell is

Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) | | Cu2+(aq) | Cu(s)

The e.m.f. of this cell under standard conditions is +1.10 V.

Deduce the half-equations for the reactions occurring at the electrodes.

At Zn electrode ..............................................................................................

At Cu electrode ..............................................................................................
(2)

(b) A Daniell cell was set up using 100 cm3 of a 1.0 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulfate solution. The
cell was allowed to produce electricity until the concentration of the copper(II) ions had
decreased to 0.50 mol dm–3.

Calculate the decrease in mass of the zinc electrode. Show your working.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

Page 13 of 81
 (c) You are provided with the Daniell cell referred to in part (b), including a zinc electrode of
known mass.

Briefly outline how you would carry out an experiment to confirm your answer to part (b).

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Copper, in the form of nanoparticles of copper(II) hexacyanoferrate(II), has recently been

9 investigated as an efficient method of storing electrical energy in a rechargeable cell.

(a) Solar cells generate an electric current from sunlight. These cells are often used to provide
electrical energy for illuminated road signs.

Explain why rechargeable cells are connected to these solar cells.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Suggest one reason why many waste disposal centres contain a separate section for cells
and batteries.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Page 14 of 81
 An electrochemical cell is shown in the diagram. In this cell, the amount of copper in the
10 electrodes is much greater than the amount of copper ions in the copper sulfate solutions.

(a) Explain how the salt bridge D provides an electrical connection between the two
electrodes.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Suggest why potassium chloride would not be a suitable salt for the salt bridge in this cell.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) In the external circuit of this cell, the electrons flow through the ammeter from right to left.

Suggest why the electrons move in this direction.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) Explain why the current in the external circuit of this cell falls to zero after the cell has
operated for some time.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 15 of 81
 (e) The simplified electrode reactions in a rechargeable lithium cell are

Electrode A Li+ + MnO2 + e− LiMnO2 E = −0.15 V

Electrode B Li+ + e− Li

Electrode B is the negative electrode.

(i) The e.m.f. of this cell is 2.90 V.

Use this information to calculate a value for the electrode potential of electrode B.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Write an equation for the overall reaction that occurs when this lithium cell is being
recharged.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(iii) Suggest why the recharging of a lithium cell may lead to release of carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

An experiment was carried out to measure the e.m.f. of this cell.

11
Al(s) Al3+(aq) H+(aq) H2(g) Pt(s)

(a) The aluminium used as the electrode is rubbed with sandpaper prior to use.

Suggest the reason for this.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 16 of 81
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of a suitable apparatus for the right-hand electrode in this cell. You
do not need to include the salt bridge or the external electrical circuit.

(2)

(c) A simple salt bridge can be prepared by dipping a piece of filter paper into potassium
carbonate solution. Explain why such a salt bridge would not be suitable for use in this cell.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 17 of 81
 This table shows some standard electrode potential data.
12
Electrode half-equation Eϴ / V

Au+(aq) + e− Au(s) +1.68

+1.23
O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e− H2O(l)

Ag+(aq) + e− Ag(s) +0.80

Fe3+(aq) + e− Fe2+(aq) +0.77

Cu2+(aq) + 2e− Cu(s) +0.34

Fe2+(aq) + 2e− Fe(s) −0.44

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus that could be connected to a standard hydrogen
electrode in order to measure the standard electrode potential of the Fe3+ / Fe2+ electrode.

In your diagram, show how this electrode is connected to the standard hydrogen electrode
and to a voltmeter. Do not draw the standard hydrogen electrode.

State the conditions under which this cell should be operated in order to measure the
standard electrode potential.

Conditions .....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(5)

Page 18 of 81
(b) Use data from the table to deduce the equation for the overall cell reaction of a cell that has
an e.m.f. of 0.78 V.
Give the conventional cell representation for this cell.
Identify the positive electrode.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(4)

(c) Use data from the table to explain why Au+ ions are not normally found in aqueous
solution.
Write an equation to show how Au+ ions would react with water.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(d) Use data from the table to predict and explain the redox reactions that occur when iron
powder is added to an excess of aqueous silver nitrate.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

Page 19 of 81
 The table shows some electrode half-equations and the associated standard electrode
13 potentials.

Equation
number Electrode half-equation Eϴ / V

1 Cd(OH)2(s) + 2e– Cd(s) + 2OH–(aq) –0.88

2 Zn2+(aq) + 2e– Zn(s) –0.76

3 NiO(OH)(s) + H2O(I) + e– Ni(OH)2(s) + OH–(aq) +0.52

4 MnO2(s) + H2O(I) + e– MnO(OH)(s) + OH–(aq) +0.74

5 O2(g) + 4H+(aq) +4e– 2H2O(I) +1.23

(a) In terms of electrons, state the meaning of the term oxidising agent.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Deduce the identity of the weakest oxidising agent in the table.
Explain how Eϴ values can be used to make this deduction.

Weakest oxidising agent ...............................................................................

Explanation ....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 20 of 81
(c) The diagram shows a non-rechargeable cell that can be used to power electronic devices.
The relevant half-equations for this cell are equations 2 and 4 in the table above.

(i) Calculate the e.m.f. of this cell.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Write an equation for the overall reaction that occurs when the cell discharges.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) Deduce one essential property of the non-reactive porous separator labelled in the
diagram.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(iv) Suggest the function of the carbon rod in the cell.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 21 of 81
 (v) The zinc electrode acts as a container for the cell and is protected from external
damage. Suggest why a cell often leaks after being used for a long time.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(d) A rechargeable nickel–cadmium cell is an alternative to the cell shown in part (c).
The relevant half-equations for this cell are equations 1 and 3 in the table above.

(i) Deduce the oxidation state of the nickel in this cell after recharging is complete.
Write an equation for the overall reaction that occurs when the cell is recharged.

Oxidation state ......................................................................................

Equation ................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) State one environmental advantage of this rechargeable cell compared with the
non-rechargeable cell described in part (c).

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(e) An ethanol–oxygen fuel cell may be an alternative to a hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell.

When the cell operates, all of the carbon atoms in the ethanol molecules are converted into
carbon dioxide.

(i) Deduce the equation for the overall reaction that occurs in the ethanol–oxygen fuel
cell.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Deduce a half-equation for the reaction at the ethanol electrode.

In this half-equation, ethanol reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen
ions.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 22 of 81
 (iii) The e.m.f. of an ethanol–oxygen fuel cell is 1.00 V. Use data from the table above to
calculate a value for the electrode potential of the ethanol electrode.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(iv) Suggest why ethanol can be considered to be a carbon-neutral fuel.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 17 marks)

(a) Use data from the table below to explain why dilute hydrochloric acid cannot be used to
14 acidify potassium manganate(VII) in a titration.

E /V

MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e– → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(I) +1.51

Cl2(aq) + 2e– → 2Cl–(aq) +1.36

2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(aq) 0.00

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 23 of 81
(b) Use information from the table in part (a) to determine the minimum volume, in cm3, of
0.500 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid that is required for a titre of 25.0 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm–3
potassium manganate(VII) solution.
Show your working.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) In each titration using potassium manganate(VII), a large excess of dilute sulfuric acid is
used to avoid any possibility of the brown solid MnO2 forming.

(i) Deduce a half-equation for the reduction of MnO4– ions in acidic solution to form
MnO2.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Give two reasons why it is essential to avoid this reaction in a titration between
potassium manganate(VII) and iron(II) ions.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

Page 24 of 81
 (d) Potassium manganate(VII) is an oxidising agent.
Suggest one reason why a 0.0200 mol dm–3 solution of potassium manganate(VII) does
not need to be kept away from flammable material.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

The diagram below shows a cell that can be used to measure the standard electrode potential for
15
the half-reaction Fe3+(aq) + e– Fe2+(aq). In this cell, the electrode on the right-hand side is
positive.

(a) Identify solution A and give its concentration. State the other essential conditions for the
operation of the standard electrode that forms the left-hand side of the cell.

Solution A .......................................................................................................

Conditions ......................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

Page 25 of 81
(b) Identify the material from which electrodes B are made. Give two reasons why this material
is suitable for its purpose.

Material ..........................................................................................................

Reason 1 .......................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Reason 2 .......................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) Identify a solution that could be used in C to complete the circuit. Give two reasons why
this solution is suitable for its purpose.

Solution ..........................................................................................................

Reason 1 .......................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Reason 2 .......................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(d) Write the conventional representation for this cell.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(e) The voltmeter V shown in the diagram of the cell was replaced by an ammeter.

(i) Write an equation for the overall cell reaction that would occur.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 26 of 81
 (ii) Explain why the ammeter reading would fall to zero after a time.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Some electrode potentials are shown in the table below. These values are not listed in numerical
16 order.

Electrode half-equation Eϴ / V

Cl2(aq) + 2e– 2Cl–(aq) +1.36

2HOCl(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– Cl2(aq) + 2H2O(I) +1.64

H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– 2H2O(I) +1.77

O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– H2O2(aq) +0.68

O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e– 2H2O(I) +1.23

(a) Identify the most powerful reducing agent from all the species in the table.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Use data from the table to explain why chlorine should undergo a redox reaction with water.
Write an equation for this reaction.

Explanation ....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Equation .........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 27 of 81
 (c) Suggest one reason why the redox reaction between chlorine and water does not normally
occur in the absence of light.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Use the appropriate half-equation from the table to explain in terms of oxidation states what
happens to hydrogen peroxide when it is reduced.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(e) Use data from the table to explain why one molecule of hydrogen peroxide can oxidise
another molecule of hydrogen peroxide. Write an equation for the redox reaction that
occurs.

Explanation ....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Equation .........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Redox reactions occur in the discharge of all electrochemical cells. Some of these cells are of
17 commercial value.
The table below shows some redox half-equations and standard electrode potentials.

Half-equation Eο/ V

Zn2+(aq) + 2e– → Zn(s) –0.76

Ag2O(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– → 2Ag(s) + H O(I) 2

+0.34

O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e– → 2H O(I) 2

+1.23

F2(g) + 2e– → 2F (aq) – +2.87

Page 28 of 81
(a) In terms of electrons, state what happens to a reducing agent in a redox reaction.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Use the table above to identify the strongest reducing agent from the species in the table.

Explain how you deduced your answer.

Strongest reducing agent ............................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Use data from the table to explain why fluorine reacts with water.

Write an equation for the reaction that occurs.

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

Equation .......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(d) An electrochemical cell can be constructed using a zinc electrode and an electrode in
which silver is in contact with silver oxide. This cell can be used to power electronic
devices.

(i) Give the conventional representation for this cell.

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Calculate the e.m.f. of the cell.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) Suggest one reason why the cell cannot be electrically recharged.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 29 of 81
(e) The electrode half-equations in a lead–acid cell are shown in the table below.

Half-equation Eο/ V

PbO2(s) + 3H+(aq) + HSO4–(aq) + 2e– → PbSO (s) + 2H O(I)

4 2
+1.69

PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2e– → Pb(s) + HSO 4

–
(aq)
to be
calculated

(i) The PbO2/PbSO4 electrode is the positive terminal of the cell and the e.m.f. of the cell
is 2.15 V.

Use this information to calculate the missing electrode potential for the half-equation
shown in the table.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) A lead–acid cell can be recharged.

Write an equation for the overall reaction that occurs when the cell is being
recharged.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(f) The diagrams below show how the e.m.f. of each of two cells changes with time when each
cell is used to provide an electric current.

(i) Give one reason why the e.m.f. of the lead–acid cell changes after several hours.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 30 of 81
 (ii) Identify the type of cell that behaves like cell X.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) Explain why the voltage remains constant in cell X.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(Extra space) ......................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 17 marks)

The table below shows some standard electrode potentials.

18
E /V

MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O +1.51

Cl2(g) + 2e– 2Cl–(aq) +1.36

Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– 2Cr3+ + 7H2O +1.33

A student determined the concentration of iron(II) ions in a solution of iron(II) chloride by titration
with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution. A second student titrated the same solution of
iron(II) chloride with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution.
By reference to the table, explain why the second student obtained a greater value for the
concentration of iron(II) ions.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)

Page 31 of 81
 (a) Lithium ion cells are used to power cameras and mobile phones.
19 A simplified representation of a cell is shown below.

Li | Li+ || Li+, CoO2 | LiCoO2 | Pt

The reagents in the cell are absorbed onto powdered graphite that acts as a support
medium. The support medium allows the ions to react in the absence of a solvent such as
water.

The half-equation for the reaction at the positive electrode can be represented as follows.

Li+ + CoO2 + e– Li+[CoO2]–

(i) Identify the element that undergoes a change in oxidation state at the positive
electrode and deduce these oxidation states of the element.

Element ..............................................................................................

Oxidation state 1 .................................................................................

Oxidation state 2 .................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) Write a half-equation for the reaction at the negative electrode during operation of the
lithium ion cell.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) Suggest two properties of platinum that make it suitable for use as an external
electrical contact in the cell.

Property 1 ..........................................................................................

Property 2 ...........................................................................................
(2)

(iv) Suggest one reason why water is not used as a solvent in this cell.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 32 of 81
(b) The half-equations for two electrodes used to make an electrochemical cell are shown
below.

ClO3–(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 6e– Cl–(aq) + 3H2O(I) Eο = +1.45 V

SO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– SO32–(aq) + H2O(I) Eο = +0.17 V

(i) Write the conventional representation for the cell using platinum contacts.

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Write an overall equation for the cell reaction and identify the oxidising and reducing
agents.

Overall equation ..................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

Oxidising agent ....................................................................................

Reducing agent ....................................................................................

(3)
(Total 12 marks)

Page 33 of 81
 The electrons transferred in redox reactions can be used by electrochemical cells to provide
20 energy.

Some electrode half-equations and their standard electrode potentials are shown in the table
below.

Half-equation Eο/V

Cr2O72–(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e– → 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) +1.33

Fe3+(aq) + e– → Fe2+(aq) +0.77

2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g) 0.00

Fe2+(aq) + 2e– → Fe(s) –0.44

Li+(aq) + e– → Li(s) –3.04

(a) Describe a standard hydrogen electrode.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(4)

Page 34 of 81
(b) A conventional representation of a lithium cell is given below.
This cell has an e.m.f. of +2.91 V

Li(s) | Li+(aq) || Li+(aq) | MnO2(s) , LiMnO2(s) | Pt(s)

Write a half-equation for the reaction that occurs at the positive electrode of this cell.

Calculate the standard electrode potential of this positive electrode.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Suggest what reactions occur, if any, when hydrogen gas is bubbled into a solution
containing a mixture of iron(II) and iron(III) ions. Explain your answer.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 35 of 81
 (d) A solution of iron(II) sulfate was prepared by dissolving 10.00 g of FeSO4.7H2O
(Mr = 277.9) in water and making up to 250 cm3 of solution. The solution was left to stand,
exposed to air, and some of the iron(II) ions became oxidised to iron(III) ions. A 25.0 cm3
sample of the partially oxidised solution required 23.70 cm3 of 0.0100 mol dm–3 potassium
dichromate(VI) solution for complete reaction in the presence of an excess of dilute sulfuric
acid.

Calculate the percentage of iron(II) ions that had been oxidised by the air.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 14 marks)

Ethanedioic acid is an important industrial chemical with a number of uses.

21
Ethanedioate ions, C2O42–, act as bidentate ligands with transition metal ions.

(a) Write an equation for the ligand substitution reaction of an excess of ethanedioate ions with
aqueous cobalt(II) ions.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 36 of 81
 (b) The table below shows some standard electrode potentials.

E /V

Fe3+(aq) + e– → Fe2+(aq) +0.77

2CO2(g) + 2e– → C2O42–(aq) –0.49

Use E values from the table to explain why an iron(III) complex is not formed when
solutions containing ethanedioate ions and iron(III) ions are mixed.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)

Nickel–cadmium cells are used to power electrical equipment such as drills and shavers.
22 The electrode reactions are shown below.

NiO(OH) + H2O + e– → Ni(OH)2 + OH– Eο = +0.52 V

Cd(OH)2 + 2e– → Cd + 2OH– Eο = –0.88 V

(a) Calculate the e.m.f. of a nickel–cadmium cell.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Deduce an overall equation for the reaction that occurs in the cell when it is used.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 37 of 81
 (c) Identify the oxidising agent in the overall cell reaction and give the oxidation state of the
metal in this oxidising agent.

Oxidising agent ............................................................................................

Oxidation state .............................................................................................

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells can operate in acidic or in alkaline conditions but commercial cells
23 use porous platinum electrodes in contact with concentrated aqueous potassium hydroxide. The
table below shows some standard electrode potentials measured in acidic and in alkaline
conditions.

Half-equation Eο /V

O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e– → 2H2O(l) +1.23

O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– → 4OH–(aq) +0.40

2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g) 0.00

2H2O(l) + 2e– → 2OH–(aq) + H2(g) – 0.83

(a) State why the electrode potential for the standard hydrogen electrode is equal to 0.00V.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Use data from the table to calculate the e.m.f. of a hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell operating in
alkaline conditions.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Write the conventional representation for an alkaline hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell.

......................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 38 of 81
(d) Use the appropriate half-equations to construct an overall equation for the reaction that
occurs when an alkaline hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell operates. Show your working.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(e) Give one reason, other than cost, why the platinum electrodes are made by coating a
porous ceramic material with platinum rather than by using platinum rods.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(f) Suggest why the e.m.f. of a hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell, operating in acidic conditions, is
exactly the same as that of an alkaline fuel cell.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(g) Other than its lack of pollution, state briefly the main advantage of a fuel cell over a
re-chargeable cell such as the nickel–cadmium cell when used to provide power for an
electric motor that propels a vehicle.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(h) Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells are sometimes regarded as a source of energy that is carbon
neutral. Give one reason why this may not be true.

......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 39 of 81
 (a) The term oxidation was used originally to describe a reaction in which a substance gained
24 oxygen. The oxygen was provided by the oxidising agent. Later the definition of oxidation
was revised when the importance of electron transfer was recognised.

An aqueous solution of sulfur dioxide was reacted in separate experiments as follows.

Reaction 1 with HgO

H2O + SO2 + HgO → H2SO4 + Hg

Reaction 2 with chlorine

2H2O + SO2 + Cl2 → H2SO4 + 2HCl

(i) In Reaction 1, identify the substance that donates oxygen and therefore is the
oxidising agent.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Show, by writing a half-equation, that this oxidising agent in reaction 1 is an electron
acceptor.

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Write a half-equation for the oxidation process occurring in reaction 2.

.............................................................................................................

(iv) Write a half-equation for the reduction process occurring in reaction 2.

.............................................................................................................
(4)

(b) Use the standard electrode potential data given in the able below to answer the questions
which follow.

E/V

V3+(aq) + e– → V2+(aq) –0.26

SO42–(aq) + 4H (aq) + 2e →
+ –
H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l) +0.17
VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e– → V3+(aq) + H2O(l) +0.34
Fe (aq) + e →
3+ –
Fe (aq)
2+
+0.77
VO2+(aq) + 2H (aq) + e →
+ –
VO (aq) + H2O(l)
2+
+1.00
MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e– → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) +1.52

Each of the above can be reversed under suitable conditions

Page 40 of 81
 (i) An excess of potassium manganate(VII) was added to a solution containing V2+(aq)
ions. Determine the vanadium species present in the solution at the end of this
reaction. State the oxidation state of vanadium in this species and write a
half-equation for its formation from V2+(aq).

Vanadium species present at the end of the reaction .......................................

.............................................................................................................

Oxidation state of vanadium in the final species ................................

.............................................................................................................

Half-equation .......................................................................................

(ii) The cell represented below was set up under standard conditions.

Pt|H2SO3(aq),SO42–(aq),H+(aq)||Fe3+(aq),Fe2+(aq)|Pt

Calculate the e.m.f. of this cell and state, with an explanation, how this e.m.f. will
change if the concentration of Fe3+(aq) ions is increased.

Cell e.m.f. ...........................................................................................

Change in cell e.m.f. ..........................................................................

Explanation .........................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(7)

(c) Consider the cell below

– +
+ –
Pt|H2(g)|H (aq)||O2(g)|OH (aq)|Pt

(i) Using half-equations, deduce an overall equation for the cell reaction.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) State how, if at all, the e.m.f. of this cell will change if the surface area of each
platinum electrode is doubled.

.............................................................................................................
(3)

Page 41 of 81
 (d) Currently, almost all hydrogen is produced by the high-temperature reaction between
methane, from North Sea gas, and steam. Give one economic and one environmental
disadvantage of this method of producing hydrogen.

Economic disadvantage ..............................................................................

Environmental disadvantage .......................................................................

(2)

(e) Hydrogen can also be produced by the electrolysis of acidified water using electricity
produced using solar cells. Give one reason why this method is not used on a large scale.

......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 17 marks)

Use the data in the table below, where appropriate, to answer the questions which follow.
25
Standard electrode potentials E /V

Fe3+(aq) + e– Fe2+(aq) +0.77

Cl2(g) + 2e– 2Cl–(aq) +1.36

+ 12H+ (aq) + 10e– Br2(aq) + 6H2O(l) +1.52

O3(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– O2(g) + H2O(l) +2.08

F2O(g) + 2H+(aq) + 4e– 2F–(aq) + H2O(l) +2.15

Each of the above can be reversed under suitable conditions.

(a) (i) Identify the most powerful reducing agent in the table.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Identify the most powerful oxidising agent in the table.

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Identify all the species in the table which can be oxidised in acidic solution by BrO
(aq).

.............................................................................................................
(4)

Page 42 of 81
(b) The cell represented below was set up.

Pt|Fe2+ (aq), Fe3+ (aq) || BrO (aq), Br2(aq)|Pt

(i) Deduce the e.m.f. of this cell.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Write a half-equation for the reaction occurring at the negative electrode when current
is taken from this cell.

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Deduce what change in the concentration of Fe3+(aq) would cause an increase in the
e.m.f. of the cell. Explain your answer.

Change in concentration .....................................................................

Explanation .........................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 43 of 81
 Where appropriate, use the standard electrode potential data in the table below to answer the
26 questions which follow.

Eο/V

Zn2+(aq) + 2e– → Zn(s) –0.76

V3+(aq) + e– → V2+(aq) –0.26

+ 2e- → + H2O(l) +0.17

+ 2H+(aq)

VO2+(aq) +2H+(aq) + e– → V3+(aq) + H2O(l) +0.34

Fe3+(aq) + e– → Fe2+(aq) +0.77

+ e– → VO2+(aq) + H2O(l) +1.00

+ 2H+(aq)

Cl2(aq) + 2e– → 2Cl–(aq) +1.36

(a) From the table above select the species which is the most powerful reducing agent.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) From the table above select

(i) a species which, in acidic solution, will reduce to VO2+(aq) but will not
reduce VO2+(aq) to V3+(aq),

.............................................................................................................

(ii) a species which, in acidic solution, will oxidise VO2+(aq) to .

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(c) The cell represented below was set up under standard conditions.

Pt|Fe2+(aq), Fe3+(aq)||Tl3+(aq),Tl+(aq)|Pt Cell e.m.f. = + 0.48 V

(i) Deduce the standard electrode potential for the following half-reaction.

Tl3+(aq) + 2e– → Tl+(aq)

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

Page 44 of 81
 (ii) Write an equation for the spontaneous cell reaction.

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(d) After acidification, 25.0 cm3 of a solution of hydrogen peroxide reacted exactly with
16.2 cm3 of a 0.0200 mol dm–3 solution of potassium manganate(VII). The overall equation
for the reaction is given below.

+ 6H+ + 5H2O2 → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2

(i) Use the equation for this reaction to determine the concentration, in g dm–3, of the
hydrogen peroxide solution.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the maximum volume of oxygen, measured at a pressure of 98 kPa and a
temperature of 298 K, which would be evolved in this reaction.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(8)
(Total 14 marks)

Page 45 of 81
 Use the standard electrode potential data given in the table below, where appropriate, to answer
27 the questions which follow.

Each of the above can be reversed under suitable conditions.

(a) The cell represented below was set up under standard conditions.

Pt | H2SO3(aq), SO (aq), || Fe3+(aq), Fe2+(aq) |Pt

(i) Calculate the e.m.f. of this cell.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Write a half-equation for the oxidation process occurring at the negative electrode of
this cell.

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(b) The cell represented below was set up under standard conditions.

Pt | H2O2(aq), O2(g) || IO (aq), I2(aq) |Pt

(i) Write an equation for the spontaneous cell reaction.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Give one reason why the e.m.f. of this cell changes when the electrodes are
connected and a current flows.

.............................................................................................................

Page 46 of 81
 (iii) State how, if at all, the e.m.f. of this standard cell will change if the surface area
of each platinum electrode is doubled.

.............................................................................................................

(iv) State how, if at all, the e.m.f. of this cell will change if the concentration of IO ions
is increased. Explain your answer.

Change, if any, in e.m.f. of cell ............................................................

Explanation .........................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(7)

(c) An excess of acidified potassium manganate(VII) was added to a solution containing

V2+(aq) ions. Use the data given in the table to determine the vanadium species present
in the solution at the end of this reaction. State the oxidation state of vanadium in this
species and write a half-equation for its formation from V2+(aq).

Vanadium species present at end of reaction ..............................................

Oxidation state of vanadium in final species ….............................................

Half-equation ................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

In this question consider the data below.

28
E /V

Ag+(aq) + e− → Ag(s) +0.80

2H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g) 0.00

Pb2+(aq) + 2e− → Pb(s) −0.13

The e.m.f. of the cell Ag(s) | Ag+(aq) || Pb2+(aq) | Pb(s) is

A 0.93 V

B 0.67 V

C −0.67 V

D −0.93 V
(Total 1 mark)

Page 47 of 81
 In this question consider the data below.
29
E /V

Ag+(aq) + e− → Ag(s) +0.80

2H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g) 0.00

Pb2+(aq) + 2e− → Pb(s) −0.13

The e.m.f. of the cell Pt(s) | H2(g) | H+(aq) || Ag+(aq) | Ag(s) would be increased by

A increasing the concentration of H+(aq).

B increasing the surface area of the Pt electrode.

C increasing the concentration of Ag+(aq).

D decreasing the pressure of H2(g).

(Total 1 mark)

A disproportionation reaction occurs when a species M+ spontaneously undergoes simultaneous

30
oxidation and reduction.

2M+(aq) → M2+(aq) + M(s)

The table below contains E data for copper and mercury species.

E /V

Cu2+(aq) + e− → Cu+(aq) + 0.15

Cu+(aq) + e− → Cu(s) + 0.52

Hg2+(aq) + e− → Hg+(aq) + 0.91

Hg+(aq) + e− → Hg(l) + 0.80

Using these data, which one of the following can be predicted?

A Both Cu(I) and Hg(I) undergo disproportionation.

B Only Cu(I) undergoes disproportionation.

C Only Hg(I) undergoes disproportionation.

D Neither Cu(I) nor Hg(I) undergoes disproportionation.

(Total 1 mark)

Page 48 of 81
31 Cr2O (aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e− → 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) E = +1.33 V

Br2(aq) + 2e− → 2Br−(aq) E = +1.09 V

Fe3+(aq) + e− → Fe2+(aq) E = +0.77 V

VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e− → V3+(aq) + H2O(l) E = +0.34 V

SO (aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e− → H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l) E = +0.17 V

Based on the above data, which one of the following could reduce 0.012 mol of bromine to
bromide ions?

A 40 cm3 of a 0.10 mol dm−3 solution of Cr2O (aq)

B 80 cm3 of a 0.30 mol dm−3 solution of Fe3+(aq)

C 50 cm3 of a 0.24 mol dm−3 solution of V3+(aq)

C 50 cm3 of a 0.24 mol dm−3 solution of H2SO3(aq)

(Total 1 mark)

Use the data below, where appropriate, to answer the questions which follow.
32
Standard electrode potentials E /V

2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g) 0.00

Br2(aq) + 2e– → 2Br–(aq) +1.09

+1.52
(aq) + 12H+(aq) + 10e– → Br2(aq) +
6H2O(l)

Each of the above can be reversed under suitable conditions.

(a) State the hydrogen ion concentration and the hydrogen gas pressure when, at 298 K, the
potential of the hydrogen electrode is 0.00 V.

Hydrogen ion concentration .........................................................................

Hydrogen gas pressure ................................................................................

(2)

Page 49 of 81
(b) The electrode potential of a hydrogen electrode changes when the hydrogen ion
concentration is reduced. Explain, using Le Chatelier’s principle, why this change occurs
and state how the electrode potential of the hydrogen electrode changes.

Explanation of change ..................................................................................

Change in electrode potential .......................................................................

(3)

(c) A diagram of a cell using platinum electrodes X and Y is shown below.

(i) Use the data above to calculate the e.m.f. of the above cell under standard
conditions.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Write a half-equation for the reaction occurring at electrode X and an overall equation
for the cell reaction which occurs when electrodes X and Y are connected.

Half-equation ......................................................................................

Overall equation ..................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 50 of 81
 Use the data in the table below to answer this question.
33

E /V

MnO (aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e− → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 1.52

Cr2O (aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e− → 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) + 1.33

Fe3+(aq) + e− → Fe2+(aq) + 0.77

Cr3+(aq) + e− → Cr2+(aq) − 0.41

Zn2+(aq) + 2e− → Zn(s) − 0.76

The most powerful oxidising agent in the table is

A Mn2+(aq)

B Zn(s)

C MnO (aq)

D Zn2+(aq)
(Total 1 mark)

Page 51 of 81
 Use the data in the table below to answer this question.
34

E /V

MnO (aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e− → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 1.52

Cr2O (aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e− → 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) + 1.33

Fe3+(aq) + e− → Fe2+(aq) + 0.77

Cr3+(aq) + e− → Cr2+(aq) − 0.41

Zn2+(aq) + 2e− → Zn(s) − 0.76

Which one of the following statements is not correct?

A Fe2+(aq) can reduce acidified MnO (aq) to Mn2+(aq)

B CrO (aq) can oxidise acidified Fe2+(aq) to Fe3+(aq)

C Zn(s) can reduce acidified Cr2O (aq) to Cr2+(aq)

D Fe2+(aq) can reduce acidified Cr3+(aq) to Cr2+(aq)

(Total 1 mark)

Use the standard electrode potential data in the table below to answer the questions which
35 follow.

E /V
_________________________________________________________

Ce4+(aq) + e– Ce3+(aq) +1.70

– + – 2+
MnO (aq) + 8H (aq)+ 5e Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l) +1.51
– –
Cl2(g) + 2e 2Cl (aq) +1.36
VO2+(aq) +2H+(aq) + e– VO2+(aq) + H2O(l) +1.00
3+ – 2+
Fe (aq) + e Fe (aq) +0.77
SO42–(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e– H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l) +0.17
_________________________________________________________

(a) Name the standard reference electrode against which all other electrode potentials are
measured.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 52 of 81
(b) When the standard electrode potential for Fe3+(aq) / Fe2+(aq) is measured, a platinum
electrode is required.

(i) What is the function of the platinum electrode?

.............................................................................................................

(ii) What are the standard conditions which apply to Fe3+(aq)/Fe2+(aq) when measuring
this potential?

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(c) The cell represented below was set up under standard conditions.

Pt|H2SO3(aq), SO42–(aq)||MnO4–(aq), Mn2+(aq)|Pt

Calculate the e.m.f. of this cell and write an equation for the spontaneous cell reaction.

Cell e.m.f. ….................................................................................................

Equation .......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(d) (i) Which one of the species given in the table is the strongest oxidising agent?

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Which of the species in the table could convert Fe2+(aq) into Fe3+(aq) but could not
convert Mn2+(aq) into MnO4–(aq)?

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(e) Use data from the table of standard electrode potentials to deduce the cell which would
have a standard e.m.f. of 0.93 V. Represent this cell using the convention shown in part (c).

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Page 53 of 81
 Large blocks of magnesium are bolted onto the hulls of iron ships in an attempt to prevent the
36 iron being converted into iron(II), one of the steps in the rusting process.

Use the data below, where appropriate, to answer the questions which follow.

E /V
Mg2+(aq) + 2e– Mg(s) –2.37
Fe2+(aq) + 2e– Fe(s) –0.44
– –
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH (aq) +0.40

(a) Calculate the e.m.f. of the cell represented by Mg(s)|Mg2+(aq)||Fe2+(aq)|Fe(s) under

standard conditions. Write a half-equation for the reaction occurring at the negative
electrode of this cell when a current is drawn.

Cell e.m.f. ....................................................................................................

Half-equation ................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Deduce how the e.m.f. of the cell Mg(s)|Mg2+(aq)||Fe2+(aq)|Fe(s) changes when the
concentration of Mg2+ is decreased. Explain your answer.

Change in e.m.f. ..........................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) Calculate a value for the e.m.f. of the cell represented by

Pt(s)|OH–(aq)|O2(g)||Fe2+(aq)|Fe(s) and use it to explain why iron corrodes when in contact
with water which contains dissolved oxygen.

Cell e.m.f. ....................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 54 of 81
Mark schemes
(a) Electron acceptor / gains electrons
1
do not allow electron pair acceptor
1

(b) Fe2+ ions

1

Fe2+ / Fe or Fe2+ or it has smallest / most negative electrode potential / E°

Do not allow Fe / Fe2+
Cannot score M2 if M1 incorrect
1

(c) Pt|H2|H+||Ag+|Ag
M1 for H2 H+ Ag+ Ag in correct order
1

allow dashed phase boundaries

2H+ loses one mark (M2)

M2 for Pt correct and correct phase boundaries
Ignore state symbols. M1 must be correct to score M2
If answer correct but all in reverse order allow 1 mark out of two
1

Any two correct conditions

• 298 K / 25 °C
• 100 kPa
• both solutions of unit concentration
• zero current
Allow 1 bar
Do not apply list principle, mark correct answers.
2

Page 55 of 81
 (d) E Au+( / Au) > E O2 ( / H2O) OR e.m.f. / Ecell = 0.45 V
If both species in electrode given, must be in correct order i.e. Au+ /
Au
1

Au+ (ions) oxidise water OR water reduces Au+ (ions)

Allow water donates electrons to Au+
1

Gold metal / solid / precipitate OR bubbles / effervescence of (oxygen gas) / gas

produced
Penalise incorrect observations
1

2Au+ + H2O → 2Au + 2H+ + O2 OR 4Au+ + 2H2O → 4Au + 4H+ + O2

Allow multiples
1

(e) (i) 1.24 (V)

Do not allow −1.24
1

(ii) Chloride ions / Cl− react with / form a precipitate with silver ions / Ag+ / form
AgCl
Penalise reaction of chloride ions with iron ions or iron
1

(f) E O2 ( / H2O) > E Fe3+ ( / Fe2+) (or e.m.f / Ecell = 0.46 V)

Species in electrode if all given must be in correct order
1

Therefore the iron(II) ions are oxidised (or converted) into iron(III) ions (by oxygen)
If chloride ions oxidised to chlorine, lose M2
M2 can be obtained or lost from equation.
Ignore observations.
1
[15]

(a) (Biocide) reacts with bacteria / used up killing bacteria

2
Max two marks

Chlorine given off / evaporates

Do not allow “chlorine has reacted with water” alone.

Chlorine has reacted with water to form (HCl and) O2

Do not allow products of HCl and HOCl alone
2

(b) the concentration of the remaining solution (after a sample has been removed) is
unchanged.
1

Page 56 of 81
 (c) So that all chlorine was reacted / reduced
Do not allow ‘all of the iodide was oxidised’
1

(d) The Eo value for the iodine half-equation is more positive than that for the thiosulfate
Allow = 0.45
Must refer to values
1

(e) S2O32− + I2 I− + S4O62−

Allow multiples
1
[6]

(a) The ions in the ionic substance in the salt bridge move through the salt bridge
3 1

To maintain charge balance / complete the circuit

1

(b) F–
1

(c) EƟ SO42– / SO2 < EƟ Br2 / Br–

Allow correct answer expressed in words, eg electrode potential for
sulfate ions / sulfur dioxide is less than that for bromine / bromide
1

(d) 1.23 (V)

1

(e) A fuel cell converts more of the available energy from combustion of hydrogen into
kinetic energy of the car / an internal combustion engine wastes more (heat) energy
1
[6]

A
4 [1]

(a) Pt|H2|H+||Fe2+|Fe
5
Allow 1 for correct order of symbols but lose second mark for a
wrong phase boundary(s) / Pt missing / extra Pt on RHS, additional
phase boundary

Note, allow one mark only for correct symbol in reverse:

Fe|Fe2+||H+|H2|Pt
Allow dashed lines for salt bridge
Ignore state symbols
Ignore 2 if used before H+
2

Page 57 of 81
(b) Electron donor
Allow (species that) loses electrons
Do not allow reference to electron pairs
1

(c) Cl2 / chlorine

If M1 blank or incorrect cannot score M2
1

(Species on RHS / electron donor) has most positive / largest EΘ /

has highest potential
Do not allow reference to e.m.f. or E(cell)
1

(d) (i) Cl / chlorine

1

(ii) Chlorine +1 to chlorine 0

CE if chlorine not identified in part (i)
Allow chlorine +1 to chlorine –1 (in Cl–)
Allow oxidation state decreases by one OR two
Allow oxidation state changes by –1 OR –2
1

(e) 4HOCl + 4H+ + 4OH-→ 2Cl2 + O2 + 6H2O

OR

4HOCl → 2Cl2 + O2 + 2H2O

Allow one mark for any incorrect equation that shows
HOCl → Cl2 + O2
Allow multiples
Ignore state symbols
Penalise one mark for uncancelled or uncombined species (eg H2O
+ H2O instead of 2H2O)
2

(f) (i) e.m.f. = 0.40 – (–1.25) = 1.65 (V) / +1.65 (V)

Allow –1.65 (V)
1

(ii) 2Zn + O2 → 2ZnO

Allow multiples
Ignore state symbols
Do not allow uncancelled species
If more than one equation given, choose the best
1

Page 58 of 81
 (iii) A / stainless lid
If M1 incorrect or blank CE=0
1

O2 (electrode) has a more positive EΘ / oxygen (electrode) requires / gains

electrons from external circuit
Or reference to the overall equation and a link to electrons going
into A
Allow oxygen is reduced and reduction occurs at the positive
electrode

OR Zinc (electrode) has more negative EΘ

Do not allow reference to e.m.f. or E(cell)
1

(iv) (Cell) reaction(s) cannot be reversed / zinc oxide cannot be reduced to zinc by
passing a current through it / zinc cannot be regenerated
Allow danger from production of gas / oxygen produced / hydrogen
produced
1
[14]

(a) (i) H2 + 2OH- → 2H2O + 2e- / H2 → 2H+ + 2e-

6
Any order
1

O2 + 4e- + 2H2O → 4OH- / O2 + 4H+ + 4e- → 2H2O

1

(ii) Hydrogen (electrode) produces electrons

Ignore reference to salt bridge
Do not allow at negative / positive electrode – must identify
hydrogen and oxygen
1

Oxygen (electrode) accepts electrons

Allow electrons flow to the oxygen electrode
1

(b) Hydrogen / the fuel / reactants supplied continuously / fed in

Do not accept oxygen supplied as the only statement
1

(c) In the fuel cell, a greater proportion of the energy available from the hydrogen–oxygen
reaction is converted into useful energy
Allow less energy wasted / more efficient
Do not allow reference to safety
1

Page 59 of 81
 (d) Hydrogen is flammable / H+ corrosive / OH– corrosive / hydrogen explosive
1
[7]

(a) Platinum electrode

7 1

Solution in beaker is a mixture of named soluble iron(II) compound and named

soluble iron(III) compound
Allow correct formulae for the iron compounds.
1

Concentrations of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions are both 1 mol dm−3

Ignore any references to temperature.
If eg Fe2(SO4)3 used then concentration must be 0.5
1

(b) Purpose: Allow movement of ions between electrodes

Allow to maintain an electric circuit.
Do not allow reference to movement of electrons in salt bridge.
1

Requirement: Must not react with the electrolyte / ions in solution

Do not allow ‘must not react’ without further qualification.
1
[5]

(a) Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e−

8
If equations reversed, allow M1 only.
1

Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s)

Ignore state symbols.
1

(b) Moles of copper(II) reacted = (100 / 1000) × 0.5 = 0.05

1

Moles of zinc reacted = 0.05

1

Mass of zinc lost = 0.05 × 65.4 = 3.27 g

Correct final answer without working scores M3 only.
1

(c) Allow cell to discharge until [Cu2+] is 0.5

Alternative: Allow cell to discharge completely.
1

Confirmed by colorimetric measurement or other suitable method

Solution colourless or use of chemical test to determine absence of
copper(II)
1

Page 60 of 81
 Weigh the Zn electrode before and after the experiment
Weigh Zn electrodes before and after and halve the mass change.
1
[8]

(a) Solar cells do not supply electrical energy all the time
9 1

Rechargeable cells can store electrical energy for use when the solar cells are not
working
1

(b) Prevent pollution of the environment by toxic or dangerous substances / recycling of

valuable components
Do not allow ‘will not use up landfill sites’.
1
[3]

(a) It has mobile ions / ions can move through it / free ions
10
Do not allow movement of electrons.
Allow specific ions provided they are moving but do not react.
1

(b) Chloride ions react with copper ions / Cu2+ OR [CuCl4]2− formed
If incorrect chemistry, mark = 0
1

(c) The Cu2+ ions / CuSO4 in the left-hand electrode more concentrated
Allow converse.
1

So the reaction of Cu2+ with 2e− will occur (in preference at) left-hand electrode / Cu
→ Cu2+ + electrons at right-hand electrode
Allow left-hand electrode positive / right-hand electrode negative.
Also reduction at left-hand electrode / oxidation at right-hand
electrode.
Also left-hand electrode has oxidising agent / right-hand electrode
has reducing agent.
Allow E left-hand side > E right-hand side
1

(d) (Eventually) the copper ions / CuSO4 in each electrode will be at the same
concentration
1

(e) (i) −3.05 (V)

Must have minus sign.
−3.05 only.
1

Page 61 of 81
 (ii) LiMnO2 → Li + MnO2 correct equation
Allow 1 for reverse equation.
Allow multiples.
1

Correct direction
If Li+ not cancelled but otherwise correct, max = 1
If electrons not cancelled, CE = 0
LiMnO2 → Li + MnO2 scores 2
Li+ + LiMnO2 → Li++ Li + MnO2 scores 1
Li + MnO2 → LiMnO2 scores 1
1

(iii) Electricity for recharging the cell may come from power stations burning (fossil)
fuel
Allow any reference to burning (of carbon-containing) fuels.
Note combustion = burning.
1
[9]

(a) To remove the oxide layer on the aluminium

11
Do not allow ‘cleaning’ or ‘removal of grease’.
Do not allow ‘removal of impurities’ without qualification.
1

(b) An appropriate method for delivering H2 gas over a Pt electrode

Need H2 gas and Pt electrode labelled (allow gas delivered directly
below the electrode).
1

The Pt electrode must clearly be in contact with a solution of a named acid.

Ignore any concentration or pressure values.
Ignore absence of bubbles.
Allow if electrode is below outer acid level.
1

(c) The carbonate ion reacts with the acid (in the SHE) / reaction between carbonate and
Al3+
Lose this mark if aluminium carbonate formed but mark on.
1

Reaction given (either equation or products specified)

OR H+ / Al3+ concentrations change / cell e.m.f. altered

1
[5]

(a) Diagram of an Fe3+ / Fe2+ electrode that includes the following parts labelled:
12
Solution containing Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions
1

Page 62 of 81
 Platinum electrode connected to one terminal of a voltmeter
Must be in the solution of iron ions (one type will suffice)
1

Salt bridge
Do not allow incorrect material for salt bridge and salt bridge must
be in the solution (ie it must be shown crossing a meniscus)
1

298 K and 100 kPa / 1 bar

1

all solutions unit / 1 mol dm−3 concentration

Allow zero current / high resistance voltmeter as alternative to M4
or M5
Ignore hydrogen electrode even if incorrect
1

(b) Cu2+ + Fe → Cu + Fe2+

Ignore state symbols
1

Fe|Fe2+||Cu2+|Cu correct order

Allow Cu|Cu2+||Fe2+|Fe
1

Phase boundaries and salt bridge correct, no Pt

Allow single / double dashed line for salt bridge
Penalise phase boundary at either electrode end
Can only score M3 if M2 correct
1

Copper electrode
Allow any reference to copper
1

(c) Eϴ Au+( / Au) > Eϴ O2 ( / H2O)

Allow E cell / e.m.f. = 0.45 V
Allow 1.68 > 1.23
1

So Au+ ions will oxidise water / water reduces Au+

QoL
1

2Au+ + H2O → 2Au + O2 + 2H+

Allow multiples
1

Page 63 of 81
 (d) Eϴ Ag+( / Ag) > Eϴ Fe2+( / Fe)
Allow E cell / e.m.f. = 1.24
Allow 0.80 > −0.44
1

And Eϴ Ag+( / Ag) > Eϴ Fe3+( / Fe2+)

Allow E cell / e.m.f. = 0.03
Allow 0.80 > 0.77
1

So silver ions will oxidise iron (to iron(II) ions) and then oxidise Fe(II) ions (further to
Fe(III) ions producing silver metal)
Allow Ag+ ions will oxidise iron to iron(III)
1
[15]

(a) Electron acceptor / gains electrons / takes electrons away

13
Do not allow electron pair acceptor / gain of electrons / definition of
redox (QWC)
1

(b) Cd(OH)2
Do not allow ‘Cd(OH) 2/Cd’
1

Species (on LHS) with the least positive/most negative electrode potential / lowest E
/ smallest E
Only allow this mark if M1 answer given correctly or blank
Do not allow negative emf
1

(c) (i) 1.5 (V) / 1.50

1

(ii) 2MnO2 + 2H2O + Zn →2MnO(OH) + 2OH– + Zn2+

Ignore state symbols
e– must be cancelled
(take care that Zn2+ is on RHS)
1

(iii) Allows ions to pass (through it) or words to that effect

Penalise passage of electrons
Allow mention of particular ions
1

(iv) Allows electrons to flow / makes electrical contact / conductor

Allow acts as an (inert) electrode / anode / cathode
1

Page 64 of 81
 (v) Zn is ‘used up’ / has reacted / oxidised
Allow idea that zinc reacts
Do not allow just zinc corrodes
1

(d) (i) 3 / +3 / III

1

2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2 → 2NiO(OH) + Cd + 2H2O

For correct nickel and cadmium species in correct order (allow H2O
missing and OH– not cancelled)
1
For balanced equation (also scores M2)
Allow max 1 for M2 and M3 if correct balanced equation but
reversed.
Ignore state symbols
1

(ii) Metal / metal compounds are re-used / supplies are not depleted / It (the cell)
can be re-used
Allow does not leak / no landfill problems / less mining / less energy
to extract metals / less waste
Do not allow less CO2 unless explained
1

(e) (i) C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

Allow C2H6O
1

(ii) C2H5OH + 3H2O → 2CO2 + 12H+ + 12e–

Allow C2H6O
1

(iii) (+)0.23 (V)

1

(iv) CO2 released by combustion / fermentation / fuel cell / reaction with water
Can be answered with the aid of equations
1

(atmospheric) CO2 taken up in photosynthesis

1
[17]

(a) Manganate would oxidise / react with Cl−

14 1

Page 65 of 81
 Because Eϴ for MnO4− is more positive than that for Cl2 / 1.51 – 1.36 = +0.15 (V)
Must refer to data from the table for M2.
1

(b) Moles of H+ = 25 × 0.0200 × 8 / 1000 = 4.00 × 10−3

1

Moles of H2SO4 = 2.00 × 10−3 (4.00 × 10−3 / 2)

Allow consequential marking on incorrect moles of H+
1

Volume H2SO4 = 4.00 (cm3) (2.00 × 10−3 × 1000 / 0.500)

Allow consequential marking on incorrect moles of H2SO4
Accept 4 cm3.
8 cm3 scores 2 marks.
Do not penalise precision.
Correct answer without working scores M3 only.
1

(c) (i) MnO4− + 4H+ + 3e− → MnO2 + 2H2O

Allow multiples, including fractions.
Ignore state symbols.
1

(ii) Can’t see end point due to brown colour

1

Larger titre (than expected)

Allow the idea that with two reactions can’t make use of titre in
calculations.
Do not allow ‘an inaccurate result’ without qualification.
1

(d) Solution (very) dilute / lots of water

1
[9]

(a) HCl 1.0 mol dm–3

15
Allow H2SO4 0.5 mol dm–3
Allow HNO3 1.0 mol dm–3
Allow name or formula
Concentration can be given after “conditions”
1

(Hydrogen at) 100kPa / 1 bar

1

298 K
1

Page 66 of 81
(b) Pt / Platinum
Mark on if no answer for M1
If wrong answer for M1, only mark on if electrode is Au, Ag, Pb or Ti
1

Inert / unreactive / does not create a potential difference

1

Conducts electricity / allows electron flow / conducts / conductor

1

(c) KCl
Allow NaCl, KNO3, Na2SO4 etc NOT NH4Cl
1

Does not react with either electrode / solution in electrode

Allow unreactive / inert
1

Ions can move

Allow conducts electricity / electrical connection / carries charge
Do not allow just connects / completes the circuit
Do not allow conducts / carries electrons
Mark these independently
1

(d) Pt|H2|H+||Fe3+,Fe2+|Pt
Ignore state symbols
Order must be correct
| must be correct but allow | instead of , separating Fe3+ from Fe2+
Allow , instead of | separating H2 and H+
1

(e) (i) 2Fe3+ + H2 2Fe2+ + 2H+

Allow multiples
1

(ii) The Fe3+ ions would be used up / reaction completed

Answer must relate to reactants in (e)(i) equation if given
Allow reactant / reactants used up
Do not allow concentration of Fe3+ decreases
Allow concentration of Fe3+ falls to zero
1
[12]

Page 67 of 81
 (a) H2O2
16
Ignore state symbols
1

(b) E Ɵ Cl2/Cl– > E Ɵ O2/H2O

Allow potential for chlorine/Cl2 greater than for oxygen/O2
Allow 1.36 > 1.23 / E cell = 0.13
1

Cl2 + H2O 2Cl– + 1/2O2 + 2H+

Allow multiples
Allow + HCl
1

(c) Activation energy is high / light/UV provides the activation energy / light breaks
chlorine molecule / Cl–Cl bond
If light used to break Cl–Cl bond award 1 mark and ignore product
e.g. Cl–
1

(d) O (–1) (in H2O2 )

Must give oxidation state of O in H2O2= –1
1

Changes to O(–2) (in water)

Must give oxidation state of O in water = –2
CE = 0/2 if refers to oxidation state of H changing
1

(e) E Ɵ H2O2/H2O > E Ɵ O2/H2O2

Allow stated in words
Allow 1.77 > 0.68 / E cell = 1.09
1

2H2O2 O2 + 2H2O
Allow multiples
H+ and e– must be cancelled
1
[8]

Page 68 of 81
 (a) loses electrons / donates electrons
17
penalise donates electron pair
1

(b) Zn
1

(most) negative Eo / lowest Eo / least positive

can only score M2 if M1 correct
do not allow e.m.f instead of Eo
1

(c) Eo F2 (/F–) > Eo O2 (/H2O)

or e.m.f is positive or e.m.f = 1.64 V
1

Fluorine reacts to form oxygen (can score from equation in

M3 even if equation unbalanced provided no contradiction)
or fluorine oxidises water
or fluorine is a more powerful oxidising agent than oxygen
1

2F2 + 2H2O → 4F– + 4H+ + O2

allow 4HF in equation
balanced equation scores M2 and M3
1

(d) (i) order correct Zn Zn2+ Ag2O Ag or reverse of this order

ignore ss , H+ and H2O, no. of moles
1

all phase boundaries correct

allow Zn|Zn2+||Ag2O,Ag
or Zn|Zn2+||Ag2O|H+|Ag for M1 & M2

e.g. Zn|Zn2+||Ag2O|Ag or Ag|Ag2O||Zn2+|Zn scores 2

M2 cannot be gained unless M1 scored
allow H+ either side of Ag2O with comma or |
for M2 penalise
• wrong phase boundary (allow dashed lines for
salt bridge)
• Pt
• use of + (from half equation)
• water/H+ outside Ag in Ag electrode
1

Page 69 of 81
 (ii) 1.1 (V)
Allow no units, penalise wrong units
allow correct answer even if no answer to (d)(i) or answer to (d)(i)
incorrect
allow –1.1 if silver electrode on Left in (d)(i) even if the species are
in the wrong order.
1

(iii) Reaction(s) not reversible or H2O electrolyses

do not allow hard to reverse
mention of primary cell is not enough to show that reaction(s) are
irreversible
1

(e) (i) –0.46 (V)

Allow no units, penalise wrong units
1

(ii) 2PbSO4 + 2H2O → Pb +PbO2 + 2HSO4– + 2H+

lead species correct on correct sides of equation

1

equation balanced and includes H2O,

HSO4– and H+ (or H2SO4)

allow ions / species must be fully cancelled out or combined
allow 1/2 for balanced reverse equation
1

(f) (i) reagents / PbO2 / H2SO4 /acid / ions used up

(or concentration decreases)
1

(ii) fuel cell

Ignore any other words
1

(iii) reagents / fuel supplied continuously

1

concentrations (of reagents) remain constant

1
[17]

MnO4- will oxidise the chloride ion / reaction of MnO4- and Cl- feasible
18
Accept converse argument with Cr2O72-
Accept calculations of overall E° values.
1

Page 70 of 81
 Larger volume needed
1
[2]

(a) (i) Co/Cobalt

19
If Co or Cobalt not given CE = 0
ignore case in symbol for Co
1

(+) 4
1

(+) 3
Allow 4 and 3 in either order
1

(ii) Li → Li+ + e–
Ignore state symbols
Allow e without -ve sign
Do not allow equilibrium sign
1

(iii) Platinum is a conductor

1

(Platinum is) unreactive/inert

Ignore mention of surface area or catalyst
Allow 2 marks if two properties given on one answer line
Apply list principle to contradictions/wrong answers
Do not allow platinum resists corrosion
1

(iv) Li reacts with water/forms lithium hydroxide

Allow water breaks down (or is electrolysed) on re-charge
1

(b) (i) Pt│SO32– (aq), SO42– (aq)││ClO3– (aq), Cl–(aq)│Pt

State symbols an ‘,’ not necessary
Allow | in place of ‘,’ NOT ‘,’ in place of |
Ignore H+ and H2O
Deduct one mark for each mistake (e.g. Pt missed twice counts as
two mistakes)
Allow reverse order for whole cell
Pt | Cl–, ClO3– || SO42–, SO32– | Pt
2

Page 71 of 81
 (ii) ClO3– + 3SO32– → Cl– + 3SO42–
1

Oxidising agent ClO3–

1

Reducing agent SO32–

1
[12]

(a) Hydrogen/H2 gas/bubbles

20 1

1.0 mol dm–3 HCl/H+

1

At 298K and 100kPa

Allow 1 bar instead of 100 kPa
Do not allow 1 atm
1

Pt (electrode)
1

(b) Li+ + MnO2 + e– → LiMnO2

Ignore state symbols
1

–0.13(V)
1

(c) Fe3+ ions reduced to Fe2+

Can score from equation/scheme
1

Because E(Fe3+(/Fe2+)) > E(H+/H2)/E(hydrogen)

Allow emf/Ecell +ve/0.77V
Allow Fe3+ better oxidising agent than H+
Allow H2 better reducing agent than Fe2+
Only award this explanation mark if previous mark given
1

Page 72 of 81
 (d) Moles Cr2O72– =23.7 × 0.01/1000 = 2.37 × 10–4
1

1 mol Cr2O72– reacts with 6 mol Fe2+ so moles

Fe2+ in 25 cm3 = 6 × 2.37 × 10–4 = 1.422 × 10–3
1
M1 × 6

Moles Fe2+ in 250 cm3 = 1.422 × 10–2

M2 × 10 or M4/10
1

Original moles Fe2+ = 10.00/277.9 = 0.0360

Independent mark
1

Moles Fe2+ oxidised = 0.0360 – 0.0142 = 0.0218

M4 – M3
1

% oxidised = (0.0218 × 100)/0.0360 = 60.5%

(M5 × 100)/M4
Allow 60 to 61
Note Max 3 if mol ratio for M2 wrong
eg 1:5 gives 67.1%
1:1 gives 93.4%
Note also, 39.5% (39-40) scores M1, M2, M3 and M4 (4 marks)
1
[14]

(a) 3C2O42− + [Co(H2O)6]2+ → [Co(C2O4)3]4− + 6H2O

21
Accept multiples.
Equation must have cobalt(II) hexaaqua ion.
1

(b) Ethanedioate ion reduces iron(III) ion or

iron(III) ion oxidises ethanedioate ion
Allow answer using equations.
1

(CO2 / C2O42−) more negative than (Fe3+ / Fe2+) or

(Fe3+ / Fe2+) > (CO2 / C2O42−)
or e.m.f. positive or cell voltage = +1.26
1
[3]

(a) 1.4 V
22
Allow + or –
1

Page 73 of 81
 (b) 2NiO(OH) + 2H2O + Cd → 2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2
Mark for species, Deduct a mark for additional species
(eg OH–) but allow balance mark
1

Balanced
If equation is reversed CE=0
1

(c) NiO(OH) or Ni(III) or nickel

1

+3
Allow conseq on wrong species
1
[5]

(a) By definition
23
allow ‘set to this value’
1

(b) 1.23 V
Allow + or –
1

(c) Pt|H2(g)|OH–(aq),H2O(l)||O2(g)|H2O(l),OH–(aq)|Pt
H2O not essential, allow reverse order

Correct but with Pt missing

1

Includes Pt with correct representation

1

(d) Uses O2 + 2H2O + 4e– → 4OH–

And (2×) 2OH– + H2 → 2H2O + 2e–

1

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
1

(e) Increases the surface area (so reaction faster)

1

(f) Overall reaction is the same (2H2 + O2 → 2H2O)

Or shows e.m.f. is the same
1

Page 74 of 81
 (g) Hydrogen and oxygen supplied continuously

OR

Can be operated without stopping to recharge

Or can be refuelled quickly
Allow any one mark
1

(h) Hydrogen may need to be made using an energy source that is

not ‘carbon neutral’
1
[10]

(a) (i) HgO

24 1

(ii) Hg2+ + 2e– → Hg

1

(iii) 2H2O + SO2 → H2SO4 + 2e– etc

1

(iv) Cl2 + 2e– → 2Cl–

1

(b) (i) Vanadium species: VO2+

1

Oxidation state: 5
1

Half-equation: V2+ + 2H2O → VO2+ + 4H+ + 3e–

1

(ii) Cell e.m.f 0.06 V

1

Change in e.m.f , Increases

1

More Fe3+ ions to accept electrons

1

Fe3+/Fe2+ electrode becomes more positive

1

Page 75 of 81
 (c) (i) 2H2 → 4H+ + 4e–
1

4e– + O2 + 2H2O → 4OH–

1

Overall equation 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

(ii) Unchanged
1

(d) Economic disadvantage; Use of CH4 or cost of producing or high temp

1

Environmental disadvantage; Makes CO2

1

(e) Cost of manufacture of solar cells

1
[17]

(a) (i) Fe2+

25
1

(ii) F2O
1

(iii) Fe2+
1

Cl–
1
Use list principle if more than two answers

(b) (i) e.m.f. = E(rhs) – E(lhs)

1

= 1.52 – 0.77 = 0.75

(0.75 scores first mark also)
1

(ii) Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e–

1

Page 76 of 81
 (iii) Decrease
(Increase is CE, no further marks)
1

Equilibrium (or reaction) shifts to R

(or L if refers to half equation in table)

(or in favour of more Fe3+)
(or more Fe3+ formed)
(or more electrons formed)
1

Electrode potential (for Fe3+/Fe2+) less positive (or decreases)

1
[10]

(a) most powerful reducing agent: Zn;

26 1

(b) (i) reducing species: Fe2+

1

(ii) oxidising species: Cl2;

1

(c) (i) standard electrode potential 1.25 V;

1

(ii) equation: Tl3+ + 2 Fe2+ → 2Fe3+ + Tl + balanced;

1

correct direction;
1

(d) (i) moles KMnO4 = 16.2 × 0.0200 ×10–3 = 3.24 ×10–4;

1

moles H2O2 = Moles KMnO4 × 5 / 2 = 8.10 × –4;

1

8.10 × 10–4 moles H2O2 in 25 cm3

8.10 × 10–4 × 1000 / 25 in 1000 cm3 = 0.0324 mol dm–3;
1

hence g dm–3 = mol dm–3 × Mr = 0.0324 × 34 = 1.10;

(penalise use of an incorrect H2O2 to KMnO4 ratio by two marks)
1

Page 77 of 81
 (ii) PV = nRT;
1

hence V = nRT / P
= 8.10 × 10–4× 8.31 × 298/98000;
1

= 2.05 × 10–5;
1

units m3;
(mark consequentially to answers in (c)(i))
(allow correct answers with other units)
(answers to (c)(i) and (ii) must be to 3 significant figures; penalise
once only)
1
[14]

(a) (i) 0.60 V

27 1

(ii)
1

(b) (i) Species

1

Balanced
1

(ii) The concentration of the ions change or are no longer standard or

the e.m.f is determined when no current flows
1

(iii) Unchanged
1

(iv) Increased
1

Equilibrium displaced to the right

1

Electrons more readily accepted or more reduction occurs

or electrode becomes more positive (Q o L)
1

Page 78 of 81
 (c)
1

5 or V
1

1
[12]

D
28 [1]

C
29 [1]

B
30 [1]

D
31 [1]

(a) Hydrogen ion concentration: 1.00 mol dm–3 (1)

32
Hydrogen gas pressure: 100 kPa (1)
2

(b) Explanation of change: Equilibrium displaced to left (1)

to reduce constraint (1)

Change in electrode potential: Becomes negative or decreases (1)

allow more negative
3

(c) (i) 0.43V (1)

(ii) Half-equation: 2Br– → Br2 + 2e– (1)

Overall equation: 2BrO3– + 10Br– + 12H+ → 6Br2 + 6H2O (2)

or BrO3– + 5Br– + 6H+ → 3Br2 + 3H2O
species (1)
balanced (1)
4
[9]

Page 79 of 81
C
33 [1]

D
34 [1]

(a) (Standard) hydrogen (electrode) (1)

35 1

(b) (i) To allow transfer of electrons / provide a reaction surface (1)

(ii) 298 K (1)

Both F3+ (aq) and Fe2+ (aq) have a concentration of 1
mol dm–3 (1) (QoL)
OR [H+] = 1 mol dm–3
NOT zero current or 100 kPa
3

(c) +1.34 V (1)

2 MnO4– + 5 H2SO3 → 2 Mn2+ + 5 SO42– + 3 H2O +4 H+
Correct species / order (1)
Balanced and cancelled (1)
Allow one for 2 MnO4– + 5 H2SO3 → 2 Mn2+ + 5 SO42–
3

(d) (i) Ce4+ (aq) (1)

(ii) VO2+ (aq) (1); Cl2 (1)

Penalise additional answers to zero
3

(e) Pt | Fe2+ (aq), Fe3+ (aq) || Ce4+(aq), Ce3+ (aq) | Pt

Correct species (1)
Correct order (1)
Deduct one mark for each error
2
[12]

(a) Cell e.m.f.: 1.93 (v) CE if negative value given (1)

36
Half equation: Mg → Mg2+ + 2 e– (1)
or
Ignore state symbols
Mark on after an AE
2

Page 80 of 81
(b) Change in e.m.f.: increases (1)
Mark on even if incorrect

Explanation: Equilibrium displaced to Mg2+ or to the left (1)

cell reaction or overall reaction goes to the right
Electrode is more negative or E decreases
or gives more electron
or forms more Mg2+ ions
Mark separately
3

(c) Cell e.m.f. : –0.84 (V) (1)

Explanation: Fe is giving electrons or forming Fe2+

or reaction goes in the reverse direction (1)
Mark on after AE
N.B. In (a) and (c) mark on if no value given,
but CE in both (a) and (c) if e.m.f. = 0
2
[7]

Page 81 of 81