Chemistry Question Bank 2023 Class 12

www.cbse.
page
Publisher :
www.cbse.page
cbse.page publishes the

Question Bank Books in
mobile readable pdf format
(mobile optimized pdf) for
those students who cannot
afford costly paperback book
published by others
publishers like Oswaal,
Educart, Arihant, MTG,
Xamidea etc
Note :
Chapter 1, 5, 6, 7, 15
& 16 has been
excluded from CBSE
2023 Syllabus.
So please check the
new marks
weightage of every
chapter given in
this book
Our book is free
from any restriction
like copyright issue,
piracy etc.
Means you are free
to reprint and sell,
copy our book and
resell it , share
freely on any
platforms.
Contents :
Ch 2 : Solutions
Ch 3 : Electrochemistry
Ch 4 : Chemical
Kinetics
Ch 8 : -d & -f Block
Elements
Ch 9 : Coordination
Compounds
Ch 10 : Haloalkanes and
Haloarenes
Ch 11 : Alcohols,
Phenols and
Ethers
Ch 12 : Aldehydes,
Ketones and
Carboxylic Acids
Ch 13 : Amines
Ch 14 : Biomolecules
This book is fully

optimized for mobile
reading
This book contains all
the previous years
question from 2018
Compart to 2023
Sample Question Paper
2023 Sample Question Paper
2022 Term 2 56/3/1
2022 Term 2 56/5/1
2021 Compart 56/1/1
2021 Compart 56/Blind Candidates
2020 Compart 56/C/1
2020 Compart 56/Blind Candidates
2020 Blind Candidates March
2020 56/1 all sets 1/2/3
2020 56/2 all sets 1/2/3
2020 56/3 all sets 1/2/3
2020 56/4 all sets 1/2/3
2020 56/5 all sets 1/2/3
2019 Compartment 56/1/C
2019 Compartment 56/Blind Candidates
2019 56 Blind Candidate’s March
2019 56/1/ all sets 1/2/3
2019 56/2/ all sets 1/2/3
2019 56/3/ all sets 1/2/3
2019 56/4/ all sets 1/2/3
2019 56/5/ all sets 1/2/3
2018 Compart 56 Blind Candidates
2018 Compartment
Chapter 2
Solutions
3 Weightage = 7 Marks
Publisher
Website : https://cbse.page
Syllabus
Types of solutions, expression of
concentration of solutions of solids in
liquids, solubility of gases in liquids,
solid solutions, Raoult’s law,
colligative properties - relative
lowering of vapour pressure, elevation
of boiling point, depression of freezing
point, osmotic pressure,
determination of molecular masses
using colligative properties, abnormal
molecular mass, Van’t Hoff factor.
2023 SQP
1. Answer the following questions :

(a) State Henry’s law and explain why
are the tanks used by scuba divers
filled with air diluted with helium
(11.7% helium, 56.2% nitrogen and
32.1% oxygen) ?
(b) Assume that argon exerts a partial
pressure of 6 bar. Calculate the
solubility of argon gas in water.
(Given Henry’s law constant for
argon dissolved in water, KH =
40kbar)
[3 marks]
â
(a) Henry’s law: the partial pressure of the
gas in vapour phase (p) is
proportional to the mole fraction of
the gas (x) in the solution.
The pressure underwater is high, so
the solubility of gases in blood
increases. When the diver comes to
surface the pressure decreases so does
the solubility causing bubbles of
nitrogen in blood, to avoid this
situation and maintain the same
partial pressure of nitrogen
underwater too, the dilution is done.
(b) p = KH x
mole fraction of argon in water
x = p/KH
3 −4
= 6/40 × 10 = 1.5 × 10
2. Henna is investigating the melting

point of different salt solutions. She
makes a salt solution using 10 mL of
water with a known mass of NaCl
salt. She puts the salt solution into a
freezer and leaves it to freeze. She
takes the frozen salt solution out of
the freezer and measures the
temperature when the frozen salt
solution melts. She repeats each
experiment.
Mass of salt Reading 1 Reading 2
(g) °C °C
0.3 -1.9 -1.9
0.4 -2.5 -2.6
0.5 -3.0 -5.5
0.6 -3.8 -3.8
0.8 -5.1 -5.0
1.0 -6.4 -6.3
Assuming the melting point of pure
water as 0°C, answer the following
questions:
(a) One temperature in the second set of
results does not fit the pattern.
Which temperature is that? Justify
your answer.
(b) Why did Henna collect two sets of
results?
(c) In place of NaCl, if Henna had used
glucose, what would have been the
melting point of the solution with
0.6 g glucose in it?
OR
What is the predicted melting point
if 1.2 g of salt is added to 10 mL of
water? Justify your answer.
[4 marks]
â The melting point of ice is the freezing
point of water. We can use the
depression in freezing point property
in this case.
(a) 3rd reading for 0.5 g there has to be
an increase in depression of freezing
point and therefore decrease in
freezing point so also decrease in
melting point when amount of salt is
increased but the trend is not
followed on this case.
(b) Two sets of reading help to avoid
error in data collection and give more
objective data.
0.6 × 1000
(c) ∆T f (glucose) = 1 × K f ×
180 × 10
0.6 × 1000
∆T f (NaCl) = 2 × K f ×
58.5 × 10
0.6 × 1000
3.8 = 2 × K f ×
58.5 × 10
Divide equation 1 by 2
¢
∆T f (glucose 58.5
=
3.8 2 × 180
◦
∆T f (glucose) = −0.62 C
OR
Depression in freezing point is directly

proportional to molality (mass of solute
when the amount of solvent remains
same)
0.3 g depression is 1.9°C
0.6 g depression is 3.8°C
1.2 g depression will be 3.8×2 = 7.6°C
2021 Compart 56/1/1
1. What type of deviation from Raoult’s

law is observed by mixing
chloroform and acetone?
Why is a decrease in vapour pressure
observed on mixing chloroform and
acetone?
[2 marks]
â A mixture of chloroform and acetone
forms a solution with negative
deviation from Raoult’s law. This is
because chloroform molecule is able to
form hydrogen bond with acetone
molecule.
This decreases the escaping tendancy
of molecules for each component and
consequently the vapour pressure
decreases resulting in negative
deviation from Raoult’s law.
∴ ∆H = -ve
2. Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is

17.536 mmHg. Calculate the vapour
pressure of aqueous solution when
20 g of glucose (Molar mass
−1
= 180 g mol ) is dissolved in 500 g of
water.
[3 marks]
â The molar masses of glucose and water
are 180 g/mol and 18 g/mol
respectively.
Number of moles of glucose
20
= = 0.11
180
Number of moles of water
500
= = 27.78
18
Mole fraction of glucose
0.11
= = 0.0039
0.11 + 27.78
Vapour pressure lowering is directly
proportional to the mole fraction
0
P −P
⇒ 0
= x
P
17.536 − P
⇒ = 0.0039
17.536
P = 17.536 − 0.068 = 17.467 mmHg
2021 Compart 56(B)
1. Write two difference between ideal
and non ideal solution
This question was repeated in 2020 Compart ,
2019 56/1/2
[2 marks]
â
Ideal solution (any two)
(1) It obeys Raoult’s law
(2) Total vapour pressure of solution is
the sum of vapour pressure of
individual components.
(3) The enthalpy of mixing is zero,
∆mix H = 0. It means that no heat is
absorbed or released.
(4) The volume of mixing is zero,
∆mix V = 0. It means that the volume
of the solution is equal to the sum of
the volume of components.
(5) Does not form an azeotrope
(6) The molecular attractions between
solute and solvent particles are the
same as that between solvent-solvent
particles.
(7) The proportion of solvent particles
that change into their vapour forms
remains unchanged even when
solute particles are added.
(8) Ideal solutions can be converted into
non-ideal solutions when the solute
particles of different dimensions are
put together in the solution.
(9) The liquid and vapour form of the
solvent always remain in a dynamic
equilibrium.
(10) As more and more solute particles are
added to the solution, there is a
gradual decrease in vapour pressure,
which if plotted in a graph gives a
straight line.
(11) When two ideal solutions are mixed,
there is no change in enthalpy or
volume of the solution.
(12) For example solutions of
benzene-toluene, n hexane- n
heptane and ethyl bromide-ethyl
iodide.
Non Ideal Solution (any two)

(1) Does not obey Raoult’s law.
(2) The enthalpy of mixing is either
positive or negative, ∆mix H ̸= 0 . Heat
is either absorbed or released
(3) The volume of mixing is not zero,
∆mix V ̸= 0 . There is either expansion
or contraction.
(4) Forms azeotrope mixture
(5) Total vapour pressure of solution is
not equal to the sum of vapour
pressure of individual components.
(6) The molecular attraction is different
between solute-solvent particles and
that between solvent-solvent
particles.
(7) The vapour pressure of solvent
significantly decreases when solute
particles are added to the solvent.
(8) The equilibrium is quite disturbed
because of the various forces of
nature at play.
(9) The decrease in vapour pressure is
not in a linear manner.
(10) Non-ideal solutions approach the
properties of the ideal solutions
when they are in extremely diluted
conditions.
(11) When two non-ideal solutions are
mixed, the change in volume and
enthalpy is very significant.
(12) For example solutions of sugar-water,
alkane and kerosene etc.
2020 Compart 56/C/1
1. Assertion (A) : Molality of a solution
in liquid state changes with
temperature.
Reason (R) : The volume of solution
changes with the change in
temperature.
(i) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct
statements, and reason (R) is the correct
explanation of the assertion (A).
(ii) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct
statements, but reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of the assertion (A).
(iii) Assertion (A) is correct, but reason (R) is
incorrect statement.
(iv) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but reason (R) is
correct statement.
[1 marks]
â (iv) is the correct option
2.
(a) State Henry’s law and mention its
two applications.
(b) 5% aqueous solution of a
non-volatile solute was made and
its vapour pressure at 373K was
found to be 745 mm. Vapour
pressure of pure water at this
temperature was 760mm. Calculate
the molar mass of solute.
[5 marks]
â
(a) Henry’s law : The law states that at a
constant temperature, the solubility
(mole fraction) of a gas in a liquid is
directly proportional to the partial
pressure of the gas present above the
surface of liquid or solution.
Applications : To avoid bends, in the
condition of anoxia and to fill CO2 in
cold drink bottles
P◦ − P
(b) = X2
P◦
P◦ − P n2 n2
= ≈
P◦ n1 + n2 n1
760 − 745 W2 × M 1
=
760 M 2 × W1
15 5 × 18
=
760 M 2 × 95
760 × 5 × 18 −1
M2 = = 48g mol
95 × 15
OR
(a) Give two differences between ideal

and non-ideal solutions.
This question was repeated in 2021 Compart
56(B)
(b) Calculate the amount of NaCl (M =
−1
58·5 g mol ) that must be added to
100 g of water so that freezing point
is depressed by 2K.
K f for water is 1·86 K/m.
[5 marks]
â Ideal Solution
•It obeys Raoult’s law over the entire
range of concentration.
• ∆Vmi xi ng = 0 and ∆ Hmi xi ng = 0
Non-Ideal solution
•It doesn’t obey Raoult’s law over the
entire range of concentration.
• ∆Vmi xi ng ̸= 0 and ∆ Hmi xi ng ̸= 0
OR
â ∆T f = i K f m for NaCl, i = 2
Wb × 1000
2 = 2×Kf
Mb × Wa
Wb × 1000
1 = 1.86 ×
58.5 × 100
Wb = 3.147 g
2020 Compart 56(B)/C
1. Out of 1M urea and 1M NaCl, which

one has higher osmotic pressure of
the solution ?
[1 marks]
â 1M NaCl
2. A doctor advised a person suffering

from high blood pressure to take
less quantity of salt. Why ?
[1 marks]
â Π(osmotic pressure) is directly

proportional to concentration
(Molarity) so person will have less
blood pressure or less chances of heart
attack. / Less quantity of salt will help
to maintain low blood pressure. / To
prevent edema or puffiness or heart
attack. / Less salt intake will help to
reduce water retention in blood.
3. 3·90 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49

g of benzene shows a depression in
freezing point of 1·62 K. Calculate
the van’t Hoff factor and predict the
nature of solute (associated or
dissociated). (Given : Molar mass of
–1
benzoic acid = 122 g mol , K f for
–1
benzene = 4.9 K kg mol )
[3 marks]
Wb × 1000
â ∆T f = i K f m = i K f
M b × 49
i = 0.506 as i < 1 , so solute particles
are associated
OR
A solution containing 30 g of
non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of
water has a vapour pressure of 2·8 kPa
at 298 K. Further, 18 g of water is then
added to this solution.
The new vapour pressure becomes 2·9
kPa at 298K. Calculate the molar mass
of the solute.
[3 marks]
â Let the molar mass of the solute be M

−1
g mol .
No. of moles of solvent H2O,
90g
n1 = −1
= 5 mol and the no. of
18g mol
moles of solute ,
30g 30
n2 = −1
= mol and
M mol M
p 1 = 2.8 kPa
When p 1 = 2.9 kPa
90 + 18g
n1 = = 6 mol
18
Again applying the relationship:
◦
p1 − p1 n2
⇒ ◦
=
p1 n1 + n2
30
◦
p 1 − 2.8 M
⇒ =
p1◦ 30
5+
M
30
2.8 M
⇒ 1− ◦ =
p 1 5M + 30
M
30 2.8
⇒ 1− = ◦
5M + 30 p 1
5M + 30 − 30 2.8
⇒ = ◦
5M + 30 p1
◦
p1 5M + 30
⇒ = (i )
2.8 5M
Also:
◦
p1 − p1 n2
⇒ ◦
=
p1 n1 + n2
30
◦
p 1 − 2.9 M
⇒ =
p1◦ 30
6+
M
2.9 30
⇒ 1− ◦ =
p 1 6M + 30
30 2.9
⇒ 1− = ◦
6M + 30 p 1
6M + 30 − 30 2.9
⇒ = ◦
6M + 30 p1
◦
p1 6M + 30
⇒ = (i i )
2.9 6M
Dividing equation (i ) by (i i ) :
5M + 30
2.9 5M
⇒ =
2.8 6M + 30
6M
2.9 6M + 30 5M + 30
⇒ × =
2.8 6 5
⇒ 2.9 × 5 × (6M + 30) =
2.8 × 6 × (5M + 30)
⇒ 87M + 435 = 84M + 504
⇒ 3M = 69
⇒ M = 23u
2020 56(B)
1. Write the value of the van’t Hoff
factor for a dilute solution of
potassium sulphate in water.
[1 marks]
â K2SO4 → 2K + 2−
+ SO4
i = Number of moles of particles after

association divided by Number of
moles of particles before association
3
i = =3
1
2. Why does a solution containing

non-volatile solutes have a higher
boiling point than pure solvents ?
Why is elevation in boiling point a
colligative property ?
â Due to lowering of vapour pressure of
[2 marks]
solution. Because it depends on
molality / number of solute particles.
OR
When fruits and vegetables that have
dried up are placed in water, they
slowly swell and return to original
form. Why ? Will a temperature
increase accelerate the process ?
Explain.
[2 marks]
â Due to osmosis. / Due to inward
movement of water molecules. Yes,
osmosis is directly proportional to
temperature of solvent.
3. Calculate the amount of calcium

–1
chloride (Molar mass = 111 g mol )
which must be added to 500 g of
water to lower its freezing point by 2
K, assuming calcium chloride is
completely dissociated. [Kf for water
–1
= 1·86 K kg mol ]
[3 marks]
â
i K f w B × 1000
∆T f = i K f m =
MB w A
i =3
w B 1000
2 = 3 × 1.86 × ×
111 500
2 × 111 × 500
wB = = 19.89g
3 × 1.86 × 1000
OR
A solution was prepared by dissolving
5 g of non-volatile solute in 95 g of
water. It has a vapour pressure of
23·375 mm Hg at 298 K. Calculate the
molar mass of the solute. [Vapour
pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23·75
mm Hg]
[3 marks]
â For dilute solutions :
0
P A − PS wB M A
0
= ×
PA MB w A
23.75 − 23.375 5 18
= ×
23.75 M B 95
5 × 18 23.75 −1
MB = × = 60 g mol
95 0.375
2020 56/1/1
1. Identify which liquid will have a
◦
higher vapour pressure at 90 C if the
boiling points of two liquids A and B
◦ ◦
are 140 C and 180 C , respectively.
[1 marks]
â Liquid A will have a higher vapour
◦
pressure at 90 C
The liquid A has weak intermolecular
forces than B due to its low boiling
point. Thus, its tendency to vaporize
will be greater than B and its vapor
pressure will be more than that of B at
◦
80 C
2. For a 5% solution of urea (Molar

mass = 60 g/mol ), calculate the
osmotic pressure at 300 K.
−1 −1
[R = 0 · 0821 L atm K mol ]
[2 marks]
â Volume of solution = 100 mL)

n
π = CRT = RT
V
5 0.0821 × 300
π= × = 20.5 atm
60 0.1
OR
Visha took two aqueous solutions: one
containing 7 · 5 g of urea (Molar mass
= 60 g/mol) and the other containing
42 · 75 g of substance Z in 100 g of
water, respectively. It was observed
that both the solutions froze at the
same temperature. Calculate the
molar mass of Z.
[2 marks]
â ∆Tf(urea) = ∆Tf(Z)
w urea 1000
Kf × × =
M urea w solvent
wz 1000
Kf × ×
M z Wsolvent
7.5 1000 42.75 1000
∴ × = ×
60 100 Mz 100
42.75 × 60
Mz = = 342 g/mol
7.50
3. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid

–1
(Molar mass = 176 g mol ) to be
dissolved in 75 g of acetic acid, to
lower its freezing point by 1.5°C
–1
(K f = 3.9 K kg mol )
[3 marks]
â ∆T f = K f m
3.9 × w B 1000
1.5 = ×
176 75
Mass of ascorbic acid = 5.08 g
2020 56/2/1
1. 50 mL of an aqueous solution of
glucose C6H12O6 (Molar mass : 180
22
g/mol) contains 6·02 × 10
molecules. The concentration of the
solution will be
(A) 0.1M
(B) 0.2M
(C) 1.0M
(D) 2.0M
[1 marks]
â The no. of moles of glucose

22
6.02 × 10
=
N ( avogadro )
22
6.02 × 10
= 23
= 0.1 mole
6.022 × 10
Volume of solution = 50ml = 0.05L
no. of moles of solute
molarity = volume of solution (in litres)
0.1
= = 2M
0.05
2. An antifreeze solution is prepared by

dissolving 31 g of ethylene glycol
−1
( Molar mass =62 g mol )
in 600 g of water. Calculate the
freezing point of the solution.
−1
( Kf for water = 1 · 86 K kg mol )
[3 marks]
â ∆Tf = Kf m
1000 ◦
= 1.86 × 31 × × 600 = 1.55 C
62
◦
∆T f = T f − T f
◦
T f = −1.55 C
T f = 271.45 K
2020 56/2/2
3. Predict the state of the solute in the
solution in the following situations :
(a) When ‘i’ is found to be 0·3.
(b) When ‘i’ is found to be 4.
[2 marks]
â (a) Associated
(b) Dissociated
2020 56/2/3
4. Predict the state of the solute in the
following situations :
(a) Experimentally determined molar
mass is more than the true value.
(b) ‘i’ value is 0.4
[2 marks]
â (a) Associated
(b) Associated
2020 56/3/1
1. Assertion (A) : Osmotic pressure is a
colligative property.
Reason (R) : Osmotic pressure is
directly proportional to molarity.
(i) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R)
are correct statements, and Reason
(R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(ii) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R)
are correct statements, but Reason
(R) is not the correct explanation of
the Assertion (A).
(iii) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason
(R) is incorrect statement.
(iv) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but
Reason (R) is correct statement.
[1 marks]
â Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are
correct statements, and Reason (R) is
the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
2.
(a) A solution contains 5·85 g NaCl
–1
(Molar mass = 58·5 g mol ) per litre
of solution. It has an osmotic
◦
pressure of 4.75 atm at 27 C.
Calculate the degree of dissociation
of NaCl in this solution.
–1 –1
(Given : R = 0·082 L atm K mol )
(b) State Henry’s law. Why is air diluted
with helium in the tanks used by
scuba divers ?
[5 marks]
â
(a) Π = i CRT
5.85 1
4.75 = i × × × 0.082 × 300
58.5 1
i = 1.93
i − 1 1.93 − 1
α= = = 0.93 or 93%
n −1 2−1
(b) Partial pressure of gas in liquid is
directly proportional to its solubility
or mole fraction. To prevent ‘Bends’
OR
(a) When 19.5 g of
F – CH2 – COOH (Molar mass = 78 g
–1
mol ) is dissolved in 500 g of water,
the depression in freezing point is
◦
observed to be 1 C or 1 K
Calculate the degree of dissociation
of
F – CH2 – COOH.
[Given : K f for water = 1.86 K kg
–1
mol ]
(b) Give reasons :
(i) 0.1 M KCl has higher boiling point
than 0·1 M Glucose.
(ii) Meat is preserved for a longer time
by salting.
[5 marks]
â
(a) ∆T f = i K f m
19.5 1000
1 = i × 1.86 × ×
78 500
i = 1.075
i − 1 1.075 − 1
α= = = 0.075 or 7.5%
n −1 2−1
(b)
(i) Due to dissociation of KCl / number
of particles in 0.1 M KCl is more.
(ii) Due to osmosis bacteria loses its
water and dies which causes
preservation.
2020 56/3/3
3. Assertion (A) : Non-ideal solutions
form azeotropic mixture.
Reason (R) : Maximum boiling
azeotropes are formed by a solution
showing negative deviation.
Assertion (A).
the Assertion (A).
[1 marks]
correct statements, but Reason (R) is
not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
2020 56/4/1
1. What happens when
(i) a pressure greater than osmotic
pressure is applied on the solution
side separated from solvent by a
semipermeable membrane ?
(ii) acetone is added to pure ethanol ?
[2 marks]
â
(i) Reverse osmosis occurs.
(ii) Solution shows positive deviation
from Raoult’s Law.
2. State Henry’s law. Calculate the

solubility of CO2 in water at
298 K under 760 mm Hg.
(KH for CO2 in water at 298 K is 1.25 ×
6
10 mm Hg)
[2 marks]
â The partial pressure of the gas in
vapour phase (p) is directly
proportional to the mole fraction of
gas (x) in the solution.
p = KH x
p
x=
KH
720 −4
x= 6
= 6.08 × 10
1.25 × 10
3. The freezing point of a solution

containing 5g of benzoic acid (M =
–1
122 g mol ) in 35g of benzene is
depressed by 2.94 K. What is the
percentage association of benzoic
acid if it forms a dimer in solution ?
–1
(K f for benzene = 4.9 K kg mol )
[3 marks]
â ∆T f = i K f m
w B × 1000
∆T f = i × K f ×
MB × w A
5 × 1000
2.94 = i × 4.9 ×
122 × 35
i = 0.513
i − 1 0.513 − 1 −0.487
α= = =
1 1 −0.5
−1 −1
n 2
= 0.974 = 97.4%
2020 56/5/1
1. Assertion (A) : Elevation in boiling
point is a colligative property.
Reason (R) : Elevation in boiling
point is directly proportional to
molarity.
Assertion (A).
the Assertion (A).
[1 marks]
â Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R)
is wrong statement.
2. State Raoult’s law for a solution

containing volatile components.
What is the similarity between
Raoult’s law and Henry’s law ?
[2 marks]
â
• For a solution of volatile liquids, the
partial vapour pressure of each
component of the solution is directly
proportional to its mole fraction
present in solution.
• If we compare the equations for
Raoult’s law and Henry’s law, it can be
seen that the partial pressure of the
volatile component or gas is directly
proportional to its mole fraction in
solution.
3. A 0.01 m aqueous solution of AlCl3

◦
freezes at – 0.068 C . Calculate the
percentage of dissociation.
[Given : K f for Water = 1.86 K kg
–1
mol ]
[3 marks]
â ∆Tf = iKfm
0.068 = i × 1.86 × 0.01
i = 3.65 or 3.656
α = (i − 1)/(n − 1)
α = 0.883 or 0.885
% = 88.3% or 88.5%
2020 56/5/2
4. Assertion (A) : 0.1 M solution of KCl
has greater osmotic pressure than 0.1
M solution of glucose at same
temperature.
Reason (R) : In solution, KCl
dissociates to produce more number
of particles.
Assertion (A).
the Assertion (A).
[1 marks]

Assertion (A).
2020 56/5/3
5. Assertion (A) : An ideal solution
obeys Henry’s law.
Reason (R) : In an ideal solution,
solute-solute as well as solvent-
solvent interactions are similar to
solute-solvent interaction.
Assertion (A).
the Assertion (A).
[1 marks]
â Assertion (A) is wrong, but Reason (R)

is correct statement.
2019 Compart 56/C/1
1.
(a) A 5% solution (by mass) of cane
sugar in water has a freezing point of
271 K. Calculate the freezing point of
5% solution (by mass) of glucose in
water. The freezing point of pure
water is 273·15 K.
(b) Why is osmotic pressure of 1 M KCl
higher than 1 M urea solution ?
(c) What type of liquids form ideal
solutions ?
[5 marks]
â
◦
(a) ∆Tf = Tf − Tf
= 273.15 – 271 K = 2.15 K
∆Tf = Kf m
w b × 1000
∆Tf = Kf ×
MB × w A
−1
2.15K × 342g mol × 95g
Kf = −1
5g × 1000g kg
−1
= 13.97 K kg mol
For 5% glucose in water,
w b × 1000
∆Tf = Kf m = Kf ×
MB × w A
−1 −1
13.97K kg mol × 5g × 1000g K
= −1
180g mol × 95g
= 4.08K
◦
Tf = Tf − ∆Tf
= 273.15 – 4.08 K = 269.07 K
(b) It is due to the fact that KCl
+ −
dissociates to give K and Cl ions
whereas urea does not dissociate into
ions
(c) Liquids having similar nature and
polarities / which obey Raoults’ law
OR
(a) 1.0 g of a non-electrolyte solute
dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered
the freezing point of benzene by 0·40
K. The freezing point depression
constant of benzene is 5·12 K kg
–1
mol . Find the molar mass of the
solute.
(b) What is the significance of Henry’s
law constant, KH ?
(c) What leads to anoxia ?
[5 marks]
â
(a) ∆Tf = Kf m
w b × 1000
∆Tf = Kf ×
MB × w A
w b × 1000
Mb = Kf ×
∆T f × w A
1 × 1000
= 5.12×
0.40 × 50
−1
= 256 g mol
(b) Higher the value of KH , lower will be
the solubility of a gas in the liquid.
(c) Low level of oxygen in the blood and
tissues of people at high altitudes
leads to the condition of anoxia.
2019 Compart 56(B)
1. Give reasons :
(a) The bottle of liquid ammonia is
cooled before opening the seal.
(b) Aquatic species are more
comfortable in cold water than in
warm water.
[2 marks]
â
(a) It has high vapour pressure in the
bottle, so it is cooled to lower the
vapour pressure otherwise it will
escape rapidly.
(b) Solubility of O2 in water decreases
by increasing temperature .
2. Calculate the amount of CaCl2 (molar

−1
mass 111 g mol ) which must be
added to 500 g of water to lower its
freezing point by 2 K assuming CaCl2
is completely dissociated. K f for
−1
water = 1 . 86 K kg mol .
[3 marks]
â ∆ Tf = i Kf m ; i = 3 for CaCl3
w B × 1000
∆ Tf = i Kf ×
MB × w A
w B × 1000
2 = 3 × 1.86 ×
111 × 500
2 × 111 × 500
wB =
3 × 1.86 × 1000
wB = 19.89g
3. Powdered wood burns faster than a

log of wood. Why ?
[1 marks]
â Because of larger surface area of

powdered wood in comparison to a log
of wood
2019 56/1/1
1. State Raoult’s law for a solution
containing volatile components.
Write two characteristics of the
solution which obeys Raoult’s law at
all concentrations.
[2 marks]
â For a solution of volatile liquids, the

partial vapour pressure of each
component of the solution is directly
proportional to its mole fraction
present in solution.
(i) ∆mix H = O
(ii) ∆mix V = O
(iii) The components have nearly same
intermolecular force of attraction
2. A 4% solution(w/w) of sucrose (M =
–1
342 g mol ) in water has a freezing
point of 271.15 K. Calculate the
freezing point of 5% glucose (M = 180
–1
g mol ) in water.
(Given : Freezing point of pure water
= 273.15 K)
[3 marks]
â ∆T f = K f m
M2 × w1
K f = ∆T f ×
w2 × 1000
2 × 342 × 96
= = 16.4 K
4 × 1000
∆T f = K f m
K f w2 × 1000
=
M2 × w1
16.4 × 5 × 1000
= = 4.8 K
95 × 180
◦
∆T f = T f − T f
4.8 = 273.15 − T f
T f = 268.35 K
2019 56/1/2
3. Write two differences between an
ideal solution and a non-ideal
solution.
[2 marks]
â Ideal
Obeys Roult’s law at all range of
concentration
∆mix H = O , ∆mix V = O
Non –ideal
Does not obey
∆mix H ̸= O , ∆mix V ̸= O
2019 56/1/3
4. State Henry’s law and write its two
applications.
[2 marks]
â Henry’s law states that “the partial

pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p)
is proportional to the mole fraction of
the gas (x) in the solution”
• To increase the solubility of CO2 in
soft drinks
• At high altitudes the partial pressure
of oxygen is less than that at the
ground level. This leads to low
concentrations of oxygen in the
blood and tissues of people living at
high altitudes or climbers.
• Scuba divers must cope with high
concentrations of dissolved gases
while breathing air at high pressure
underwater. Increased pressure
increases the solubility of
atmospheric gases in blood.
2019 56/2/1
1. Give reasons :
(a) Cooking is faster in pressure cooker
than in cooking pan.
(b) Red Blood Cells (RBC) shrink when
placed in saline water but swell in
distilled water.
[2 marks]
â
(a) Due to increase of pressure in
cooker, boiling point of water
increases.
(b) RBC looses water in saline water and
absorb water in distilled water due
to osmosis.
2. A solution containing 1·9 g per 100

mL of KCl
–1
(M = 74·5 g mol ) is isotonic with a
solution containing 3 g per 100 mL of
urea
–1
(M = 60 g mol ). Calculate the
degree of dissociation of KCl
solution. Assume that both the
solutions have same temperature.
[3 marks]
â π1 (urea) = π2 (KCl)
C1RT = i C2RT
n1 n1
=i (V1 = V2)
V1 V2
3 1.9
=i×
60 74.5
i = 1.96
i −1
∝=
n −1
1.96 − 1
= = 0.96 or 96%
2−1
2019 56/2/2
3. Give reasons :
(a) A decrease in temperature is
observed on mixing ethanol and
acetone.
(b) Potassium chloride solution freezes
at a lower temperature than water.
[2 marks]
â
(a) Ethanol-acetone interaction is
weaker than pure ethanol or acetone
interactions.
(b) On adding KCl, vapour pressure of
the solution decreases
2019 56/2/3
4. Give reasons :
(a) An increase in temperature is
observed on mixing chloroform
and acetone.
(b) Aquatic animals are more
warm water.
[2 marks]
â
(a) Due to stronger interaction between
chloroform and acetone than pure
chloroform or acetone interactions.
(b) Because of high solubility of oxygen
gas /low KH value in cold water than
in warm water.
2019 56/3/1
1.
(a) Out of 0.1 molal aqueous solution
of glucose and 0.1 molal aqueous
solution of KCl, which one will have
higher boiling point and why ?
(b) Predict whether van’t Hoff factor, (i
) is less than one or greater than
one in the following :
(i) CH3COOH dissolved in water
(ii) CH3COOH dissolved in benzene
[2 marks]
â
(a) 0.1 molal KCl ; Because KCl
undergoes dissociation whereas
glucose does not.
(b) (i) Van’t Hoff factor i > 1
(ii) Van’t Hoff factor i < 1
2. A solution 0.1M of Na2SO4 is
dissolved to the extent of 95%. What
would be its osmotic pressure at
◦
27 C?
−1 −1
(R = 0.0821 L atm K mol )
[3 marks]
â Extent of dissociation = 95%

i −1
α = 0.95 ; α=
n −1
i −1
0.95 = ∴ i = 2.9
Q 3 − 1
= i CRT= 2.9 × 0.1 × 0.0821 × 300
= 7.143 atm
2019 56/4/1
1. Give reasons for the following :
(a) Aquatic species are more
comfortable in cold water than
warm water.
(b) At higher altitudes people suffer
from anoxia resulting in inability to
think.
[2 marks]
â
(a) Solubility of gases (O2) increases
with decrease in temperature /
Solubilty of gases (O2) is inversely
proportional to temperature /
Decrease in temperature decreases
KH and increases solubility of gases
(O2).
(b) Due to the lower partial pressure of
oxygen / Due to low concentrations
of oxygen in the blood.
OR
What type of azeotropic mixture will
be formed by a solution of acetone and
chloroform ? Justify on the basis of
strength of intermolecular
interactions that develop in the
solution.
[2 marks]
â Maximum boiling azeotrope

Hydrogen bonding between acetone
and chloroform / Stronger solute –
solvent interaction / Negative
deviation from Raoult’s law.
2. At 300 K, 30 g of glucose present in a

litre of its solution has an osmotic
pressure of 4.98 bar. If the osmotic
pressure of a glucose solution is 1.52
bar at the same temperature, what
would be its concentration ?
[3 marks]
30
â = CRT
Q
⇒ 4.98 = ×RT
180
⇒ 4.98 = 0.166RT
⇒ 30 = RT . . . (i)
⇒ 1.52 = CRT . . . (ii)
Divide eq. (ii) by (i)
1.52
⇒ = C ∴ C = 0.0506 mol/L
30
2019 56/5/1
1.
(a) Draw the graph between vapour
pressure and temperature and
explain the elevation in boiling
point of a solvent in solution.
(b) Determine the osmotic pressure of
a solution prepared by dissolving
25 mg of K2SO4 in 2 litres of water at
◦
25 C assuming it to be completely
dissociated. (Atomic masses K = 39
u,
S = 32 u, O = 16 u)
[5 marks]
â (a)
When a solute is added to a solvent, the
vapour pressure of the solvent
decreases and it becomes equal to
atmospheric pressure at a higher
temperature.
(b) i = 3
Q
= i CRT
Q 3 × 0.025 × 0.0821 × 298
=
174 × 2
Q −3
= 5.27 × 10 atm.
OR
(a) Write two characteristics of
non-ideal solution.
(b) 2 g of benzoic (C6H5COOH)
dissolved in 25 g of benzene shows
a depression in freezing point equal
to 1·62 K. Molal depression
constant for benzene is 4·9 K kg
–1
mol . What is the percentage
association of acid if it forms dimer
in solution ?
[5 marks]
â
(a) Solution does not obey Raoult’s law
over the entire range of
concentration, ∆Hmix ̸= 0
(b) n = 2 (dimer)
∆Tf = i Kf m
1.62 × 122 × 25
i=
4.9 × 2 × 1000
i = 0.504
α = 2(1−i)
α = 2(1 − 0.504)
= 0.992
= 99.2%
2019 56(B)
1. Why does a solution containing
non-volatile solute have a higher
boiling point than pure solvent ?
Why is elevation of boiling point a
colligative property ?
[2 marks]
â Because on addition of non-voilatile

solute, vapour pressure of solution
lowers down and therefore in order to
boil solution, temperature has to be
raised. Because it depends on molality
/ no of solute particles / ∆Tb ∝ m
2. A solution containing 8 g of
substance in 100 g of diethyl ether
◦
boils at 36·86 C whereas pure ether
◦
boils at 35·60 C. Determine the
molar mass of the solute. [For ether
–1
Kb = 2·02 K kg mol ]
[3 marks]
â ∆Tb = ◦
Tb − Tb
= 36.86 − 35.60
Tb = 1.26 K
∆Tb = Kb m
w 2 × 1000
= Kb
M2 × w 1
−1
2.02 K kg mol × 8g × 1000
=
1.26K × 100g
−1
M2 = 128.25 g mol
3. The boiling of an egg or cooking rice

in an open vessel takes more time in
hilly areas.
[1 marks]
â At hilly areas, atmospheric pressure is

low as a result of which water boils at
lower temperature.
2018 Compart 56/1
1. Why a mixture of Carbon disulphide

and acetone shows positive deviation
from Raoult’s law ? What type of
azeotrope is formed by this mixture ?
[2 marks]
â Intermolecular forces of attraction
between carbon disulphide and
acetone are weaker than the pure
components. Minimum boiling
azeotrope at a specific composition.
2. Calculate the freezing point of an

aqueous solution containing 10.5 g of
Magnesium bromide in 200 g of
water, assuming complete
dissociation of Magnesium bromide.
(Molar mass of Magnesium bromide
–1
= 184 g mol , K f for water = 1.86 K
–1
kg mol ).
[3 marks]
10.5
â Moles for MgBr2 = = 0.0571 mol
184
0.0571
Molality = × 1000 = 0.2855 m
200
i=3
∆ Tf = i Kf m
= 3 ×1.86× 0.2855 = 1.59 K
Freezing point = 273 – 1.59
◦
= 271.41 K or −1.59 C
2018 Compart 56(B)
1.
(a) A solution containing 30 g of
non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of
water has a vapour pressure of 2.8
kPa at 298 K. Further 18 g of water is
then added to this solution, the new
vapour pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at
298 K. Calculate
(i) The molar mass of solute
(ii) Vapour pressure of water at 298 K.
(b) Give reasons :
(i) Aquatic species are more
hot water.
(ii) 10 mL of liquid A was mixed with
10 mL of liquid B. The volume of
the resulting solution decreases to
19.8 mL.
[5 marks]
â
(a)
◦
p A − p A w B /M B
(i) ◦
=
pA w A /M A
◦
p A − 2.8 30/M B 6
◦
= =
pA 90/18 M B
◦
p A − 2.8 6
◦
= .....(1)
pA MB
◦
p A − 2.9 30/M B 5
(ii) ◦
= =
pA 108/18 M B
◦
p A − 2.9 5
◦
= .....(2)
pA MB
Divide equation (1) by (2)
◦
p A − 2.8 6
◦
=
p A − 2.9 5
◦
pA = 3.4 kPa
◦
Substituting the value of p A in equation
(1)
3.4 − 2.8 6
=
3.4 MB
M B = 34 g/mol
(b)
(i) Solubilty of gases decrease with
increase in temperature, less oxygen
is available in summer in lakes but
cold waters contains more oxygen.
(ii) Because of increase in intermolecular
attractions between A—B in
comparison to A—A or B—B
interactions.
OR
(a) When 1.5 g of a non-volatile solute
was dissolved in 90 g of benzene, the
boiling point of benzene is raised
from 353.23 K to 353.93 K. Calculate
the molar mass of the solute [Kb for
–1
benzene = 2.52 K kg mol ]
(b) When fruits and vegetables that have
dried up are placed in water, they
swell and return to original form.
Why ? Would temperature increase
accelerate the process ?
[5 marks]
â
K b × w B × 1000
(a) ∆Tb = K b m =
MB × w A
K b × w B × 1000
MB =
∆Tb × w A
2.52 × 1.5 × 1000
=
(353.93 − 353.23) × 90
M B = 60.0 g /mol
(b) Due to osmosis. An increase in
temperature accelerates the process
of osmosis.
Chapter 3
Electrochemistry
Publisher
Syllabus
Redox reactions, EMF of a cell,
standard electrode potential, Nernst
equation and its application to
chemical cells, Relation between
Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell,
conductance in electrolytic solutions,
specific and molar conductivity,
variations of conductivity with
concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law,
electrolysis and law of electrolysis
(elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic
cells and Galvanic cells, lead
accumulator, fuel cells, corrosion.
2023 SQP
1. The molar conductivity of CH3COOH

2
at infinite dilution is 390 S cm /mol.
Using the graph and given
information, the molar conductivity
of CH3COOK will be:
[1 marks]
â 115 S cm /mol
2
λ CH3COOK = λ CH3COOH+λ KCl −λ HCl
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
2
= 390 + 150 − 425 = 115 S cm /mol
2. What is the molar conductance at

infinite dilution for sodium chloride
if the molar conductance at infinite
+ −
dilution of Na and Cl ions are
−4 2
51.12 × 10 S cm /mol and
−4 2
73.54 × 10 S cm /mol respectively?
2
(a) 124.66 S cm /mol
2
(b) 22.42 S cm /mol
2
(c) 198.20 S cm /mol
2
(d) 175.78 S cm /mol
[1 marks]
â Molar conductance of
NaCl = λ Na + λ Cl
+ +
−4 −4
= 51.12 × 10 + 73.54 × 10
−4 2 −1
= 124.66 × 10 S m mol
3. Corrosion is an electrochemical
phenomenon. The oxygen in moist
air reacts as follows:
– –
O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e → 4 OH
Write down the possible reactions for

corrosion of zinc occurring at anode,
cathode, and overall reaction to form
a white layer of zinc hydroxide.
[2 marks]
â Anode :
2+
Zn(s) → Zn (aq) + 2e−
Cathode :
− −
O2( g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e → 4OH (aq).
Overall :
2+ −
2Zn + O2 + 2H2O → 2Zn + 4OH (aq)
2Zn + O2 + 2H2O → 2Zn(OH)2(ppt)
4.
(a) Why does the cell voltage of a
mercury cell remain constant during
its 10 lifetime?
(b) Write the reaction occurring at
anode and cathode and the products
of electrolysis of aq KCl.
(c) What is the pH of HCl solution when
the hydrogen gas electrode shows a
potential of -0.59 V at standard
temperature and pressure?
[5 marks]
â
(a) The cell potential remains constant
during its life as the overall reaction
does not involve any ion in solution
whose concentration can change
during its life time.
+ –
(b) KCl (aq) −→ K (aq) + Cl (aq)
– –
Cathode : H2O + e −→ H2 + OH
− –
Anode : Cl (aq) −→ /2 Cl2(aq) + e
1
Net reaction :
+ –
KCl + H2O −→ K + OH + H2 + ⁄2 Cl2 1
(c) Given, potential of hydrogen gas

electrode = −0.59V
+ –
Electrode reaction : H + e → 0.5 H2
Applying Nernst equation,
1/2
◦ 0.059 [H 2 ]
E(H+ / H2) = E(H+ / H ) − log +
2 n H
+
E(H / H2) = 0.059 V
+
E°(H / H2) = 0 V
n = 1 , [H2] = 1 bar
+
−0.59 = 0 − 0.059(− log[H ])
−0.59 = −0.059 pH
∴ pH = 10
OR
(a) Molar conductivity of substance “A”
3 −16
is 5.9 × 10 S/m and “B” is 1 × 10
S/m. Which of the two is most likely
to be copper metal and why?
(b) What is the quantity of electricity in
Coulombs required to produce 4.8 g
of Mg from molten MgCl2 ? How
much Ca will be produced if the
same amount of electricity was
passed through molten CaCl2 ?
(Atomic mass of Mg = 24 u, atomic
mass of Ca = 40 u)
(c) What is the standard free energy
change for the following reaction at
room temperature? Is the reaction
spontaneous?
2+ 2+ +
Sn + 2Cu −→ Sn + 2Cu
[5 marks]
â
(a) “A” is copper, metals are conductors
thus have high value of conductivity.
2+ −
(b) Mg + 2e −→ Mg
1 mole of magnesium ions gains two
moles of electrons or 2F to form 1
mole of Mg
24 g Mg requires 2 F electricity
4.8 g Mg requires 2 × 4.8/24 = 0.4F
= 0.4 × 96500 = 38600C
2+ −
Ca + 2e −→ Ca
2 F electricity is required to produce 1
mole = 40 g Ca
0.4 F electricity will produce 8 g Ca
(c) F = 96500C, n = 2,
2+ −
Sn (aq) + 2e −→ Sn(s) −0.14 V
2+ − +
Cu (aq) + e −→ Cu (aq) 0.15 V
E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode
= 0.15 − (−0.14) = 0.29 V
◦
∆G°= −n F Ecell
= −2 × 96500 × 0.29 = 55970 J/mol
2022 Term 2 56/5/1
1.
(a) Is silver plate the anode or cathode?

(b) What will happen if the salt bridge is
removed?
(c) When does electrochemical cell
behaves like
an electrolytic cell ?
(d)
(i) What will happen to the
2+ +
concentration of Zn and Ag when
Ecell = 0.
(ii) Why does conductivity of a solution
decreases with dilution ?
OR
(d) The molar conductivity of a
1.5 M solution of an electrolyte is
found to
2 –1
be 138.9 S cm mol . Calculate the
conductivity of this solution.
[5 marks]
â
(a) Silver plate is used as cathode in the
given Galvanic cell.
(b) If we remove salt bridge, Galvanic cell
will stop working as the flow of
electrons from one half cell to
another stops.
◦
(c) If E cell is negative or cell reaction is
non-spontaneous then
electrochemical cell will behave like
electrolytic cell.
(d)
(i) At Ecell = 0, reaction will be at
equilibrium and concentrations of
2+ +
Zn and Ag become constant.
(ii) Conductivity of solution decreases
with dilutions as the concentration
of ions decreases.
OR
(d)
1000
Λm = κ
M
Λm M
κ=
1000
138.9 × 1.5 −1
= = 0.20 S cm
1000
2022 Term 2 56/3/1
1.
(i) Why on dilution Λm of CH3COOH
increases very fast, while that of
CH3COONa increases gradually ?
(ii) What happens if external potential
◦
applied becomes greater than Ecell of
electrochemical cell?
This question was repeated in 2021
Compart
[2 marks]
â
(i) CH3COOH is a weak electrolyte and
CH3COONa is a strong electrolyte.
A weak electrolyte has a lower degree
of dissociation at higher
concentrations but upon dilution,
the degree of dissociation increases.
The number of ions per unit volume
increases and this leads to an
increase in Molar conductivity. So, it
increases drastically
For strong electrolytes (completely
dissociated) upon dilution, the
number of ions doesn’t change
much, but interionic attraction
decreases, and hence the increase is
gradual.
(ii) If the external potential applied
◦
become greater than Ecell of
electrochemical cell the reaction gets
reversed. It starts acting as an
electrolytic cell and vice-versa.
◦
2. Calculate ∆rG and log Kc for the
following cell :
+ 2+
Ni(s) + 2Ag(aq) → Ni(aq) + 2Ag(s)
Given that
◦ −1
Ecell = 1.05 V, 1F = 96, 500 C mol .
[3 marks]
â ◦
Ecell = 1.05 V Here, n = 2
◦ ◦
∆rG = −nFEcell
= −2 × 96500 × 1.05
◦ −1
∆rG = −202.65 kJ mol
◦
∆rG = −2.303RT log KC
◦
−∆rG 202.65
log KC = =
2.303RT 2.303 × 8.314 × 298
log KC = 35.54
OR
Calculate the e.m.f. of the following

cell at 298 K :
¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯
¯ 2+¯¯ +¯ ¯
Fe(s)¯Fe ¯¯H ¯H2(g)¯Pt(s)
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
2+
Fe = 0.001 M , H2 = (1bar)
+
H = 0.01M
◦
Given that Ecell = +0.44 V,
log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771,
log 10 = 1
[3 marks]
â £ +2¤
o 0.0591 Fe
Ecell = Ecell − log + 2
2 [H ]
0.0591 0.001
= 0.44 V − log 2
2 (0.01)
0.0591
= 0.44 V − log 10 = 0.41 V
2
2022 Term 2 56/3/2
3. Define conductivity for the solution

of an electrolyte. Why does the
conductivity of a solution decrease
with dilution?
[2 marks]
â Conductivity : It can be defined as the
conducctance of a solution of 1 m
length with area of cross-section equal
2
to 1 m or µ ¶
1 1 ℓ
κ= = × is called conductivity.
ρ R A
The conductivity of a solution is the
conductance of ions present in a unit
volume of the solution. The number of
ions (responsible for carrying current)
decreases when the solution is diluted.
As a result, the conductivity of a
solution decreases with dilution.
2022 Term 2 56/3/3
4. The conductivity of 0.001M acetic

−5 −1
acid is 7.8 × 10 S cm . Calculate its
◦
degree of dissociation if Λm for acetic
2 −1
acid is 390 S cm mol
[2 marks]
κ × 1000
â Λm =
Molarity
−5 −1 3 −1
¡ ¢
7.8 × 10 Scm × 1000 cm L
= −1
0.001mol L
2 −1
= 78 S cm mol
Λm 78
α= ◦ = = 0.2
Λm 390
2021 Compart 56/1/1
1.
(i) Calculate emf of the following cell at
298 K :
¯ ¯¯ ¯
¯ 3+ ¯¯ 2+ ¯
Al(s) ¯Al (0.1M)¯¯Cu (0.01M)¯ Cu(s)
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
◦
Given : Ecell = 2 V, log 10 = 1
(ii) Define molar conductivity. On
dilution, why does the molar
conductivity of HCOOH increase
drastically, while that of HCOONa
increases gradually ?
[5 marks]
â
(i) n=6 £ 3+¤2
◦ 0.0591 Al
Ecell = E cell − log £ 3
n 2+
¤
Cu
2
0.0591 (0.1)
= 2− log 3
6 (0.01)
0.0591 2
= 2− log 10
6
0.0591
= 2− 2 log 10
6
= 2 − 0.0197 log 10
= 1.98 V
(ii) Molar conductivity is defined as the
conductivity of an electrolytic
solution divided by the molar
concentration of the electrolyte, so it
measures the efficiency a given
electrolyte that conducts electricity in
solution. It is the conducting power
of all the ions produced by dissolving
one mole of an electrolyte in solution.
(Λ m )
OR
The conductivity of solutions of
different electrolytes in the same
solvent and at a given temperature
differs due to charge and size of the
ions in which they dissociate, the
concentration of ions or ease with
which the ions move under a
potential gradient called molar
conductivity. (Λm )
In the case of HCOOH , which is a
weak electrolyte , the number of ions
increase on dilution due to increase
in degree of dissociation.
In the case of strong
electrolyte(HCOONa) the number of
ions remains the same but the
interionic attraction decreases.
2.
(i) The electrical resistance of a column
of 0.02 M NaOH solution of diameter
1.40 cm and length 44 cm is
3
5.00 × 10 ohm. Calculate its
resistivity, conductivity and molar
conductivity.
(ii) Depict the galvanic cell in which the
reaction takes place:
+ 2+
Ni(s) + 2Ag (aq) −→ Ni (aq) + 2Ag(s)
Further show :
(a) Which of the electrodes is positively
charged?
(b) The carriers of the current in the
outer circuit.
[5 marks]
â
(i) Diameter = 1.40 cm, Radius = 0.7 cm
Area = πr = 3.14 × (0.7) = 1.54 cm
2 2 2
3
R × A 5 × 10 × 1.54
ρ= =
l 44
= 175 ohm cm
1 1
Conductivity(κ) = =
ρ 175
−1
= 0.00571 S cm
c κ × 1000
Molar conductivity Λm =
M
0.00571 × 1000 2 −1
= = 285.5 S cm mol
¯ 0.02 ¯¯ ¯
¯ 2+ ¯¯ +
(ii) Ni (s) ¯ Ni (aq) ¯¯ Ag (aq) ¯ Ag (s)
¯
(a) Ag electrode is positively charged.

(b) The carriers of current in the external
circuit, current will flow from silver to
zinc electrode.
2021 Compart 56(B)
1. Calculate the emf and ∆G of the

following cell at 298 K :
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ 2+ ¡ −3
¢ ¯¯ 2+ ¡ −4
¢
Mg(s) ¯Mg 10 M ¯¯Cu 10 M ¯ Cu(s)
¯
0
Given : Ecell = +2.70 V,
−1
1 F = 96500 C mol , log 10 = 1
[5 marks]
â Given : ◦
Ecell = +2.70 £V
2+
¤
◦ 0.0591 Mg
E = Ecell − log £ 2+¤
2 Cu
0.059 0.001
= 2.70 − log
2 0.0001
= 2.70 − 0.0295 log 10
= 2.70 − 0.0295
= 2.6705 V
OR
◦
(i) Calculate the ∆rG and log Kc for the
following reaction :
2+ + 3+
Fe (aq) + Ag (aq) −→ Fe (aq) + Ag(s)
0 3+ 2+
E (Fe /Fe ) = +0.77 V,
0 +
E (Ag /Ag) = +0.80 V
(ii) State Kohlrausch’s law of
independent migration of ions.
Write its one application.
[5 marks]
â
◦
(i) Ecell = 0.8 − 0.77 = 0.03 V
◦ ◦
∆r G = −nFEcell
= −1 × 96500 × 0.03
= −2895 J/mol
◦
nEcell 1 × 0.03
log Kc = = = 0.508
0.059 0.059
(ii) Kohlrausch law of independent
migration of ions states that limiting
molar conductivity of an electrolyte
can be represented as the sum of the
individual contributions of the anion
and cation of the electrolyte.
If λNa+ and λCl are limiting molar
◦ ◦
conductivity of the sodium and

chloride ions respectively, then the
limiting molar conductivity for
sodium chloride is given by the
equation :
Λm(NaCl) = λNa+ + λCl
◦ ◦ ◦
2020 56/C/1 Compart
1. Predict the change in molar
conductivity with the decrease in
concentration.
[1 marks]
â Molar conductivity increases.
2. Predict the products of electrolysis in

each of the following :
(a) An aqueous solution of CuSO4 with
Pt electrode
(b) An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with
Pt electrode
[2 marks]
OR
How many seconds does it require to
3+ 2+
reduce 3 moles of Fe to Fe with 2 A
–1
current ? (Given : 1 F = 96500C mol )
[2 marks]
â Products of electrolysis
(a) At Anode :
+ –
2H2O(l)−→ 4H (aq) + 4e + O2
At Cathode :
2+ –
Cu (aq) + 2e −→ Cu(s).
Copper is deposited at cathode and
Oxygen gas is liberated at anode
(b) At Anode :
+ –
2H2O(l)−→ 4H (aq) + 4e + O2
At Cathode :
+ –
Ag (aq) + e −→ Ag(s).
Silver is deposited at cathode and
oxygen gas is liberated at anode.
OR
â Fe 3+ – 2+
+ e −→ Fe ,
3+
so 1 mol of Fe requires 1 F
3+
3 moles of Fe require 3 F
Q=I×t
t = 3 × 96500 / 2
t = 144750 sec
3. Conductivity of 0·002 M acetic acid

−5 −1
is 8 × 10 S cm . Calculate its
molar conductivity and degree of
◦
dissociation(α) if Λm for acetic acid
2 −1
is 390·5 S cm mol .
[3 marks]
k
â Λm =
c
−5
8 × 10
= × 1000
0.002
2 −1
= 40 S cm mol
c
Λm
α= ◦ = 40/390.5 = 0.102
Λm
2020 56/C/2 Compart
1. Predict the change in molar

conductivity with the increase in
concentration.
[1 marks]
â Molar conductivity decreases.

1. Predict the products of electrolysis
of an aqueous silver nitrate with
silver electrodes.
[1 marks]
â At anode :
+ –
Ag(s) −→ Ag(aq) +e
At cathode :
+ −
Ag(aq) + e −→ Ag(s)
Silver is deposited at cathode and
Silver ions are formed at anode.
2.
(a) The resistance of a conductivity cell
–1
filled with 0.1 molL KCl solution is
100 ohms. If the resistance of the
same cell when filled with 0·02
–1
molL KCl solution is 520 ohms,
calculate the conductivity and
–1
molar conductivity of 0·02 molL
KCl solution. The conductivity of 0·1
–1
mol L KCl solution is
–2 –1
1·29×10 S cm .
(b) Define the following terms :
(i) Fuel cell
◦
(ii) Limiting molar conductivity (Λm )
[5 marks]
â
(a) The cell constant is given by the
equation:
∗
Cell constant = G
= conductivity × resistance
−1
= 1.29 S/m × 100Ω = 129m
−1
= 1.29cm
−1
Conductivity of 0.02 molL
cell constant
KCl solution =
resistance
∗ −1
G 129m −1
= = = 0.248 S m
R 520Ω −1
Concentration = 0.02molL
−3
= 1000 × 0.02 mol m
−3
= 20 mol m
κ
Molar conductivity Λm =
−3 −1
c
248 × 10 S m
= −3
20 mol m
−4 2 −1
= 124 × 10 Sm mol
Alternatively,
−1
1.29cm
κ= −2
= 0.248 × 10 Scm −1
520Ω
and
Λm = κ × 1000 cm L molarity
3 −1 −1
−2 −1 3 −1
0.248 × 10 S cm × 1000 cm L
= −1
0.02 mol L
2 −1
= 124 S cm mol
(b)
(i)Fuel Cell : Galvanic cells (or
electrochemical cells) in which the
energy of combustion of the fuels like
hydrogen, methanol, methane, etc. is
directly converted into electrical
energy. / Cells in which electrical
energy or electricity is produced with
help of the combustion or oxidation of
some fuel.
(ii)Limiting molar conductivity : When
the concentration of the solution
approaches zero, the molar
conductivity is known as limiting
molar conductivity / molar
conductivity at infinite dilution/
maximum limit or maximum value of
the molar conductivity of an
electrolyte.
OR
(a) Calculate the cell emf for the
following cell reaction at 298 K for
the cell :
2+ 2+
Mg | Mg (0.01 M)|| Sn (0.1 M)|Sn
◦
Ecell = 2·204 V [log10 = 1]
(b) Give reasons :

(i) Rusting of iron becomes quicker in
saline medium.
◦
(ii) It is not possible to determine(Λm )
for weak electrolytes graphically.
[5 marks]
â
(a)
2+
◦ 0.0591 Mg
Ecell = Ecell − log 2+
n Sn
0.0591 0.01
= 2.204 − log
2 0.1
0.0591 −1
= 2.204 − log 10
2
= 2.204 − 0.02955 × (−1)
= 2.204 + 0.02955
= 2.234V
(b)
(i) Saline water helps in ionisation of
water / saline water is an electrolytes /
saline water helps iron to lose
electrons / saline water increases the
number of ions which favours rusting.
(ii) At infinite dilution (i.e., concentration
c → zero) electrolyte dissociates
completely (α=1), but at such low
concentration the conductivity (or
resistance) of the solution is so low
that it cannot be measured accurately.
/pFor weak electrolytes graph of Λc vs
C is not linear and can’t be
extrapolated.
2020 56(B)
1. Why does the cell potential of a
mercury cell remain constant
throughout its life?
[1 marks]
â Because the overall reaction does not

involve any ion in the solution.
2. Why is the blue colour of copper

sulphate solution slowly discharged
when a rod of zinc is dipped in it?
[1 marks]
â Zinc has lower reduction potential

than copper due to which zinc is
2+
oxidized and Cu ions are reduced. /
Zn being more reactive than copper,
2+
displaces Cu ions from the solution
◦ ◦
3. Calculate and ∆r G for the
Ecell
following reaction at 298 K
2+ 2+
A + B (0·001 M)−→A (0·0001 M) +
B
Given :
Ecell = 2·6805 V,
–1
1 F = 96,500 C mol , log 10 = 1
[5 marks]
2+
£ ¤
0.0591 A
â Ecell = Ecell −
◦
log £ 2+¤
n B
◦ 0.0591 −1
2.6805 = E cell − log 10
◦
2
= Ecell − 0.0295 × (−1)
◦
= Ecell + 0.0295
◦
Ecell = 2.6805 − 0.0295 = 2.651V
0 0
∆G = −nF E cell
= −2 × 96500 × 2.651
−1
= −511643 J mol
−1
or −511.643 kJmol
OR
(a) The electrical resistance of a
–1
column of 0·05 mol L NaOH
solution of diameter 1 cm and
3
length 50 cm is 5·55 ×10 ohms.
Calculate the resistivity,
conductivity and molar
conductivity.
Given : π = 3·14
(b) Give reasons :
(i) Fuel cells are preferred for
production of electrical energy
than thermal plants.
(ii) Iron does not rust even if zinc
coating is broken in a galvanized
pipe.
[5 marks]
â
(a) Area (A) = πr 2
2
= 3.14 × (0.5cm)
2
= 0.785cm
Length (l) = 50cm = 0.5m.
l R×A
R =ρ or ρ =
A l
3 2
5.55 × 10 × 0.785cm
=
50cm
ρ = 87.135 ohm cm
1 1 −1
k= = S cm
ρ 87.135
−1
= 0.01148 S cm
k × 1000
Λm =
M
−1 3 −1
0.011488cm × 1000cm L
= −1
0.05mol L
2 −1
Λm = 229.6 S cm mol
(b)
(i) Fuel cells are pollution free while
thermal plants are major source of
pollution / Fuel cells are more
efficient.
(ii) Zinc being more reactive will oxidise
itself to protect iron.
2020 56/1/1
1. Out of zinc and tin, whose coating is
better to protect iron objects ?
[1 marks]
â Zinc protects better because oxidation

of zinc is greater but that of tin is less
than that of iron.
OR
Zinc coating is better for protecting
iron as its reduction potential is very
low
2.
◦
(a) Calculate ∆G for the reaction
2+ 2+
Zn(s)+Cu (aq) −→ Zn (aq)+Cu(s)
◦ 2+
Given : E for Zn /Zn = −0.76 V and
◦ 2+
E for Cu /Cu = +0.34 V
−1 −1
R = 8.314JK mol
−1
F = 96500Cmol
(b) Give two advantages of fuel cells.
[5 marks]
â
◦ ◦ ◦
(a) Ecell = ECu− EZn
= 0.34 − (−0.76) = 1.10V
◦ ◦
∆G = −nFE
= −2× 1.10 × 96500
= −212300 J/mol
= −212.3 kJ/mol
(b) (i) Pollution free
(ii) High efficiency.
OR
(a) Out of the following pairs, predict
with reason which pair will allow
greater conduction of electricity :
(i) Silver wire at 30°C or silver wire at
60°C.
(ii) 0·1M CH3COOH solution or 1M
CH3COOH solution.
(iii) KCl solution at 20°C or KCl
solution at 50°C .
(b) Give two points of differences
between electrochemical and
electrolytic cells.
[5 marks]
â
(a) (i) Silver wire at 30°C because as
temperature decreases, resistance
decreases so conduction
increases.
(ii) 0.1 M CH3COOH, because on
dilution degree of ionization
increases hence conduction
increases.
(iii) KCl solution at 50°C, because at
high temperature mobility of ions
increases and hence conductance
increases
(b) Electrochemical Cell
(1) Anode -ve
Cathode +ve
(2) Convert chemical Energy to
electrical energy
Electrolytic Cell
(1) Anode +ve
Cathode -ve
(2) Convert electrical Energy to
chemical energy
2020 56/2/1
1. If the standard electrode potential of
an electrode is greater than zero,
then we can infer that its
(a) reduced form is more stable
compared to hydrogen gas.
(b) oxidised form is more stable
(c) reduced and oxidised forms are
equally stable.
(d) reduced form is less stable than the
hydrogen gas.
[1 marks]
â (a) reduced form is more stable

2. For an electrochemical cell

+ 2+
Mg (s) + Ag (aq) −→ Ag (s) + Mg
(aq)
give the cell representation. Also
write the Nernst equation for the
above cell at 25°C.
[2 marks]
â ¯ ¯¯ ¯
¯ 2+ ¯¯
Mg(s) ¯Mg(aq)¯¯Ag(aq)¯ Ag(s)
¯
£ 2+¤
0 0.059 log Mg
Ecell = Ecell − £ +¤2
2 Ag
2020 56/2/2
2+
Cu (aq) + Ni(s) −→
2+
Ni (aq) + Cu(s),
◦
above cell at 25 C.
[2 marks]
¯ ¯¯ ¯
â Ni(s) ¯Ni(aq)¯¯Cu(aq)¯ Cu(s)
¯ 2+ ¯¯ 2+ ¯
2+
0 0.059 [Ni ]
Ecell = Ecell − log 2+
2 [Cu ]
4. State Kohlrausch’s law. Calculate the

molar conductance of Sr(NO3)2 .
The molar ionic conductance
2+ −
of Sr and NO3 ions are 119 S cm 2
–1 –1
mol and 72 S cm 2 mol
respectively.
[3 marks]
â Limiting molar conductivity of an
electrolyte can be represented as the
sum of the individual contributions of
the anion and cation of the electrolyte.
Molar conductivity of Sr(NO3)2
= λ Sr + 2λ NO3
0 2+ 0 −
= 119 + (2 × 72)
2
= 263 S cm /mol
2020 56/2/3
–
F2 (g) + 2I (aq) −→
–
2F (aq) + I2 (s),
◦
above cell at 25 C.
[2 marks]
¯ ¯¯ ¯
â I(aq) ¯I2 (s)¯¯F2 (g)¯ F(aq)
− ¯ ¯¯ ¯ −
− 2
0 0.059 [F ]
Ecell = Ecell– log − 2
2 [I ]
6. State Kohlrausch’s law. Calculate the

molar conductance of Ba(OH)2 .
2+
The molar ionic conductance of Ba
− 2
and OH ions are 127 and 199 S cm
–1
mol respectively.
[3 marks]
â Limiting molar conductivity of an
electrolyte can be represented as the
sum of the individual contributions of
the anion and cation of the electrolyte.
Molar conductivity of Ba(OH)2
= λ Ba + 2λ OH
0 2+ 0 −
= 127 + (2 × 199)
2
= 525 S cm /mol
2020 56/3/1
1. Name the cell which was used in the
Apollo Space Programme.
[1 marks]
â H2 – O2 Fuel cell
2. How many coulombs are required for

the oxidation of 1 mol of H2O to O2 ?
[1 marks]
â The charge Q on n mol of electrons is

given by Q=nF
−1
Q = 2 mol × 96500 C mol
5
= 193000 C = 1.93 ×10 C
3. Assertion (A) : Conductivity of an

electrolyte decreases with decrease
in concentration.
Reason (R) : Number of ions per unit
volume increases on dilution.
Assertion (A).
the Assertion (A).
[1 marks]

is incorrect statement.
4. Calculate the maximum work and

log Kc for the given reaction at 298 K :
+ 2+
Ni(s) + 2Ag (aq)⇌Ni (aq) + 2Ag(s)
Given :
◦
ENi2+/Ni = – 0.25 V,
◦
EAg+/Ag = + 0.80 V
–1
1 F = 96500 C mol
[3 marks]
â ∆G = − nF
◦ ◦
Ecel l
= −2 × 96500 × {(0.80) − (−0.25)}
= −202650J/ mol
Maximum work = 202650 J/ mol
◦ 0.059
Ecel l = log Kc
2
2 × 1.15
log Kc = = 35.6
0.059
2020 56/3/2
5. Write the product obtained at
cathode on electrolysis of aqueous
solution of NaCl.
[1 marks]
â H2(g ) / Hydrogen gas
6. Which of the following solutions of

KCl will have the highest value of
specific conductance ?
(A) 0·5 M
(B) 0·01 M
(C) 0·1 M
(D) 1·0 M
[1 marks]
â (D) 1·0 M
2020 56/3/3
7. In fuel cell
(a) chemical energy is converted to
electrical energy.
(b) energy of combustion of fuel is
converted to chemical energy.
(c) energy of combustion of fuel is
converted to electrical energy.
(d) electrical energy is converted to
chemical energy.
[1 marks]
â (c) energy of combustion of fuel is

converted to electrical energy.
8. In a Leclanche dry cell, the cathode is

(a) Zn container
(b) MnO2
(c) Graphite rod
(d) NH4Cl
[1 marks]
â (c) Graphite rod

2020 56/4/1
1. In a lead storage battery
(a) PbO2 is reduced to PbSO4 at the
cathode.
(b) Pb is oxidised to PbSO4 at the
anode.
(c) Both electrodes are immersed in
the same aqueous solution of
H2SO4 .
(d) All the above are true.
[1 marks]
â (d) All the above are true.
2.
(a) The electrical resistance of a
column of 0.05 M KOH solution of
length 50 cm and area of
2 3
cross-section 0.625 cm is 5 × 10
ohm. Calculate its resistivity,
conductivity and molar
conductivity.
(b) Predict the products of electrolysis
of an aqueous solution of CuCl2
with platinum electrodes.
(Given :
◦
E(C u 2+/C u) = +0.34V ,
◦
E(1C l /C l −) = +1.36V
2 2
◦
E(H +/H2(g )) ,Pt = 0.00V ,
◦
E(1O /H O) = +1.23V
2 2 2
[5 marks]
â
ρl
(a) R =
A
RA
Resistivity −→ ρ =
l
3
5 × 10 × 0.625
= = 62.5Ω cm
50
1
Conductivity κ =
ρ
1 −1 −1
= = 0.016Ω cm
62.5
Molar conductivity Λm
κ × 1000 0.016 × 1000
= =
C 0.05
= 320 Ω cm mol
−1 2 −1
(b) At cathode :
2+ –
Cu + 2e −→Cu
◦ ◦
Because ECu 2+/Cu > EH +/H2
At anode :
1 + –
H2O −→ 2 O2 + 2 H + 2 e
This reaction should occur at anode
but due to over-potential of O2 ,
–
oxidation of Cl is preferred.
− −
2Cl −→ Cl2 + 2e
OR
(a) Calculate e.m.f. of the following
cell :
2+ +
Zn(s)/Zn (0.1 M) || (0.01 M) Ag
/Ag(s)
Given :
◦
E Z n 2+/Z n = −0.76V ,
◦
E Ag +/Ag = +0.80V
(b) X and Y are two electrolytes. On
dilution molar conductivity of ‘X’
increases 2.5 times while that Y
increases 25 times. Which of the
two is a weak electrolyte and why ?
[Given : log 10 = 1]
[5 marks]
â
◦ ◦ ◦
(a) Ecel l = EC − EA
= 0.80–(−0.76) = 1.56 V
2+
◦ 0.059 [Zn ]
Ecel l = Ecel l − log + 2
n [Ag ]
0.059 3
= 1.56 − log10 = 1.47V
2
(b) Y, as molar conductivity increases
with dilution due to increase in
degree of dissociation.
2020 56/4/2
3. An electrochemical cell behaves like
an electrolytic cell when
(a) Ecel l = Eex t er nal
(b) Ecel l = 0
(c) Eex t er nal > Ecel l
(d) Eex t er nal < Ecel l
[1 marks]
â (c) Eext er nal > Ecel l

2020 56/4/3
4. Which of the following is correct for
spontaneity of a cell ?
◦
(a) ∆G = –ve E = +ve
◦
(b) ∆G = +ve E = 0
◦
(c) ∆G = –ve E = 0
◦
(d) ∆G = +ve E = –ve
[1 marks]
â (a) ∆G = –ve E = +ve

◦
2020 56/5/1
1. Name the cell used in hearing aids
and watches.
[1 marks]
â Mercury cell
2. How much charge in terms of

Faraday is required to reduce one
– 2+
mol of MnO4 to Mn ?
[1 marks]
â 5F
x MnO4 + 5e → Mn
− − 2+
The oxidation number of Mn in

−
MnO4 is +7.
2+
The oxidation number of Mn in Mn
is +2.
The change in the oxidation number is
7 − 2 = 5.
This suggests five moles of electrons
−
for oxidation of one mole of MnO4 to
2+
one mole of Mn .
The number of moles of electrons is
equal to the number of Faraday of
electricity required.
3. Assertion (A) : Conductivity of an

electrolyte increases with decrease in
concentration.
Reason (R) : Number of ions per unit
volume decreases on dilution.
Assertion (A).
the Assertion (A).
[1 marks]

4. When a steady current of 2A was

passed through two electrolytic cells
A and B containing electrolytes
ZnSO4 and CuSO4 connected in
series, 2 g of Cu were deposited at the
cathode of cell B. How long did the
current flow ? What mass of Zn was
deposited at cathode of cell A ?
[Atomic mass :
–1 –1
Cu = 63.5 g mol , Zn = 65 g mol ; 1F
–1
= 96500 C mol ]
[3 marks]
â m=ZIt
2 = 63.5 × 2 × t/2 × 96500
t = 3039.4 s
m1/m2 = eqwt1/eqwt2
2 63.5/2
=
m2 65/2
m2 = 2.05 g
2020 56/5/2
5. In an electrochemical process, a salt
bridge is used
(a) as a reducing agent.
(b) as an oxidizing agent.
(c) to complete the circuit so that
current can flow.
(d) None of these
[1 marks]
â (c) to complete the circuit so that

current can flow.
6. Kohlrausch given the following

relation for strong electrolytes :
p
Λ = Λ◦−A C
Which of the following equality holds
p
(a) Λ = Λ◦ as C −→ A
(b) Λ = Λ◦ as C−→ ∞
(c) Λ = Λ◦ as C −→ 0
(d) Λ = Λ◦ as C −→ 1
[1 marks]
â (c) Λ = Λ◦ as C −→ 0
2020 56/5/3
7. The amount of electricity required to
produce one mole of Zn from ZnSO4
solution will be :
(a) 3F
(b) 2F
(c) 1F
(d) 4F
[1 marks]
â (b) 2F
8. Zinc is coated over iron to prevent

rusting of iron because
◦ ◦
(a) E Z n 2+/Z n = EF e 2+/F e
◦ ◦
(b) E Z n 2+/Z n < EF e 2+/F e
◦ ◦
(c) E Z n 2+/Z n > EF e 2+/F e
(d) None of these
[1 marks]
â (b) ◦
E Z n 2+/Z n < ◦
EF e 2+/F e
2019 Compart 56/C/1
1. Define conductivity and molar
conductivity for the solution of an
electrolyte. Why does the
conductivity of solution decrease
with dilution ?
[2 marks]
â Conductivity of a solution at any given

concentration is the conductance of
one unit volume of solution kept
between two platinum electrodes with
unit area of cross-section.
Molar conductivity is the conductivity
of solution for 1M solution.
Because number of ions per unit
volume that carry the current in a
solution decreases.
2. Zinc rod is dipped in 0·01 M solution
of zinc sulphate when temperature is
298 K. Calculate the electrode
potential of zinc.
Given :
◦
EZn2+/Zn = – 0·76 V ; log 10 = 1
[3 marks]
â Zn 2+
+ 2e −→ Zn(s)
◦ 0.059 1
EZn2+/Zn = EZn2+/Zn − log 2+
2 [Zn ]
0.059 1
EZn2+/Zn = −0.76 − log
2 [0.01]
0.059 2
= −0.76 − log 10
2
= − 0.76 – 0.059 V
EZn2+/Zn = − 0.819 V
2019 Compart 56(B)
1.
(a) The cell in which following reaction
occurs :
3+ − 2+
2Fe (aq) + 2I (aq) −→ 2Fe (aq) + I2
◦
hasEcell =0.236 V. at 298 K. Calculate
the standard Gibbs energy and the
equilibrium constant.
−1
1 F = 96500 C mol
(b) Define fuel cell and write its two
advantages over an ordinary cell.
[5 marks]
â
◦
nE cell 2 × 0.236
(a) logKc = = = 8.0
0.059 0.059
◦ ◦
∆r G = −n F Ecell
−1
= 2 × 96500 C mol × 0.2364
◦ −1
∆r G = −45548 J mol = −45.548 KJ
−1
mol
(b) Fuel cell - Galvanic cells that are
designed to convert the energy of
combustion of fuels like hydrogen,
methane, methanol, etc. directly into
electrical energy Advantages : High
efficiency and eco-friendly /
pollution free
OR
(a) Resistance of a conductivity cell
−1
filled with 0 . 1 mol L KCl solution
is 100 Ω . If the resistance of the
−1
same cell filled with 0.02 mol L KCl
solution is 520 Ω , calculate the
conductivity and molar conductivity
−1
of 0.02 mol L KCl solution. The
−1
conductivity of 0.1 mol L KCl
−1
solution is 1.29 Sm .
(b) Write the anode and cathode
reactions that occur in mercury cell.
[5 marks]
â
∗
(a) Cell constant (G )
= conductivity × resistance
−1
= 1.29 S m × 100 ohm
−1 −1
= 129 m = 1.29 cm
Conductivity of
∗
−1 G
0.02 mol L KCl =
Resistance
−1
= 129 m / 520 ohm
−1
= 0.248 S m
−2 −1
= 0.248 × 10 S m
κ
Λm =
c
−2 −1
0.248 × 10 S m 3 −1
= −1
×1000 cm L
0.02 mol L
2 −1
= 124 S cm mol
(b) Anode :
− −
Zn(Hg) + 2OH −→ ZnO(s) + H2O + e
Cathode :
− −
Hgo + H2O + 2e −→ Hg(l) + 2OH
2019 56/1/1
◦
1. Ecell for the given redox reaction is
2.71 V
2+
Mg(s) + Cu(0.01M) −→
2+
Mg(0.001M) + Cu(s)
Calculate Ecell for the reaction. Write
the direction of flow of current when
an external opposite potential
applied is
(i) less than 2.71 V and
(ii) greater than 2.71 V
[5 marks]
0.059
â Ecell = Ecell −
◦
− log Kc
n
−3
◦ 0.059 10
= Ecell − log −2
2 10
= 2.71 + 0.0295
Ecell = 2.7395 V
(i) Cu to Mg / Cathode to anode / Same
direction
(ii) Mg to Cu / Anode to cathode /
Opposite direction
2019 56/2/1
1.
–1
(a) The conductivity of 0·001 mol L
acetic acid is
–5 –1
4·95 ×10 S cm . Calculate the
V◦
dissociation constant if m for
acetic acid is
2 –1
390·5 S cm mol .
(b) Write Nernst equation for the
◦
reaction at 25 C :
2+
2 Al (s) + 3 Cu (aq) −→
3+
2 Al (aq) + 3 Cu (s)
(c) What are secondary batteries ? Give
an example.
[5 marks]
â
κ
(a) Λm =
c
−5 −1 3
4.95 × 10 S cm 1000 cm
= −1
×
0.001 mol L L
2 −1
= 49.5 S cm mol
V
m
α = V◦
m
2 −1
49.5 S cm mol
= −1
= 0.126
390.5 S cm 2 mol
2
cα
K=
(1 − α)
−1 2
0.001 mol L × (0.126)
=
1 − 0.126
−5 −1
= 1.8 × 10 mol L
2
If K = cα ,
−5 −1
then K = 1.6 × 10 mol L
3+ 2
⊖ 0.059 [Al ]
(b) E(cell) = E(cell) − log 2+ 3
6 [cu ]
(c) Batteries which are rechargeable
Example :
Lead storage, Ni-Cd batteries
OR
(a) Represent the cell in which the
following reaction takes place :
2+
2 Al (s) + 3 Ni (0·1 M) −→
3+
2 Al (0·01 M) + 3 Ni (s)
Calculate its emf if
◦
Ecell = 1·41 V.
(b) How does molar conductivity vary
with increase in concentration for
strong electrolyte and weak
electrolyte ? How can you obtain
◦
limiting molar conductivity (Λm)
for weak electrolyte ?
[5 marks]
â
3+ 2+
(a) Al(s) | Al (0.01M) || Ni
(0.1 M) | Ni(s)
3+ 2
⊖ 0.059 [Al ]
E(cell) = E(cell) − log 2+ 3
6 [Ni ]
2
0.059 [0.01]
E(cell) = 1.41V − log 3
6 [0.1]
E(cell) = 1.4198V or E(cell) = 1.42V
(b) Λm decreases with increase in
concentration for both strong & weak
electrolyte
◦
Λm can be obtained for weak
electrolyte by applying Kohlrausch
law /
Λm = ν+λ+ + ν−λ−
◦ ◦ ◦
2019 56/3/1
1. Write anode and cathode reactions
that occur in dry cell. How does a dry
cell differ from a mercury cell ?
[2 marks]
â Anode : Zn (s) −→ Zn 2+ −
+ 2e
+ −
Cathode : MnO2 + NH4 + e
↓
MnO(OH) + NH3
Unlike mercury cell, Dry cell has
shorter life (or) Cell potential in
mercury cell remains constant but not
in dry cell.
2.
(a) Following reaction takes place in
the cell :
Zn(s) + Ag2O(s) + H2O(l) −→
2+ –
Zn (aq) + 2Ag (s) + 2OH (aq)
◦
Calculate ∆r G of the reaction.
◦
[Given : E(Zn2+/Zn) = −0.76V ,
◦
E(Ag+/Ag) = 0.80V ,
−1
1F = 96,500 C mol ]
(b) How can you determine limiting
◦
molar conductivity, (Λm ) for strong
electrolyte and weak electrolyte ?
[3 marks]
â
◦ ◦ ◦
(a) Ecell = E(Ag+/Ag)− E(Zn2+/Zn)
= 0.80 – (-0.76)
= 1.56V
◦ ◦
∆G = −nFEcell
= -2 × 96500 × 1.56
= -301080 joules/mol
= -301.080 kJ/mol
◦
(b) Λm for strong electrolyte is obtained
as intercept from plot of Λm verses
p ◦
c whereas Λm for weak electrolyte
is obtained from Kohlrausch’s law/
Λm = ν+λ+ + ν−λ−
◦ ◦ ◦
2019 56/3/2
3.
(a) Write the reaction that occurs at
anode on electrolysis of
concentrated H2SO4 using
platinum electrodes.
(b) What is the effect of temperature
on ionic conductance ?
[2 marks]
â
2− 2− −
(a) 2SO4 (aq) −→S2O8 (aq) + 2e
(b) Ionic conductance will increase with
increase in temperature.
2019 56/3/3
4. Write the name of two fuels other
than hydrogen used in fuel cell. Write
two advantages of fuel cell over an
ordinary cell.
[2 marks]
â Methane and methanol. Pollution free

,High efficiency
2019 56/4/1
1. Explain with a graph, the variation of
molar conductivity of a strong
electrolyte with dilution.
[2 marks]
◦
2. Calculate ∆r G and log Kc for the
following reaction :
+2 2+
Cd (aq) + Zn(s) −→ Zn (aq) + Cd(s)
Given :
◦
ECd2+/Cd = −0.403 V
◦
EZn2+/Zn = −0.763 V
[3 marks]
â ◦
Ecell
= Ecathode – Eanode
= −0.403 − (−0.763) = 0.360 V
◦ ◦
∆r G = −nFEcell
= −2 × 96500 × 0.360
−1
= −69480 J mol
−1
or −69.480 kJ mol
◦
log Kc = nEcell / 0.059
= 2 × 0.360 / 0.059
log Kc = 12.20
OR
Chromium metal is electroplated
using an acidic solution containing
CrO3 according to the following
equation :
+ −
CrO3 + 6H + 6e −→ Cr + 3 H2O
Calculate how many grams of
chromium will be electroplated by
24,000 coulombs. How long will it take
to electroplate 1·5 g chromium
using 12·5 A current ?
−1
[Atomic mass of Cr = 52 g mol ,
−1
1 F = 96500 C mol ]
[3 marks]
â 6 × 96500 C deposit 1 mole Cr

= 52 g 24000 C will deposit
52 × 24000
= 2.155 g
6 × 96500
52 g of Cr deposited by
6 × 96500 C
1.5 g Cr deposited by
6 × 96500 × 1.5
= 16701.9 C
52
Q=I×t
16701.9C
t = Q/I = 1336 s
12.5A
2019 56/4/2
3. Define electrochemical cell. What
happens when applied external
◦
potential becomes greater than Ecell
of electrochemical cell ?
[2 marks]
â The cell converts the chemical energy

into electrical energy. Direction of the
current will be reversed. / It behaves as
electrolytic cell / Non spontaneous
reaction becomes spontaneous.
2019 56/4/3
◦
4. Using the E values of X and Y, predict
which is better for coating the
surface of iron to prevent rust and
why ?
Given :
◦
EFe2+/Fe = −0·44 V
◦
EX2+/X = −2·36 V
◦
EY2+/Y = −0·14 V
[2 marks]
â X ; Due to higher negative reduction
potential.
2019 56/5/1
1. Following reactions may occur at
cathode and anode during
electrolysis of aqueous sodium
chloride. What products will be held
◦
at anode and cathode ? Use given E
values to justify your answer.
Cathode :
+ − ◦
Na (aq) + e −→ Na(s) E = – 2·71 V
+ − 1 ◦
H (aq) + e −→ 2 H2(g) E = 0·00 V
Anode :
– 1 – ◦
Cl (aq)−→ 2Cl2(g) +e E = + 1·36 V
+ –
2H2O(aq) −→O2(g) + 4H + 4e
◦
E = + 1·23 V
[2 marks]
â At cathode- H2(g) is produced due to
◦ +
greater E value of H ion
At anode- Cl2(g) is produced due to
over voltage /over potential of oxygen
2. Calculate the emf of the following

◦
cell at 25 C :
¯ ¯¯ ¯
¯ 3+ 2+¯
Al(s)¯Al (0.001M)¯¯(0.1)Ni ¯Ni(s)
¯¯
Given :
◦
E Ni2+/Ni = −0.25 V
( )
◦
E(Al3+/Al) = −1.66 V
[log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771]
[3 marks]
â
n=6
◦ ◦ ◦
E = Ecathode − Eanode
= (−0.25) − (−1.66) = 1.41 V
£ +3¤2
◦
Al
Ecell = Ecell(0.059/n) log £
+2 3
¤
Ni
¡ −3¢2 3
Ecell = 1.41 − (0.059/6) log 10 /(0.1)
Ecell = 1.4395 V
2019 56(B)
1.
◦
(a) Calculate the Ecell
for the following
◦
cell reaction at 25 C :
2+
A + B (0·001 M) −→
2+
A (0·0001 M) + B
◦
Given Ecell = 2·6805 V,
–1
1 F = 96500 C mol
(b) Account for the following :
(i) The cell potential of mercury
cell remains constant
throughout its life.
(ii) Aluminium metal cannot be
obtained by the electrolysis of
an aqueous solution of salt of
Aluminium.
[5 marks]
â
2+
◦ 0.059 [A ]
(a) Ecell = Ecell − log 2+
2 [B ]
◦ 0.059 [0.0001]
= Ecell − log
2 [0.001]
◦ −1
= Ecell−(0.059/2) log [10 ]
= 2.6805 − (0.059/2)(−1 log 10)]
∴ Ecell = 2.6805 + 0.0295 = 2.71 V
(b) (i) Because the overall reaction does
not involve any ion in the solution
whose concentration changes
during its lifetime.
(ii) Aluminium has lesser reduction
+
electrode potential than H , so
+
during electrolysis H ions are
discharged at cathode.
OR
(a) The molar conductivity of 0.025 mol
–1
L methanoic acid is 46.1 S
2 –1
cm mol . Calculate its degree of
dissociation and dissociation
constant. Given
λ (H ) = 349.6 S cm mol
0 + 2 –1
λ (HCOO ) = 54.6 S cm mol

0 − 2 –1

(i) The blue colour of copper
sulphate solution is slowly
discharged when a rod of zinc is
dipped in it.
(ii) Rusting becomes quicker in
saline medium
[5 marks]
â
(a)
0 0 0
Λm (HCOOH) = λ H + λ (HCOO )
+ −
¡ ¢
= 349.6 + 54.6
2 −1
= 404.2 S cm mol
Now, degree of dissociation :
Λm (HCOOH) 46.1
α= 0 = = 0.114 ≈
Λm (HCOOH) 404.2
Thus, dissociation constant :
2 −1 2
cα (0.025mol L )(0.114)
K= =
(1 − α) 1 − 0.114
−4 −1
= 3.67 × 10 mol L
(b) (i) Zinc lies below Cu in
electrochemical series due to
which zinc is oxidised and copper
ions are reduced.
(ii) Saline medium has extra salt
such as NaCl dissolved in water
due to which concentration of
electrolyte becomes greater as a
result of which more
electrochemical cells are formed
and hence rusting is promoted.
2018 Compart 56/1
1. A current of 1.50 A was passed

through an electrolytic cell
containing AgNO3 solution with inert
electrodes. The weight of silver
deposited was 1.50 g. How long did
the current flow ?
–1
(Molar mass of Ag = 108 g mol , 1F =
–1
96500 C mol ).
[2 marks]
â Quantity of charge required to deposit
108 g of silver = 96500 C
Quantity of charge required to deposit
1.50 g of silver
96500
= × 1.50 = 1340.28 C
108
Q 1340.28
Time taken = = = 893.5 s
I 1.50
OR
The conductivity of a 0.01 M solution
–4
of acetic acid at 298 K is 1.65 ×10 S
−1
cm . Calculate molar conductivity
(Λm ) of the solution.
[2 marks]
1000k
â Λm =
C
−4
1.65 × 10 × 1000
Λm =
0.01
2 −1
= 16.5 S cm mol
2. Consider the following reaction:

+
Cu(s) + 2Ag (aq) −→
2+
2Ag(s) + Cu (aq)
(i) Depict the galvanic cell in which the
given reaction takes place.
(ii) Give the direction of flow of current.
(iii) Write the half-cell reactions taking
place at cathode and anode.
[3 marks]
â
2+ +
(i) Cu(s) | Cu (aq) ∥ Ag (aq) | Ag(s)
(ii) Current will flow from silver to copper
electrode in the external circuit.
(iii) Cathode :
+ −
2Ag (aq) + 2e −→ 2Ag(s)
2+ −
Anode : Cu(s) −→ Cu (aq) + 2e
2018 Compart 56(B)
1. Account for the following :

(a) Iron does not rust even if the zinc
coating is broken at some places in a
galvanized Iron pipe.
(b) Conductivity of CH 3 COOH
decreases on dilution.
[2 marks]
â
(a) Zinc being more reactive and will
sacrifies for sake of iron.
(b) No. of ions per unit volume
decreases.
OR
Define conductivity and molar
conductivity.
[2 marks]
â The conductivity of a solution at any
given concentration is the
conductance of one unit volume of
solution kept between two platinum
electrodes with unit area of cross
section and at a distance of unit length.
Molar conductivity of a solution at a
given concentration is the
conductance of the volume V of
solution containing one mole of
electrolyte kept between two
electrodes with area of cross section A
and distance of unit length.
2. Write the Nernst equation and

calculate emf of the following cell at
298 K
2+ 2+
Mg(s) | Mg (0.1 M) ∥ Cu (0.01 M) |
◦
Cu(s) Given ECell = 2.71 V.
[3 marks]
2+
0.0591 [Mg ]
â Ecell 0
= Ecell − log 2+
n [Cu ]
0.0591 [0.1]
= 2.71 V − log
2 [0.01]
= 2.71 V − 0.0295 × 1 = 2.68 V
OR
Resistance of a conductivity cell filled
–1
with 0.1 mol L KCl solution is 100
Ohms. If the resistance of the same
–1
cell filled with 0.02 mol L KCl
solution is 520 Ohms, calculate the
conductivity and molar conductivity
–1
of 0.02 mol L KCl solution. The
–1
conductivity of 0.1 mol L KCl
–2 −1
solution is 1.29 ×10 S cm .
[3 marks]
â Cell constant,
∗
G = conductivity × resistance
−2 −1
= 1.29 ×10 S cm × 100 ohm
−1
= 1.29 cm
−1
Conductivity of 0.02 mol L
−1
G∗ 1.29 cm
KCl = =
Resistance 520 ohm
−1
= 0.00248 S cm
k × 1000
Λm =
conc
−3
2.48 × 10 × 1000
=
0.02
2 −1
= 124 S cm mol
Chapter 4
Chemical Kinetics
Publisher
Syllabus
Rate of a reaction (Average and
instantaneous), factors affecting rate
of reaction: concentration,
temperature, catalyst; order and
molecularity of a reaction, rate law
and specific rate constant, integrated
rate equations and half-life (only for
zero and first order reactions), concept
of collision theory (elementary idea,
no mathematical treatment),
activation energy, Arrhenius equation.
2023 SQP
1. Which radioactive isotope would

15 19
have the longer half- life O or O ?
15 19
( Given rate constants for O and O
−3 −1
are k = 5.63 × 10 s and
−2 −1
k = 2.38 × 10 s respectively. )
15
(a) O
19
(b) O
(c) Both will have the same half-life
(d) None of the above, information
given is insufficient
[1 marks]
0.693 1
â O t/ =
15 1
2 ∝
k k
15
The rate constant for the decay of O
19
is less than that for O .
15
Therefore, the rate of decay of O will
be slower and will have a longer half
life .
2. For the reaction, A +2B −→AB2,

the order w.r.t. reactant A is 2 and
w.r.t. reactant B.
What will be change in rate of
reaction if the concentration of A is
doubled and B is halved?
(a) increases four times
(b) decreases four times
(c) increases two times
(d) no change
[1 marks]
â Increases 4 times
2
Rate = [A]
If [A] is doubled then
2 2
Rate = [2A] = 4[A] = 4 times
3. Arrhenius equation can be

represented graphically as follows:
The (i) intercept and (ii) slope of the
graph are :
(a) (i) ln A (ii) Ea /R
(b) (i) A (ii) Ea
(c) (i) ln A (ii) - Ea /R
(d) (i) A (ii) -Ea
[1 marks]
â (c) (i) ln A (ii) - Ea /R
4. The unit of rate constant for the

reaction
2A + 2B −→ A2B2
2
which has rate = k [A] [B] is
−1 −1
(a) mol L s
−1
(b) s
−1
(c) mol L
−2 2 −1
(d) mol L s
[1 marks]
â mol L s −2 2 −1
, since the order of reaction
is 3
5. A first-order reaction takes 69.3 min

for 50% completion. What is the time
needed for 80% of the reaction to get
completed ?
(Given: log 5 = 0.6990, log 8 = 0.9030,
log 2 = 0.3010)
[2 marks]
0.693
â Half life = t 1/2 =
k
0.693 1 −1
∴ k= = = 0.01 min
69.3 100
µ ¶
2.303 [R]0
k= log
t [R]
µ ¶
2.303 100
t= log
0.01 20
t = 230.3 log 5 = 160.9 min
6. Explain how and why will the rate of

reaction for a given reaction be
affected when
(a) a catalyst is added
(b) the temperature at which the
reaction was taking place is
decreased
[2 marks]
â
(a) The rate of reaction will increase.
The catalyst decreases the activation
energy of the reaction therefore the
reaction becomes faster.
(b) The rate of reaction will decrease. At
lower temperatures the kinetic
energy of molecules decreases
thereby the collisions decrease
resulting in a lowering of rate of
reaction.
2022 Term 2 56/5/1
1. Answer the following questions (Any

two):
(a) Identify the order of reaction from
the following unit for its rate
–1 –1
constant: L mol s
(b) The conversion of molecules A to B
follow second order kinetics. If
concentration of A is increased to
three times, how will it affect the
rate of formation of B?
(c) Write the expression of integrated
rate equation for zero order reaction
[2 marks]
â
th
(a) Unit of rate constant for any n order
reaction could be written as following
−1 1−n −1
¡ ¢
Unit = molL s
Comparing this with given unit
−1 −1 −1 1−n −1
¡ ¢
Lmol s = molL s
−1 −1 −1 −1 1−n −1
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
molL s = molL s
1 − n = −1
n=2
(b) A → B
−d A d B
= =r
dt dt
−d A
= rate of consumption of ‘A’
dt
dB
= rate of formation of ‘B’
dt
nd
Since given conversion follows 2
order, rate law could be written as
following
2
r = k[A]
If concentration of ‘A’ made 3 times
′ 2 2
r = k[3A] = 9k[A] = 9r
Hence rate of formation of B will
become 9 times.
(c) For zero order reaction
[a]t = [a]0 − kt
2. Observe the graph shown in figure

and answer the following questions:
(a) What is the order of the reaction?
(b) What is the slope of the curve?
(c) Write the relationship between k
and t 1/2 (half life period).
[3 marks]
µ ¶
2.303 [R]0
â t= log
k [R]
kt
µ ¶
[R]0
log = +0
[R] 2.303
y = mx + c
(a) Since given graph is straight line, it
follows first order reaction.
(b) Comparing the above equation with
standard straight line equation
y = mx + c
k
Slope (m) =
2.303
(c) For first order reaction,
ln 2 0.693
k= =
t 1/2 t 1/2
2022 Term 2 56/3/1
1.
(a) What is the effect of temperature on
the rate constant of a reaction?
(b) For a reaction A + B → Product, the
rate law is given by,
2 1/2
Rate = k[A] [ B] .
What is the order of the reaction ?
(c) How order and molecularity are
different for complex reactions ?
(d) A first order reaction has a rate
−3 −1
constant 2 × 10 s . How long will
6g of this reactant take to reduce to
2g ?
[5 marks]
â
(a) With increase in temperature
effective no. of collision, increases
due to increase in kinetic energy of
molecules. Hence, Rate of reactions
increase.
2 1/2
(b) Rate = k[A] [ B]
1
Order = 2 +
2
Order(n) = 2.5
(c) Order is determined by show step of
the reaction and molecularity
determined by elementary step of the
reaction.
2.303 [R]0
(d) k = log
t [R]
2.303 6
t= −3
log = 549.38 sec
2 × 10 2
OR
The half life for radioactive decay of
14
C is 6930 years. An archaeological
artifact containing wood had only 75%
14
of the C found in a living tree. Find
the age of the sample.
[log 4 = 0.6021 , log 3 = 0.4771 , log 2 =
0.3010 , log 10 = 1]
[5 marks]
0.693
â t 1/2 =
k
0.693
k=
6930
−4 −1
k = 10 year
2.303 100
t = −4 −1
log
10 year 75
t = 496 years
2021 Compart 56/1/1
.
1. The following reaction was carried

out in water :
− −
Br2 + 2I −→ 2Br + I2
−
The initial concentration of I was
0.30M and the concentration after 10
minutes reduced to 0.28M . Calculate
−
the rate of disappearance of I and
production of I2.
[2 marks]
− − −
∆ [I ] = [I ]final − [I ]initial
−1
= 0.28 − 0.30 = −0.02 mol L
∆t = 10 − 0 = 10 min
−
∆ [I ] (−0.02) −1 −1
− =− = 0.002 molL min
∆t 10
Rate of appearance of I2
−
1 ∆ [I ] 0.002
=− =
2 ∆t 2
−3 −1 −1
= 0.001 = 1 × 10 mol L min
2. Following data were obtained for the

given reaction :
X + Y −→ Product
−1
Exp. [X]/M [Y]/M Initial Rate M min
1 0.1 M 0.2 M 0.05
2 0.2 M 0.2 M 0.10
3 0.1 M 0.1 M 0.05
(i) Find the order of reaction with

respect to X and Y.
(ii) Write the rate law expression.
(iii) Find the rate constant.
[3 marks]
x y
(i) Rate = k[X ] [Y ]
Total order n = x + y
From Exp. (1) & (2)
x y
k[0.1] [0.2] 0.05
x y
=
k[0.2] [0.2] 0.10
Ã !x
1 1
= , x =1
2 2
From Exp. (1) & (3)

x y
k[0.1] [0.2] 0.05
x y
=
k[0.1] [0.1] 0.05
y
(2) = 1, y = 0
So total order = 1 + 0 = 1
1 0
(ii) Rate = k[X ] [Y ]
(iii) From Exp. 1
1 0
0.05 = k[0.1] [0.2]
−1
k = 0.05 min
2021 Compart 56(B)
1. For a first order reaction, show that

time required for 99% completion is
twice the time required for the
completion of 90% of reaction.
(log 10 = 1)
[2 marks]
For first order reaction,

2.303 a
t= log
k a−x
99% completion means that
x = 99% of a = 0.99a
2.303 a
t 99% = log
k a − 0.99a
2.303 2 2.303
= log 10 = 2 ×
k k
90% completion means that x = 90% of
a = 0.90 a
2.303 a
t 90% = log
k a − 0.99a
2.303 2.303
= log 10 =
k k
µ ¶
2 × 2.303
t 99% k
∴ = µ ¶
t 90% 2.303
k
= 2 or t 99% = 2 × t 90%
2. A first order reaction takes 30

minutes for 60% decomposition.
Calculate t1/2
[Given : log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 =
0.4771, log 4 = 0.6021, log 10 = 1]
[3 marks]
Apply the relation:
2.303 [R]0
k= log
t [R]
60% decomposition means [R] = 100
[R]0 = 100 − 60 = 40 and t = 30
2.303 100
k= log
30 40
2.303 10 2.303
= log = [log 10 − log 4]
30 4 30
2.303 2.303
= [1 − 0.6021] = × 0.3979
30 30
0.9163 −1
= = 0.03054 min
30
0.693 0.693
t/ =
1
2 = = 22.691 min
k 0.03054
2020 Compart 56/C/1
1. A biochemical reaction was carried
out in the absence of enzyme and
the rate of reaction was found to be
−6 −1
10 min . If the same reaction is
now carried out in the presence of
enzyme, then the Ea for the reaction
wil be
(a) same
−6 −1
(b) greater than 10 min
−6 −1
(c) lower than 10 min
(d) Data insufficient, Ea cannot be
predicted
[1 mark]
â Option (c) or (d)
2. Define rate constant and give the

mathematical relation between rate
constant and half-life period for a
first order reaction.
[2 marks]
â It is the rate of reaction when
concentration of each reactant is taken
as unity. / It is the proportionality
constant in the rate law expression or
in differential rate equation or in the
rate of reaction.
0.693
k=
t 1/2
3. A first order reaction has a rate

−3 −1
constant 4.9 × 10 s . How long
will 4 g of this reactant take to
reduce to 3 g ?
[log 4 = 0.6020, log 3 = 0.4771]
[3 marks]
2.303 [R ◦]
âk= log
t [R]
−3 2.303 4
4.9 × 10 = log
t 3
2.303
t= −3
log(0.6020 − 0.4771)
4.9 × 10
= 58.7 sec
OR
The hydrolysis of sucrose is
represented by the following chemical
equation :
C12H22O11 + H2O (excess) −→ C6H12O6
+ C6H12O6
For the above equation, predict
(a) molecularity
(b) order
(c) rate of reaction in terms of all the
reactants and products.
â
(a) Molecularity = 2 or bimolecular
(b) Order = 1 or pseudo first order
(c) Rate
∆[C 12 H22O 11]
=−
∆t
∆[C 6 H12O 6] ∆[C 6 H12O 6]
=+ =+
∆t ∆t
1. Give reasons :
(a) The boiling of an egg or cooking
of rice in an open vessel takes
more time at a hill station.
(b) Rate of a reaction increases with
rise in temperature.
[2 marks]
â
(a) At high altitudes atmospheric
pressure decreases, boiling point
decreases so cooking time increases.
/ Due to decrease in atmospheric
pressure water boils at a lower
temperature and more heat is
required.
(b) At a high temperature rate constant
or collision frequency or kinetic
energy of the particles increases. /
Activation energy decreases.
OR
For a reaction A + B → P, the rate is
2
given by : Rate = k[A] [B].
(a) How is the rate of reaction affected
if the concentration of A is doubled
?
(b) What is the overall rate of reaction
if B is present in large excess ?
[2 marks]
â
(a) Rate becomes four times
2
(b) Rate = K[A] / 2nd order reaction /
pseudo second order reaction.
2. Show that the time required for the

3
completion of th of a first-order
4
reaction is twice the time required
for the completion of half of the
reaction.
[3 marks]
2.303 [R ◦]
â t= log
k [R]
2.303 [R◦]
t 43 = log
k [R◦]/4
2.303
= log 4
k
2.303
= × 2 log 2 (i)
k
2.303 [R◦]
t 12 = log
k [R◦]/2
2.303
= log 2 (ii)
k
dividing the equation ‘i’ by equation
‘ii’
t 34
= 2 ⇒ t 34 = 2 × t 1/2
t 12
OR
The rate constant of a first-order
–2
reaction increases from 4×10 to
–2
24×10 when temperature changes
from 300 K to 350 K. Calculate the
energy of activation (Ea ).
Given :
log 2 = 0·3010,
log 3 = 0·4771,
log 4 = 0·6021,
log 6 = 0·7782,
–1 –1
R = 8·314 J K mol
[3 marks]
k2 Ea T2 − T1
â log = ×
k 1 2.303R T 1T 2
−2
24 × 10 Ea 50
log −2
= ×
4 × 10 2.303R 300 × 350
Ea
log 6 = × 0.000476
19.147
Ea
0.7782 = × 0.000476
19.147
0.7782 × 14.147
Ea =
0.000476
4 −1
= 3.13 × 10 Jmol = 31.3 kJ/mol
2020 56(B)
1. Write two differences between order
and molecularity of a reaction.
[2 marks]
â Order
(i) Sum of powers to which, the
concentration terms are raised in a
rate law.
(ii) May also be zero/ fraction/negative
Molecularity
(i) The number of reacting species
colliding simultaneously in an
elementary step.
(ii) It is always a positive whole
number.
2. If half-life period for a first order

reaction in A is 2 minutes, how long
will it take [A]◦ to reach 10% of its
initial concentration ?
[3 marks]
0.693 0.693
âk= = = 0.3465 min−1
t 12 2 min
2.303 [A]◦ 2.303 100
t= log = log
K [A] 0.3465 10
2.303
t= −1
×log10
0.3465 min
2.303
= × 1 = 6.6 min
0.3465
OR
A particular reaction is first order in A
and second order in B. Write the
differential rate equation. How is the
rate affected when
(a) concentration of B is tripled, and
(b) concentrations of both A and B are
doubled ?
[3 marks]
â Rate = k [A][B] 2
2 2
(a) Rate = k [A][3B] = 9k [A][B] So the
rate increases by nine times.
2 2
(b) Rate = k [2A][2B] = 8k [A][B] So the
rate becomes eight times.
2020 56/1/1
1. Will the rate constant of the reaction
depend upon T if the E act (activation
energy) of the reaction is zero ?
[1 marks]
â No.
−0/RT
When E act = 0, k = Ae = A. Thus, k
becomes independent of T.
2. Assertion (A) : The molecularity of

the reaction H2 + Br2 → 2HBr
appears to be 2 .
Reason (R) : Two molecules of the
reactants are involved in the given
elementary reaction.
(i)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are
Assertion (A).
(ii)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are
Assertion (A).
(iii)Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason
(iv)Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason
(R) is correct statement.
[1 marks]

the correct explanation of the Assertion
(A).
3. How will the rate of the reaction be

affected when
(a) Surface area of the reactant is
reduced,
(b) Catalyst is added in a reversible
reaction, and
(c) Temperature of the reaction is
increased ?
[3 marks]
â
(a) Decreases.
(b) Increases
(c) Increases
4. Analyse the given graph, drawn

between concentration of reactant
vs. time.
(a) Predict the order of reaction.
(b) Theoretically, can the
concentration of the reactant
reduce to zero after infinite time?
Explain.
[2 marks]
â
(a) 1st order
(b) No, due to exponential relation / the
curve never touches the x-axis.
2020 56/2/1
1. Calculate the overall order of the
reaction whose rate law expression
was predicted as : Rate =
3/2 1/2
k[NO] [O2]
[1 marks]
â Order = 2
2. A reaction is first order w.r.t. reactant

A as well as w.r.t. reactant B. Give the
rate law. Also give one point of
difference between average rate and
instantaneous rate.
[2 marks]
â Rate = k[A][B]
Average Rate : Rate of a reaction for a
particular period or interval of time.
Instantaneous Rate : Rate of a reaction
at a particular instant of time.
3.
(a) Visha plotted a graph between
concentration of R and time for a
reaction
R−→P
On the basis of this graph, answer

the following questions :
(i) Predict the order of reaction.
(ii) What does the slope of the line
indicate ?
(iii) What are the units of rate
constant ?
(b) A first order reaction takes 25
Calculate t1 .
2
[Given : log 2 = 0·3010, log 3
= 0·4771, log 4 = 0·6021]
[5 marks]
â
(a) (i) zero order
(ii) slope = −k
−1 −1
(iii) molL s
2.303 A◦
(b) k = log
t A
2.303 100
= log
25 75
= 2.303/25 log4/3
= 2.303/25(0.6021 – 0.4771)
−1
= 0.0115 min t12
= 0.693/k
= 0.693/0.0115
= 60.26 min or 60.2 min
OR
(a) The rate constant for a first order
–1
reaction is 60 s . How much time
will it take to reduce the initial
concentration of the reactant to its
1
th value ?
16
(b) Write two factors that affect the
rate of a chemical reaction.
(c) Write two conditions for the
collisions to be effective collisions.
[5 marks]
â
2.303 A◦
(a) t = log
k A
2.303 1
= log
60 1/16
= 0.046 s
(b) Concentration of reactants,
Temperature, Pressure, surface area
and catalyst.
(c) Proper orientation and energy of
colliding particles should be equal
to or greater than threshold energy.
2020 56/2/2
reaction whose rate law is given by
5/2 1/2
Rate = k[NH3] [O2]
[1 marks]
â Order = 3
2020 56/2/3
reaction whose rate law is given by
1/4 3/4
Rate = k [SO2] [O2]
[1 marks]
â Order = 1
2020 56/3/1
1. Write the slope value obtained in the
plot of ln[R] vs. time for a first order
reaction.
[1 marks]
â Slope = -k
2. In the given reaction

A + 3B −→ 2C,
the rate of formation of C is
–4 –1 –1
2·5 × 10 mol L s .
Calculate the
(i) rate of reaction, and
(ii) rate of disappearance of B.
[2 marks]
â Rate of reaction
[∆ A] 1 [∆B ] 1 [∆C ]
=− =− =
∆t 3 ∆t 2 ∆t
Rate of formation of C
[∆C ] −4 −1 −1
= = 2.5 × 10 molL s
∆t
1 [∆C ]
∴ Rate of reaction =
2 ∆t
1 −4 −1 −1
= × 2.5 × 10 molL s
2
−4 −1 −1
= 1.25 × 10 molL s
Rate of disapperance of B
1 [∆B ]
Rate = −
3 ∆t
−4 1 [ ∆ B ]
1.25 × 10 = −
3 ∆t
[∆B ] −4
− = 3 × 1.25 × 10
∆t
−4 −1 −1
= 3.75 × 10 molL s
3. A first order reaction is 40% complete

in 80 minutes. Calculate the value of
rate constant (k). In what time will
the reaction be 90% completed ?
[Given : log 2 = 0·3010 , log 3
= 0·4771 , log 4 = 0·6021, log 5
= 0·6771 , log 6 = 0·7782]
[3 marks]
◦
2.303 [A ]
â k= log
t [A]
2.303 100
= log
80 60
2.303
= × (1 − 0.7782)
80
−1
= 0.0064 min
◦
2.303 [A ]
t= log
k [A]
2.303 100
= log = 360 min
0.0064 10
2020 56/3/2
4. The unit of the rate of reaction is the
same as that of the rate constant for a
(a) first order reaction
(b) zero order reaction
(c) second order reaction
(d) half-order reaction
[1 marks]
â (b) zero order reaction

2020 56/3/3
5. The rate constant for a first order
reaction is equal to the initial rate of
reaction when the initial
concentration of the reactant is
–2
(a) 1 × 10 M
(b) 1 M
(c) 10 M
(d) 0·1 M
[1 marks]
â (b) 1 M
2020 56/4/1
1. The slope in the plot of ln [R] Vs. time
gives
(a) +k
+k
(b)
2.303
(c) –k
−k
(d)
2.303
(where [R] is the final concentration
of reactant.)
[1 marks]
â (c) –k
2. The rate constant for the first order

decomposition of N2O5 is given by
the following equation :
14 –1 (–25000K )/T
k = (2.5 × 10 s )e
Calculate Ea for this reaction and
rate constant if its half-life period be
300 minutes.
[3 marks]
â k = Ae −Ea/RT
14 −1 (−25000 K/T)
¡ ¢
k = 2.5 × 10 s e
−E a −25000 K
=
RT T
Ea
= 25000 K
R
Ea = 25000 × R
= 25000 × 8.314 J/mol
= 207850 J/mol
= 207.85 kJ/mol
0.693 0.693 0.693
t 12 = ,k = =
k t 12 300 min
−1
= 0.00231 min
2020 56/4/2
3. The half-life period for a zero order
reaction is equal to
0.693
(a)
k
2k
(b)
[R]◦
2.303
(c)
k
[R]◦
(d)
2k
(where [R]◦ is initial concentration of
reactant and k is rate constant.)
[1 marks]
[R]◦
â (d)
2k
2020 56/4/3
4. For a zero order reaction, the slope in
the plot of [R] Vs. time is
−k
(a)
2.303
(b) −k
+k
(c)
2.303
(d) +k
(where [R] is the final concentration
of reactant)
[1 marks]
â (b) −k
5. Assertion (A) : For complex reactions

molecularity and order are not same
Reason (R) : Order of reaction may be
zero.
Assertion (A).
the Assertion (A).
[1 marks]

Assertion (A).
2020 56/5/1
1. Write the slope value obtained in the
plot of log [R◦] / [R] Vs. time for a first
order reaction.
[1 marks]
â k/2.303
2.
(a) A first order reaction is 25%
complete in 40 minutes. Calculate
the value of rate constant. In what
time will the reaction be 80%
completed ?
(b) Define order of reaction. Write the
condition under which a
bimolecular reaction follows first
order kinetics.
[5 marks]
â
(a) k = (2.303/t ) log([A]◦/[A]t )
k = (2.303/40) log(100/75)
−1 −1
= 0.007 min or 0.0071 min
−1
or 0.0072 min
t = (2.303/k) log([A]◦/[A]t )
100
t = (2.303/0.0071) log
20
t = 230 min or 226.7 min or 223.7
min.
(b) Sum of powers of the concentration
of the reactants in the rate law
expression. When one of the
reactant is present in large excess.
OR
(a) A first order reaction is 50%
complete in 30 minutes at 300 K
and in 10 minutes at 320 K.
Calculate activation energy (Ea) for
the reaction.
–1 –1
(R = 8.314 J K mol )
(b) Write the two conditions for
collisions to be effective collisions.
(c) How order of reaction and
molecularity differ towards a
complex reaction ?
[Given : log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 =
0.4771, log 4 = 0.6021, log 5 =
0.6991]
[5 marks]
â
1 1
(a) k = 0.693/ t2 k1 = 0.693/ t2
1
= 0.693 / 30 k2 = 0.693/ t2
= 0.693 / 10 log k2 /k1
= Ea /2.303 R (1/ T1 -1/ T2 )
log 3 = Ea
/2.303 × 8.314(1/300 − 1/320)
Ea =
2.303×8.314×0.4771×(300×320/20)
= 43848.5 J/mol OR 43855 J/mol or
43.8 kJ/mol
(b) Proper orientation Energy of the
colliding particles should be more
than threshold energy
(c) For a complex reaction, order of
reaction is applicable while
molecularity has no meaning .
2020 56/5/2
3. In a chemical reaction X −→ Y, it is
found that the rate of reaction
doubles when the concentration of X
is increased four times. The order of
the reaction with respect to X is
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 2
1
(d) 2
[1 marks]
â (d) 1
2
2020 56/5/3
4. The unit of rate constant depends
upon the
(a) molecularity of the reaction.
(b) activation energy of the reaction.
(c) order of the reaction.
(d) temperature of the reaction.
[1 marks]
â (c) order of the reaction.

2019 Compart 56/C/1
1. For a reaction ,
C2H4(g) + H2 (g) −→ C2H6(g) ,
–14
Rate = 5.5 × 10 [C2H4]
(a) Write the unit of rate constant.
1
(b) Calculate its half-life (t 2)
[2 marks]
â Since its a first order reaction,
−1 −1
(a) Unit of rate constant is s / time
0.693
(b) t21 =
k
0.693 13
= −14
= 1.26 × 10 s
5.5 × 10
2. The rate constant of a first order

–2
reaction increases from 2 × 10 to
–2
6 × 10 when the temperature
changes from 300 K to 320 K.
Calculate the energy of activation.
(Given : log 2 = 0·3010 ,
log 3 = 0·4771 , log 4 = 0·6021)
[3 marks]
" #
k2 Ea 1 1
log = −
k 1 2.303R T1 T2
" #
6 × 10−2 Ea 1 1
log = − K−1
2 × 10−2 2.303 × 8.314 J K−1mol−1 300 320
" #
Ea 320 − 300
log3 =
19.15 J mol−1 300 × 320
" #
Ea 20
0.4771 =
19.15 J mol−1 300 × 320
Ea = 43855 J mol−1 or 43.855 kJ mol−1
â
2019 Compart 56(B)
1. Rate constant for a first order
reaction has been found to be 2.54
−3 −1
×10 s . Calculate its three-fourth
life.
[Given : log 2 = 0 . 3010]
[2 marks]
2.303 [A]◦
â t= log
k [A]
2.303 [A]◦
t 34 = log
k 3
[A]
4
2.303
t 43 = −3
log 4
2.54 × 10
2.303
= −3
2 × 0.3010
2.54 × 10
2
t 34 = 5.46 × 10 s
2. Oxygen is available in plenty in air,
yet fuels do not burn by themselves
at room temperature. Why ?
[1 marks]
â The activation energy for the

combustion of fuel is generally very
high which is not available at room
temperature.
2019 56/1/1
1. For a reaction
−
I
2 H2O2 −−−−−−−−−−→ 2 H2O + O2
alkaline medium
the proposed mechanism is as given
below :
–
(1) H2O2 + I −→ H2O + IO (slow)
– –
(2) H2O2 + IO −→ H2O + I + O2 (fast)
(i) Write rate law for the reaction.
(ii) Write the overall order of reaction.
(iii) Out of steps (1) and (2), which one is
rate determining step ?
[2 marks]
â
−
(i) Rate = k [H2O2] [I ]
(ii) order = 2
(iii) Step 1
2. The decomposition of NH3 on

platinum surface is zero order
reaction. If rate constant (k) is 4
–3 –1
×10 Ms , how long will it take to
reduce the initial concentration of
NH3 from 0.1 M to 0.064 M.
[3 marks]
[R]◦ − [R]t [0.1 − 0.064]

â t= = −3
= 9 s
k 4 × 10
2019 56/2/1
1. Define order of reaction. Predict the
order of reaction in the given graphs :
(a)
(b)
where [R]◦ is the initial concentration

of reactant and t1 is half-life.
2
[2 marks]
â It is defined as the sum of powers to
which the concentration terms are
raised in the rate law equation.
a) First order
b) zero order
2. The following data were obtained for

the reaction :
A + 2B −→ C
(a) Find the order of reaction with
respect to A and B.
(b) Write the rate law and overall order
of reaction.
(c) Calculate the rate constant (k).
[3 marks]
â Rate = k[A] [B]

p q
On solving
(a) Order with respect to A = 2 ,
B=1
2 1
(b) Rate = k[A] [B] ;
overall order = 3
(c) Experiment 1 :
−2 2
4.2 ×10 = k(0.2) (0.3) ; k = 3.5
Experiment 2 :
−3 2
6.0 ×10 = k(0.1) (0.1); k = 6
2019 56/3/1
1.
(a) Define order of reaction. How does
order of a reaction differ from
molecularity for a complex
reaction ?
(b) A first order reaction is 50%
complete in 25 minutes. Calculate
the time for 80% completion of the
reaction.
[5 marks]
â
(a) Order of a reaction :
It is the sum of the power to which
the concentration terms are raised
in the rate law equation. Order of
reaction is applicable for complex
reaction but molecularity has no
meaning for the complex reaction.
2.303 [R]◦
(b) k = log
t [R]
2.303 100
= log
25 50
−1
= 0.0277 min
2.303 100
t80% = log
0.0277 20
= 58.11 min
OR
(a) The decomposition of a
hydrocarbon has value of rate
4 –1 ◦
constant as 2.5×10 s at 27 C. At
what temperature would rate
4 –1
constant be 7.5×10 s if energy of
3 –1
activation is 19.147×10 J mol ?
(b) Write a condition under which a
bimolecular reaction is kinetically
first order. Give an example of such
a reaction.
(Given : log 2 = 0.3010 ,
log 3 = 0.4771 , log 5 = 0.6990)
[5 marks]
â
(a)
k2 Ea h1 1 i
log = −
k 1 2.303R T1 T2
4 3
7.5 × 10 19.147 × 10 h 1 1 i
log 4
= −
2.5 × 10 2.303 × 8.314 300 T2
hT − 300i
2
log 3 = 1000
300 T2
0.4771 × 300 × T2
= T2 − 300
1000
300
T2 = = 350K
0.856
(b) When one of the reactants is in excess.
CH3COOCH3 + H2O (excess) −→
CH3COOH + CH3OH
2019 56/4/1
1.
(a) Consider the reaction R −→ P for
which the change in concentration
of R with time is shown by the
following graph :
(i) Predict the order of reaction.
(ii) What does the slope of the curve
indicate ?
(b) The rate of reaction quadruples
when temperature changes from
293 K to 313 K. Calculate Ea
assuming that it does not change
with time.
–1 –1
[R = 8.314 JK mol ]
[5 marks]
â
(a) (i) Zero order
(ii) – k
(b)
k2
· ¸
Ea T2 − T1
log =
k 1 2.303R T1T2
µ ¶· ¸
Ea 313 − 293
log4 =
2.303 × 8.314 313 × 293
Ea × 20
0.602 =
19.147 × 91709
−1 −1
Ea = 52862 J mol = 52.862 kJ mol
OR
(a) Draw the plot of ln k vs 1/T for a
chemical reaction. What does the
intercept represent ? What is the
relation between slope and Ea ?
(b) A first order reaction takes 30
1
Calculate t2 . [log 2 = 0.3010]
[5 marks]
â
(a)
2.303 [R ◦]
(b) k = log
t [R]
2.303 100
= log
30min 80
−1 −1
= 0.0074 min or 0.007 min
t12 = 0.693/k
0.693
= = 93.6 min or 99 min
0.0074
OR
(2.303 × 0.3031 × 30)
t21 =
(2.303 × 0.0969)
93.16min
=
93.18min
2019 56/5/1
1. Show that for a first order reaction,
time required for completion of 99%
of reaction is twice the time required
for completion of 90% of reaction.
[2 marks]
2.303 [R]◦
â t= log
k [R]
Let [R]◦ = 100
For 99% completion reaction-
2.303 100
t99% = log
k 1
2.303 × 2
k=
t99%
For 90% completion
2.303 100
t99% = log
k 10
Putting the value of k
2.303 × t99% × log10
t90%
2.303 × 2
2×t90% = t99%
2. The reaction between A and B is first

order with respect to A and zero
order with respect to B. For this
reaction, fill in the blanks in the
following table.
Experiment −→ I
[A] mol/L −→ 0.1
[B] mol/L −→ 0.1
−2
Initial Rate −→ 2 × 10
Mol/L/min
Experiment −→ II
[A] mol/L −→ ?
[B] mol/L −→ 0.2
−2
Mol/L/min
Experiment −→ III
[A] mol/L −→ 0.4
[B] mol/L −→ 0.4
Initial Rate −→ ?
Mol/L/min
Experiment −→ IV
[A] mol/L −→ ?
[B] mol/L −→ 0.2
−2
Mol/L/min
[3 marks]
â Experiment II[A] = 0.2 mol −1
mol
Experiment III Rate = 0.08
L min
−1
Experiment IV[A] = 0.1 mol L
2019 56(B)
1. If half-life period for a first order
reaction in A is 2 minutes, how long
will it take [A]◦ to reach 10% of its
initial concentration.
[2 marks]
â 1
t2 = 0.693/k
= 0.693/ 2 min
−1
= 0.3465 min
2.303 [A]◦
k= log
t [A]
2.303 100
= log
0.3465 10
2.303
= log10 = 6.65 min
0.3465
2. The rate of a reaction does not

remain constant throughout the
course of reaction.
[1 marks]
â Rate of a reaction depends on

concentration of reactants and since
concentration becomes less and less as
the reaction progresses , the rate also
goes on decreasing.
2018 Compart 56/1
1. For the reaction A −→ B, the rate of

reaction becomes three times when
the concentration of A is increased by
nine times. What is the order of
reaction ?
[1 marks]
â Order of reaction = 1
2
2. A reaction is first order in A and

second order in B
(i) Write the differential rate equation.
(ii) How is the rate affected on
increasing the concentration of B
three times ?
(iii) How is the rate affected when the
concentration of both A and B are
doubled ?
[3 marks]
â
2
(i) Rate = k[A][B]
(ii) Rate becomes 9 times
(iii) Rate becomes 8 times
2018 Compart 56(B)
1. Define the following terms :

(a) Rate Constant (k)
(b) Activation energy (Ea )
[2 marks]
â
(a) Rate constant is defined as the rate
when the concentration terms are
unity.
(b) Activation energy is the minimum
energy required to form an activated
complex which may or may not be
converted to products.
2. A first order reaction takes 40

Calculate t1.
2
[3 marks]
2.303 [A]◦
â k= log
t [A]
2.303 100
k= log
40 70
2.303 −1
k= × 0.1549 = 0.0089 min
40
0.693 0.693
t21 = = = 77.86 min
k 0.0089
Chapter 8
d and f Block Elements
Publisher
Syllabus
General introduction, electronic
configuration, occurrence and
characteristics of transition metals,
general trends in properties of the
first-row transition metals : metallic
character, ionization enthalpy,
oxidation states, ionic radii, colour,
catalytic property, magnetic
properties, interstitial compounds,
alloy formation, preparation and
properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Lanthanoids : Electronic
configuration, oxidation states,
chemical reactivity and lanthanoid
contraction and its consequences.
Actinoids : Electronic configuration,
oxidation states and comparison with
lanthanoids.
2023 SQP
1. Assertion : Magnetic moment values

of actinides are lesser than the
theoretically predicted values.
Reason : Actinide elements are
strongly paramagnetic.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
[1 marks]
â Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
The magnetic moment is less as the 5f

electrons of actinides are less
effectively shielded which results in
quenching of orbital contributions ,
they are strongly paramagnetic due to
presence of unpaired electrons
2. Answer the following:

(a) Why are all copper halides known
except that copper iodide?
3+ 2+
(b) Why is the E°(V /V ) value for
vanadium comparatively low?
(c) Why HCl should not be used for
potassium permanganate titrations?
(d) Explain the observation, at the end
of each period, there is a slight
increase in the atomic radius of d
block elements.
(e) What is the effect of pH on
dichromate ion solution?
[5 marks]
â
2+
(a) Cu oxidizes iodide ion to iodine.
(b) The low value for V is related to the
2+
stability of V (half-filled t2g level)
(c) Permanganate titrations in presence
of hydrochloric acid are
unsatisfactory since hydrochloric
acid is oxidised to chlorine.
(d) The d orbital is full with ten electrons
and shield the electrons present in
the higher s-orbital to a greater extent
resulting in increase in size.
(e) The chromates and dichromates are
interconvertible in aqueous solution
depending upon pH of the solution.
Increasing the pH (in basic solution)
of dichromate ions a colour change
from orange to yellow is observed as
dichromate ions change to chromate
ions.
2022 Term 2 56/3/1
1. Define transition metals. Why Zn, Cd

and Hg are not called transition
metals ? How is the variability in
oxidation states of transition metals
different from that of p-block
elements ?
[3 marks]
The elements of d-block are known as

transition metals as these elements
have incompletely filled d-orbitals in
its ground state or any one of its
oxidation states.
The general representation of the

electronic configuration of Zn, Cd and
10 2
Hg is (n − 1)d ns . The orbitals of
these elements are completely filled
when they are in their ground state as
well as in their general oxidation state.
Therefore, these elements are not
regarded as transition elements.
In case of transition elements, the

variability in the oxidation state is due
to participation of (n − 1)d orbitals
and ns orbitals. The oxidation states
differ by unity.
On the other hand, the variable
oxidation states shown by some p
block elements differ by two units.
2. Account for the following:

2+ 2+
(i) Cu salts are coloured while Zn
salts are white.
◦ 3+ 2+
(ii) E value for the Mn /Mn couple is
much more positive than that for
3+ 2+
Cr /Cr
(iii) Transition metals form alloys.
[3 marks]
(i) The colours of salts of transition

metals are due to the d − d
transition that depends on the
presence of incompletely filled
2+
d-orbitals. Zn has completely
2+
¡ 10¢
filled d-orbitals 3d , while Cu
has incompletely filled d-orbitals
¡ 9¢
3d ; therefore, d-d transition is
2+
possible in Cu , which imparts
colour to copper (II) salts.
2+ 5
(ii) Mn exists in 3d configuration
which is a half-filled configuration
which provides extra stability to the
3+
metal ion. While Mn will exist in
4
3d configuration which is less
5
stable than 3d . Hence the
conversion from 3+ to 2+ is very
◦
feasible. Hence E value is more.
+3 3
While in Cr exist in 3d half-filled
d orbital (3e; electrons in t2g ) extra
3+
stability is attained by Cr than
2+ 3+ 2+
Cr . Hence Cr → Cr is less
feasible. And hence it has less
reduction potential as compare to
3+ 2+
Mn /Mn .
(iii) The atomic sizes of transition
metals are very similar to each
other. As the atomic sizes are very
similar one metal can replace the
other metal from its lattice and form
a solid solution which is the alloy.
This is the reason why transition
metals form homogeneous mixtures
with one another in molten state.
2022 Term 2 56/3/2

2+
(i) Cr is a strong reducing agent.
3+ 3+
(ii) Ti is coloured whereas Sc is
colourless in aqueous solution.
(iii) Zn, Cd and Hg are not called
transition elements.
[3 marks]
â
2+
(i) Cr is strongly reducing in nature. It
4
has a d configuration. While acting
as a reducting agent, it gets oxidized
3+ 3
to Cr (electronic configuration, d ).
3
This d configuration can be written
3
as t2g configuration, which is a more
stable configuration.
3+
(ii) Sc is colourless is due to the
−
absence of unpaired e as it attains
0 +3 1
3d configuration while Ti has 3d
configuration
(iii) Due to completely filled d-orbitals in
their ground state as well as in
oxidized state.
4. What is Lanthanoid contraction ?

What is the cause of Lanthanoid
contraction? Write two
consequences of Lanthanoid
contraction.
[3 marks]
â A regular decrease (contraction) in the
atomic and ionic radii of lanthanoides
with increasing atomic number is
known as lanthanoid contraction.
Alloy containing lanthanoid metals is
mischmetal. Consequences of
lanthanoid contraction
(i) There is similarity in the properties of
second and third transition series.
(ii) Separation of lanthanoids is possible
due to lanthanide contraction.
(iii) It is due to lanthanide contraction
that there is variation in the basic
strength of lanthanide hydroxides.
(Basic strength decreases from
La(OH)3 to Lu(OH)3)
2022 Term 2 56/3/3
5.
(i) Why are melting points of transition
metals high?
(ii) Why the transition metals generally
form coloured compounds?
◦ 3+ 2+
(iii) Why E value for Mn /Mn couple
is highly positive ?
[3 marks]
(i) Melting point of transition metal is

high because of the involvement of
greater number of electrons from
(n-1)d in addition to the ns
electrons in the interatomic
metallic bonding.
Generally, greater the number of
unpaired electrons, higher is the
melting point.
(ii) Transition metals form colored
compounds due to the presence of
vacant d-orbitals from the d-d
transition of electrons which causes
the color. Colour of transistion
metal - compounds is due to the
excitation of an electron from a
lower energy d-orbital to a higher
energy d orbital.
2+ 5
(iii) Mn exists in 3d configuration
which is a half-filled configuration
which provides extra stability to the
3+
metal ion. While Mn will exist in
4
3d configuration which is less
5
stable than 3d . Hence the
conversion from 3+ to 2+ is very
◦
feasible. Hence E value is more.
2021 Compart 56/1/1
1. Which of the following is a strong

oxidising agent?
(Atomic No. Mn = 25 , Zn = 30 , Cr =
24 , Sc = 21)
3+ 3+
(A) Mn (C) Cr
2+ 3+
(B) Zn (D) Sc
[1 marks]
3+ 4 0 3+ 3 0
Mn = [Ar]3d 4s Cr = [Ar]3d 4s
3+ 10 0 3+ 0 0
Zn = [Ar]3d 4s Sc = [Ar]3d 4s
3+
Mn is the strong oxidizing agent
because it has a half-filled stable
configuration and requires only one
electron to half fill its 3d orbital
2. Assertion : Iron on reaction with HCl
gives FeCl3 and not FeCl2
Reason : Hydrogen gas produced
from the reaction prevents the
oxidation of FeCl2 to FeCl3.
(a) Assertion and Reason both are
correct statements and Reason is
Assertion.
(b) Assertion and Reason both are
correct statements, but Reason is
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is a correct statement,
but Reason is a wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is a wrong statement, but
Reason is a correct statement.
[1 marks]
Assertion and Reason both are correct

statements and Reason is the correct
explanation of the Assertion.

(i) Transition metals form large
number of complex compounds.
2+
(ii) Cr is a strong reducing agent.
[2 marks]
(i) Transition elements form a large

number of complex compounds due
to the comparatively smaller sizes of
the metal ions; their high ionic
charges and the availability of
d -orbitals for bond formation.
2+
(ii) Cr is a strong reducing agent
because after the loss of one
2+ 3+
electron Cr becomes Cr which
3
has more stable t2g (half-filled)
configuration.
OR
Why do transition elements show
variable oxidation states? How are
transition metals different from
p-block elements in terms of
variability of oxidation states?
[2 marks]
This question was repeated in 2022

Term 2 56/3/1
◦ 2+
¡ ¢
4. Why is E Cu | Cu exceptionally
positive ?
+ 10
Although Cu ion has 3d
configuration, yet it is unstable in an
aqueous solution. Why ? What is the
2+
reason for the stability of Cu over
+
Cu ion?
[3 marks]
Because the hydration enthalpy of

2+
Cu ion is not sufficient to
compensate the sum of sublimation as
well as first and second ionization
enthalpy of copper.
+
Cu are unstable in aqueous solution
because it disproportionates to give
2+
Cu and Cu.
2+ +
The stability of Cu rather than Cu is
due to the much more negative
⊖ 2+ +
∆h yd H of Cu than Cu , which more
than compensates for the second
ionisation enthalpy of Cu.
OR
Give reasons for the following :
(i) Transition metals form alloys.
(ii) Zinc has lowest enthalpy of
atomization.
(iii) Manganese shows higher oxidation
state of +4 with fluorine but shows
+7 with oxygen.
[3 marks]
(i) The atomic sizes of transition metals

are very similar to each other. As the
atomic sizes are very similar one
metal can replace the other metal
from its lattice and form a solid
solution which is the alloy. This is
the reason why transition metals
form homogeneous mixtures with
one another in molten state.
10 2
(ii) Zinc (4d 5s ) has completely filled
d-orbital and has no unpaired
electron to take part in the
formation of metallic bonds. On the
other hand, all the other elements in
the transition series have one or
more unpaired electrons and can
participate in the formation of these
bonds. As a result, the metallic
bonding in zinc is weakest and it has
least enthalpy of atomisation.
(iii) Mn shows the highest oxidation state
of +7 with oxygen because it can
form pπ − d π multiple bonds using
2p orbital of oxygen and 3d orbital of
Mn. On the other hand, Mn shows
the highest oxidation state of +4 with
fluorine because it can form a single
bond only.
2021 Compart 56(B)
5
1. Which of the following has d
configuration?
(Atomic number Mn = 25,
Cr = 24, Ti = 22 , Cu = 29)
2+
(a) Mn
2+
(b) Cr
2+
(c) Ti
2+
(d) Cu
[1 marks]
2+
Mn
2+
Electronic configuration of Mn is
5 0
[Ar]3d 4s
OR
Which one of the following transition
metals does not show variable
oxidation states?
(Atomic number
Sc = 21, Fe = 26, Cr = 24, Cu = 29 )
(a) Sc
(b) Cr
(c) Cu
(d) Fe
[1 marks]
Scandium has electronic

2 1
configuration [Ar]4s 3d . It has only
one unpaired d-electron. So it does
not exhibits variable oxidation state. It
exhibits +3 stable oxidation state.

(i) Transition metals show variable
oxidation states.
(ii) Trivalent lanthanoid ions are
coloured both in solid state and
aqueous solutions.
[2 marks]
(i) Transition elements have their

valence electrons in (n-1)d and ns
orbitals. Since there is very little
difference in the energies of these
orbitals, both energy levels can be
used for bond formation and thus,
give variable oxidation states.
(ii) The colour of lanthanide ions is due
to the presence of partly filled f
orbitals. As a result it is possible to
absorb certain wavelength from the
visible region of the spectrum. This
results in transitions from one 4f
orbital to another 4 f orbital known
as f − f transition.
OR
Why does Mn show maximum number
of oxidation states ? Which oxidation
state of Mn is most stable and why ?
[2 marks]
Manganese (Z = 25) exhibits largest

number of oxidation states. This is
because its electronic configuration is
5 2
3d 4s and it has maximum number
of electrons (five d electrons and two s
electrons) to lose or share. Thus, it can
exhibits an oxidation state of +2 to +7
which is the maximum number.
2+
Mn is the most stable ion because
after releasing to electron it attain its
electronic configuration attend the
half filled electronic configuration
5
that is 3d
3.
(i) Why is ECu+2/Cu exceptionally
positive?
3+ 3+
(ii) Why is Sc colourless but Ti is
coloured ?
(iii) Why do transition metals and their
compounds show catalytic
activities?
[3 marks]
(i) Because the hydration enthalpy of

2+
Cu ion is not sufficient to
compensate the sum of sublimation
as well as first and second ionization
enthalpy of copper.
3+
(ii) Electronic configuration of Sc is
0 3+ 1
[Ar]3d and Ti is [Ar]3d
Therefore due to absence of
3+
unpaired electron Sc is colourless
and due to presence of one unpaired
electron d − d transtion takes place
3+
hence Ti is coloured.
(iii) Transition metals and their
compounds are extensively used as
catalysts due to availability of empty
d-orbital which provides good
surface area for reaction and show
multiple oxidation states and by
giving electrons to reactants they
form complexes and lowers their
energies.
2020 Compart 56/C/1
1. All the lanthanoids show + 3 as the
common oxidation state, yet Ce
shows +4 state because
(a) it has a tendency to attain noble gas
configuration.
(b) it has a variable ionization
enthalpy.
(c) it has a tendency to gain 1 more
electron.
(d) it has an unpaired electron in 6s.
[1 marks]
â Option (a)
2. Calculate the number of unpaired

electrons in the following gaseous
3+ 3+
ions : Mn and Cr (Atomic
number of Cr = 24, Mn = 25) Which
one of them is most stable in
aqueous solution and why ?
[2 marks]
â Mn 3+
= 4 unpaired electrons
3+
Cr = 3 unpaired electrons
3+ 3
Cr is more stable due to half filled t2g
configuration
3. Explain all the steps along with the

chemical equation which are used in
the preparation of K2Cr2O7 from
chromite ore.
[3 marks]
â FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 −→
8 Na2CrO4 + 8 CO2
+ +
8 Na2CrO4 + 2 H −→ 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Na
+ H2O
8 Na2CrO7 + 2 KCl −→ K2Cr2O7 + 2 NaCl
2020 Compart 56/C/2
3+ 3+
ions : Ti and Cr (Atomic number
of Ti = 22, Cr = 24) Which one of
them is most stable in aqueous
solution and why ?
[2 marks]
â Ti = 1 unpaired electron.
3+
3+
3+
Cr is more stable due to half-filled
3
t2g configuration.
5. What is the effect of pH on the

solution of K2Cr2O7 ? Also give the
structure of chromate and
dichromate ion along with the
colour of species.
[3 marks]
â In basic medium or at high pH,Cr2O7 2–
2–
(dichromate ion) changes to CrO4
(chromate ion) / orange coloured
solution changes to yellow coloured
solution.
Reaction:
2– – 2–
Cr2O7 + 2OH → 2CrO4 + H2O
2020 56/C/3
3+ 3+
ions : Cr and V
(Atomic number of V = 23, Cr = 24)
Which one of them is most stable in
aqueous solution and why ?
[2 marks]
3+
3+
V = 2 unpaired electrons
3+ 3
Cr is more stable due to half filled t2g
configuration
7. Explain all the steps along with the

chemical equation which are used in
the preparation of potassium
permanganate from pyrolusite
(MnO2). Also give the structure of
permanganate ion.
[3 marks]
Potassium permanganate is prepared

by fusion of MnO2 with an alkali metal
hydroxide and an oxidising agent like
KNO3.
This produces the dark green K2MnO4
which disproportionates in a neutral
or acidic solution to give
permanganate.
2 MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 → 2 K2MnO4 +
2 H2O
2– + –
3MnO4 + 4H → 2MnO4 + MnO2 +
2 H2O
Commercially it is prepared by the
alkaline oxidative fusion of MnO2
followed by the electrolytic oxidation
of manganate (VI).
O
Mn
−
O O
O
1. Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury are soft
and have low melting points.
Explain.
[2 marks]
â Due to completely filled d-orbitals or
10
d configuration or due to the
absence of any unpaired electrons in
their d −subshell, they have weak
inter-metallic bonding or weak
inter-atomic interactions or no
metal-metal bonding.
2. Give reasons :
(a) The transition metals generally
form coloured compounds.
(b) Transition metals and their many
compounds act as good catalyst.
(c) The enthalpies of atomisation of
the transition metals are high.
[3 marks]
â (a) Due to presence of unpaired

electron / due to partially filled
d-orbitals / due to d-d transition /
due to excitation of unpaired
electrons in the visible region.
(b) Due to variable oxidation state/
they provide large surface area /
they form intermediate complexes/
they decrease down the activation
energy.
(c) Due to more number of unpaired
electrons in d-orbitals / due to
frequent or strong intermetallic
bonding /due to partially filled
d-orbitals./ due to participation of
ns and (n-1)d orbitals electrons in
inter-atomic bonding.
2020 56(B)
1. Assertion (A) : [Co(NH3)3Cl3] does
not give white precipitate with silver
nitrate solution.
Reason (R) : Chlorine is not present
in the ionizing sphere.
Assertion (A).
Assertion (A).
[1 marks]
(A).
2. (a) Write the preparation of

Na2Cr2O7 from FeCr2O4 .
(i) Actinoids show a wide range
of oxidation states.
(ii) MnO is basic whereas Mn2O7
is acidic in nature.
(iii) Transition metals form
coloured compounds.
[5 marks]
â
(a) 4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2−→ 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2
2 Na2CrO4 + 2 H+ −→ Na2Cr2O7 + 2 Na+ + H2O
(b) (i) Due to comparable energies of 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals.
(ii) Due to higher oxidation state of Mn in Mn2O7 .
(iii) Due to d-d transitions / due to presence of unpaired
electrons in d-orbitals.
OR
(a) Write the preparation of KMnO4
from pyrolusite ore (MnO2).
(ii) Actinoids contraction is greater
than lanthanoids contraction.
3+
(iii) Mn is strongly oxidizing
2+
whereas Cr is strongly
reducing in nature.
[5 marks]
â
(a) 2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 −→ 2 K2 MnO4 +
2 H2O
2– + –
3MnO4 + 4H −→ 2MnO4 + MnO2 +
2 H2O
2– −
MnO4 −→ MnO4 e-
(during electrolytic oxidation at
anode)
(b) (i) Due to almost similar sizes /
comparable sizes.
(ii) Because 5f electrons in actinoids
have more poor shielding effect.
3+ 3
(iii) Because Cr has the stable t 2g
2+
configuration whereas Mn has
5
stable (3d ) configuration.
2020 56/1/1
1. Out of the following transition
elements, the maximum number of
oxidation states are shown by
(A) Sc (Z = 21)
(B) Cr (Z = 24)
(C) Mn (Z = 25)
(D) Fe (Z = 26)
[1 marks]
â Mn (Z = 25)
2. (a) Account for the following :

(i) Copper (I) compounds are white
whereas Copper (II) compounds are
coloured.
(ii) Chromates change their colour
when kept in an acidic solution.
(iii) Zn, Cd, Hg are considered as d-block
elements but not as transition
elements.
(b) Calculate the spin-only moment of
2+
Co (Z = 27) by writing the
electronic configuration of Co and
2+
Co
[5 marks]
â
(a)
+1 10
(i) Cu (3d ) compounds are white
because of absence of unpaired
+2 9
electrons while Cu (3d )
compounds are coloured due to
−
unpaired e / shows d − d transition.
2−
(ii) chromate (CrO4 ) changes to
2−
dichromate (Cr2O7 ) ion in acidic
medium.
(iii) due to completely filled d-orbitals in
their ground state as well as in
oxidized state.
2 7 +2 7
(b) Co = [Ar]4s 3d , Co = [Ar] 3d
OR
(a) Give three points of difference
between lanthanoids and actinoids.
(b) Give reason and select one
atom/ion which will exhibit asked
property :
3+ 3+
(i) Sc or Cr (Exhibit diamagnetic
behaviour)
(ii) Cr or Cu (High melting and boiling
point)
[5 marks]
â
(a) Lanthanoids
(1) most of them are not radioactive
(2) don’t show a wide range of
oxidation state
(3) Most of their ions are colourless
Actinoids
(1) All are radioactive
(2) Show a wide range of oxidation
states
(3) Most of their ions are coloured
+3
(b) (i) Sc , because of absence of
unpaired electron.
(ii) Cr, because of presence of strong
intermetallic bonding than Cu.
2020 56/2/1
1. Total number of unpaired electrons
3+
present in Co (Atomic number =
27) is
(A) 5
(B) 7
(C) 3
(D) 4
[1 marks]
â 4 unpaired electrons
2. Complete and balance the following

chemical equations :
− −
(a) MnO4 + H2O + I −→
− + −
(b) MnO4 + H + I −→
[2 marks]
â
− −
(a) 2MnO4 + H2O + I −→ 2 MnO2 +
− −
2OH + IO3
− − + 2+
(b) 2MnO4 + 10I + 16H −→ 2Mn +
8 H2O + 5 I2
2020 56/2/2
2+
present in Mn (Atomic number =
25) is
(a) 2
(b) 7
(c) 3
(d) 5
[1 marks]
â (d) 5

− 2−
(a) MnO4 + S2O3 + H2O −→
− 2− +
(b) MnO4 + C2O4 + H −→
[2 marks]
â
− 2−
(a) 8 MnO4 + 3 S2O3 + H2O −→ 8 MnO2
2− −
+ 6SO4 + 2OH
− 2− +
(b) 2 MnO4 + 5 C2O4 + 16H −→
2+
2 Mn + 8 H2O + 10 CO2
2020 56//2/3
3+
present in Cr (Atomic number = 24)
is
(a) 2
(b) 7
(c) 3
(d) 5
[1 marks]
â (c) 3

− 2+ +
(a) MnO4 + Fe + H −→
− 2+
(b) MnO4 + Me + H2O −→
[2 marks]
â
2+ − + 2+
(a) 5Fe + MnO4 + 8H −→ Mn +
3+
4 H2O + 5Fe
− 2+
(b) 2MnO4 + 3Mn + 2 H2O −→ 5 MnO2
+
+ 4H
2020 56/3/1
1. Why are Zn, Cd and Hg
non-transition elements ?
[1 marks]
â Zn , Cd and Hg have completely filled

10
d configuration in their ground state
as well as in their oxidized state.
2. Which transition metal of 3d series

does not show variable oxidation
states ?
[1 marks]
â Scandium / Sc
3. Why do transition metals and their

compounds show catalytic activity ?
â Because of multiple oxidation states /
ability to form complexes / having
large surface area.
[1 marks]
4. Why are melting points of transition
metals high ?
[1 marks]
â Involvement of (n-1)d and ns electrons

in inter atomic metallic bonding /
strong metal-metal bonding.
2+ 2+
5. Why is Cu ion coloured while Zn
ion is colourless in aqueous solution
[1 marks]
â Presence of unpaired e showing d-d
−
2+ 2+
transition in Cu , while in Zn there
is no unpaired electron.
2020 56/4/1
1. Assertion (A) : Transition metals have
low melting points.
Reason (R) : The involvement of
greater number of (n – 1)d and ns
electrons in the interatomic metallic
bonding.
Assertion (A).
the Assertion (A).
[1 marks]

2. Write the balanced chemical

equations involved in the
preparation of KMnO4 from
pyrolusite ore (MnO2).
[2 marks]
â 2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 −→ 2 K2MnO4 +

2 H2O
2− + −
3MnO4 + 4H −→ 2MnO4 + MnO2 +
2 H2O
2− Electrolytic – −
MnO4 −−−−−−−→ MnO4 +e
oxidation
OR
Write the balanced ionic equations
showing the oxidising action of
2−
acidified dichromate (Cr2O7 ) solution
with (i) Iron (II) Ion and (ii) tin (II) ion.
[2 marks]
â 2−
Cr2O7 2+ +
+ 6Fe + 14H −→ 2Cr 3+
+
3+
6Fe + 7 H2 O
2− 2+ + 3+
Cr2O7 + 3Sn + 14H −→ 2Cr +
4+
3Sn + 7 H2 O
3. Following ions are given :

2+ 2+ + 2+ 3+ 3+
Cr , Cu , Cu , Fe , Fe , Mn
Identify the ion which is
(i) a strong reducing agent.
(ii) unstable in aqueous solution.
(iii) a strong oxiding agent.
Give suitable reason in each.
[3 marks]
â
2+
(i) Cr , because the stable state of
3
chromium is +3 due to t2g
configuration.
+
(ii) Cu(aq) , due to more negative ∆h yd
◦ 2+ +
H of Cu(aq) than Cu(aq) / It
undergoes disproportionation.
3+
(iii) Mn , because the most stable state
of manganese is +2 due to half filled
5
configuration / 3 d .
2020 56/4/2
4. Assertion (A) : Transition metals have
high melting point.
Reason (R) : Transition metals have
completely filled d-orbitals.
Assertion (A).
the Assertion (A).
[1 marks]
is wrong statement.
2020 56/5/1
1.
(a) Give reasons :
(i) Transition metals and their
compounds show catalytic
activities.
(ii) Separation of a mixture of
Lanthanoid elements is
difficult.
(iii) Zn, Cd and Hg are soft and have
low melting point.
(b) Write the preparation of the
following :
(i) Na2Cr2O7 from Na2CrO4
(ii) K2MnO4 from MnO2
[5 marks]
â
(a) (i) Variable or multiple oxidation
states / ability to form complexes
/ they provide large surface area
for adsorption.
(ii) Similar size/similar properties
(iii) No unpaired electron/weak
interatomic metallic bonding /
completely or fully filled d
orbitals
+
(b) (i) 2 Na2CrO4 + 2 H −→
+
Na2Cr2O7 + 2 Na + H2O
(ii) 2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 −→
2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O
OR
(a) Account for the following :
3+ 3+
(i) Ti is coloured whereas Sc is
colourless in aqueous solution.
2+
(ii) Cr is a strong reducing agent.
(b) Write two similarities between
chemistry of lanthanoids and
actinoids.
(c) Complete the following ionic
equation :
2− +
3 MnO4 + 4H −→
[5 marks]
â
3+
(a) (i) Ti has an unpaired electron
while there are no unpaired
3+
electrons in Sc .
3 3+
(ii) Stable t2g of Cr ion
(b) (1) Both show variable oxidation
states
(2) Both show f-f transitions
(3) Electrons of f-orbital in both
show poor shielding effect
(4) both have common +3 oxidation
state
(5) both show contraction in atomic
radii.
2– + −
(c) 3MnO4 + 4H −→ 2MnO4 + MnO2 +
2 H2O
2019 Compart 56/C/1
1.
(a) Actinoid contraction is greater
than lanthanoid contraction. Give
reason.
(b) Out of Fe and Cu, which has higher
melting point and why ?
[2 marks]
â
(a) 5f electrons in actinoids have poorer
shielding effect than 4f electrons in
lanthanoids.
(b) Fe, due to more unpaired electrons
leading to stronger metallic bonding.
2.
(a) Complete the following chemical
reactions :
(i) Na2Cr2O7 + KCl −→
− 2− +
(ii) 2 MnO4 + 5SO3 + 6H −→
2−
(b) How does the colour of Cr2O7
change when treated with an alkali ?
[3 marks]
â
(a) (i) Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl −→
K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
2− − +
(ii) 5SO3 + 2MnO4 + 6H −→
2+ 2−
2Mn + 3 H2O + 5SO4
2−
(b) Orange colour of Cr2O7 changes to
yellow due to formation of chromate
ion /
2− − 2−
Cr2O7 + 2OH −→ 2CrO4 + H2O
2019 Compart 56/C/2
3. Give reasons :
4 2+
(a) Of the d species, Cr is strongly
3+
reducing while Mn is strongly
oxidising.
1
(b) The d configuration is very unstable
in ions.
[2 marks]
â
(a) Because Cr is more stable in +3
3
oxidation state due to t2g
configuration whereas Mn is more
stable In +2 oxidation state due to half
5
filled 3d configuration.
(b) Because it undergoes
disproportionation reaction
4.
(a) Complete the following chemical
reactions :
− − +
(i) 2MnO4 + 5NO2 + 6H −→
2− +
(ii) 3MnO4 + 4H −→
(b) Name a member of the lanthanoid
series which shows +4 oxidation
state.
[3 marks]
â
− − +
(a) (i) 5NO2 +2MnO4 + 6H −→
2+ −
2Mn + 5NO3 + 3 H2O
2− +
(ii) 3MnO4 + 4H −→
−
2MnO4 + MnO2 + 2 H2O
(b) Cerium / Ce
2019 Compart 56/C/3
5.
Give reasons :
(a) MnO is basic whereas Mn2O7 is
acidic in nature.
(b) Transition metals form alloys.
[2 marks]
â
(a) Because Mn is in lower oxidation
state of +2 in MnO whereas +7 in
Mn2O7 .
(b) Because of almost similar atomic
radii.
6.
(a) Write chemical equations involved
in the preparation of KMnO4 from
MnO2 .
(b) Actinoids show wide range of
oxidation states. Why ?
[3 marks]
â
(a) 2 MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 −→ 2 K2MnO4 +
2 H2O
2− + −
3MnO4 + 4H −→ 2MnO4 + MnO2 +
2 H2O
(b) Because of comparable energies of 5f,
6d and 7s orbitals.
2019 Compart 56(B)
2+
(a) The radius of Fe is less than that of
2+
Mn .
(b) Chromium is a typical hard metal
while mercury is liquid.
(c) Co (II) is easily oxidized in the
presence of strong ligand.
(d) It is not advisable to use HCl in
KMnO4 titrations.
(e) When H2S is passed through a dilute
solution of K2Cr2O7 , milkiness
appears.
[5 marks]
â
2+
(a) Because in Fe the electronic force of
attraction between its nucleus and
outer electrons cloud is stronger than
2+
Mn due to increase in number of
protons.
(b) The chromium metal–metal
interactions are strong due to
presence of 6 unpaired electrons
whereas in mercury there are no
unpaired electrons.
(c) Because Co(III) in octahedral field has
6 0
extremely stable t2g eg configuration
after pairing of 6 electrons.
(d) Because KMnO4 oxidises HCl to Cl2
(e) H2S is oxidised by K2Cr2O7 to colloidal
sulphur which appears milky white
or pale yellow.
OR
(a) Predict which of the following will be
coloured in aqueous solution and
why ?
3+ 3+ + 3+ 2+ 3+ 2+
Ti , V , Cu , Sc , Mn , Fe , Co
(b) Write the balanced ionic equations
for the following reactions :
− + 2−
(i)MnO4 + H + S −→
− + 2+
(ii)MnO4 + H + Fe −→
[5 marks]
â
3+ 1 3+ 2 2+ 5 3+
(a) Ti (3d ) , V (3d ) , Mn (3d ) , Fe
5 2+ 7
(3d ) , Co (3d )
Because they all have incompletely
filled d-orbitals
(b)
2− − +
(i) 5S + 2MnO4 + 16H −→
2+
2Mn + 8 H2O + 5S
2+ − +
(ii) 5Fe + MnO4 + 8H −→
2+ 3+
Mn + 4 H2O + 5Fe
2019 56/1/1
1. When MnO2 is fused with KOH in the
presence of KNO3 as an oxidizing
agent, it gives a dark green
compound (A). Compound (A)
disproportionates in acidic solution
to give purple compound (B). An
alkaline solution of compound (B)
oxidises KI to compound (C) whereas
an acidified solution of compound
(B) oxidises KI to (D). Identify (A),
(B), (C), and (D).
[2 marks]
â A = K2MnO4 / MnO4 2−
,
−
B = KMnO4 / MnO4 ,
−
C = IO3 or KIO3 ,
D = I2
(i) Transition elements and their
compounds act as catalysts.
◦ 2+
(ii) E value for (Mn |Mn) is negative
2+
whereas for (Cu |Cu) is positive.
(iii) Actinoids show irregularities in their
electronic configuration.
[3 marks]
(i) Due to variable oxidation state

2+
(ii) Mn is stable due to exactly half
5
filled 3d configuration/ Due to high
◦ ◦ 2+
∆a H and low ∆h yd H for Cu /Cu is
positive.
(iii) Due to comparable energies of 5f , 6d
and 7s orbitals.
2019 56/1/2
(ii) Mn2O3 is basic whereas Mn2O7 is
acidic.
2+
(iii) Eu is a strong reducing agent.
[3 marks]
â
(i) Due to comparable radii / comparable
size.
(ii) In Mn2O3 , Mn is in +3 (lower)
oxidation state while in Mn2O7, Mn is
in higher oxidation state (+7)
(iii) Because its stable oxidation state is +3.
2019 56/1/3
(i) The transition metals generally form
coloured compounds.
◦ 3+ 2+
(ii) E value for (Mn |Mn ) is highly
3+ 2+
positive than that for (Cr |Cr )
couple.
(iii) The chemistry of actinoids elements
is not so smooth as that of the
lanthanoids.
[3 marks]
â
(i) Due to presence of unpaired electrons
/ d-d transition.
3+ 4 3+ 3
(ii) Mn is 3d while Cr is 3d which in
t2g half filled is extra stable.
(iii) The energy difference between 5f, 6d
and 7s orbitals is very less as
compared to lanthanoids.
2019 56/2/1
1. When FeCr2O4 is fused with Na2CO3
in the presence of air it gives a yellow
solution of compound (A).
Compound (A) on acidification gives
compound (B). Compound (B) on
reaction with KCl forms an orange
coloured compound (C). An acidified
solution of compound (C) oxidises
Na2SO3 to (D). Identify (A), (B), (C)
and (D).
[2 marks]
â A = Na2CrO4 ;
B = Na2Cr2O7 ;
C = K2Cr2O7 ;
D = Na2SO4

(a) Transition metals form complex
compounds.
◦ 2+
(b) E values for (Zn /Zn) and
2+
(Mn /Mn) are more negative than
expected.
(c) Actinoids show wide range of
oxidation states.
[3 marks]
â
(a) Due to small size , high ionic charge
and availabilty of d-orbital.
10
(b) Due to stable 3d configuration in
2+ 5 2+
Zn and 3d configuration in Mn .
(c) Due to comparable energies of 5f ,
6d and 7s orbitals / levels.
2019 56/2/2
(a) Transition metals show variable
oxidation states.
◦ 2+
(b) E value for (Zn /Zn) is negative
2+
while that of (Cu /Cu) is positive.
(c) Higher oxidation state of Mn with
fluorine is +4 whereas with oxygen
is +7
[3 marks]
â
(a) Because of comparable energies of
(n-1)d and ns orbitals / Incomplete
filling of d-orbital.
10
(b) Because of stable 3d configuration
2+
of Zn whereas due to low
hydration enthalpy and high
2+
enthalpy of atomization of Cu .
(c) Due to the ability of oxygen to form
multiple bonds with metal.
2019 56/2/3
(a) Transition metals have high
enthalpies of atomization.
(b) Manganese has lower melting point
even though it has a higher number
of unpaired electrons for bonding.
4+
(c) Ce is a strong oxidising agent.
[3 marks]
â
(a) Because of strong interatomic
interactions / Strong metallic
bonding between atoms.
5
(b) Due to stable 3d configuration ,
interatomic interaction is poor
between unpaired electrons.
(c) Because Ce is more stable in +3
oxidation state.
2019 56/3/1
1.
(a) Account for the following :
(i) Manganese shows maximum
number of oxidation states in 3d
series.
◦ 3+ 2+
(ii) E value for Mn /Mn couple
is much more positive than that
3+ 2+
for Cr /Cr .
4+ 4+
(iii) Ti is colourless whereas V is
coloured in an aqueous solution.
(b) Write the chemical equations for
the preparation of KMnO4 from
MnO2 . Why does purple colour of
acidified permanganate solution
2+
decolourise when it oxidises Fe to
3+
Fe ?
[5 marks]
â
(a) (i) Due to the presence of maximum
no. of unpaired electrons .
(ii) because Cr is more stable in +3
3
oxidation state due to stable t2g
configuration whereas Mn is
more stable +2 oxidation state
5
due to half filled 3d
configuration.
(iii) Due to the presence of one
4+
unpaired electron in V whereas
there is no unpaired electron in
4+
Ti .
(b) 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 −→ 2K2 MnO4 +
2 H2O
2− + −
3MnO4 + 4H −→ 2MnO4 + MnO2 +
2 H2O
2+
Due to the formation of Mn ion
−
from MnO4 / or reaction
OR
(a) Write one difference between
transition elements and p-block
elements with reference to
variability of oxidation states.
(b) Why do transition metals exhibit
higher enthalpies of atomization ?
(c) Name an element of lanthanoid
series which is well known to shown
+4 oxidation state. Is it a strong
oxidising agent or reducing agent ?
(d) What is lanthanoid contraction ?
Write its one consequence.
(e) Write the ionic equation showing
the oxidation of Fe(II) salt by
acidified dichromate solution.
[5 marks]
â
(a) Transition elements show variable
oxidation states that differ by 1 unit
whereas p-block elements it differs
by 2 units / Heavier transition
elements are stable in higher
oxidation state whereas p-block
elements are stable in lower
oxidation state.
(b) Because of strong interatomic
interactions / Strong metallic
bonding between atoms.
(c) Cerium / Terbium ; Oxidising agent.
(d) Steady decrease in atomic radii with
increase in atomic number due to
poor shielding effect of 4f orbital
electrons. Consequence : 5d series
have almost same size as 4d series.
2− + 2+
(e) Cr2O7 + 14H + 6Fe −→
3+ 3+
2Cr +6Fe + 7 H2O
2019 56/4/1
1. Use the data to answer the following and also justify giving
reason :
Cr Mn Fe Co
E◦
M 2+/M
– 0·91 – 1·18 – 0·44 – 0·28
E◦
M 3+/M 2+
– 0·41 + 1·57 + 0·77 + 1·97
(a) Which is a stronger reducing agent in aqueous medium,
Cr2+ or Fe2+ and why ?
(b) Which is the most stable ion in +2 oxidation
and why ?
[2 marks]
â
2+
(a) Cr , due to lower standard
◦
reduction potential (E ) / Higher
standard oxidation potential.
2+
(b) Mn , Due to highest negative
standard reduction potential.
2. Explain the method of preparation of

sodium dichromate from chromite
ore. Give the equation representing
oxidation of ferrous salts by
dichromate ion.
[3 marks]
â Fusion of chromite ore (FeCr2O4) with

sodium or potassium carbonate in free
access of air to form sodium chromate
4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 −→
8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2
On acidification of Sodium chromate
with sulphuric acid to form sodium
dichromate
+
2 Na2CrO4 + 2H −→
+
2– + 2+
Cr2O7 + 14H + 6Fe −→
3+ 3+
2Cr + 6Fe + 7H2O
OR
Complete the following reactions:
(a) MnO2 + KOH + O2−→
− − +
(b) I + MnO4 + H −→
2− 2+ +
(c) Cr2O7 + Sn + H −→
[3 marks]
â
(a) 2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2−→
2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O
− − +
(b) 10I + 2MnO4 + 16H −→
2+
2Mn + 8 H2O + 5 I2
2– + 2+
(c) Cr2O7 + 14H + 3Sn −→
3+ 4+
2Cr + 3Sn + 7H2O
2019 56/5/1
1. How is KMnO4 prepared from
pyrolusite ? Give steps involved with
equations.
[2 marks]
â
1. When pyrolusite is fused with KOH in presence of air or
oxidizing agent, potassium manganate is produced .
2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 −→2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O
2. Potassium manganate upon further oxidation or
disproportionation in a neutral or acidic medium gives
potassium permanganate.
3MnO2− + 4H+ −→ 2MnO− + MnO2 + 2 H2O
4 4
or
When MnO2− undergoes electrolytic oxidation in alkaline
4
MnO−
solution , it forms4
2. Give reasons for the following
(a) The only oxidation state shown by
Scandium is +3.
4+
(b) [Ti(H2O)6] is colourless.
(c) MnO is basic while Mn2O7 is acidic.
[3 marks]
â
0
(a) At + 3, Stable d is obtained
(b) Absence of unpaired electron / no
d-d transition occurs
(c) MnO has Mn in +2 oxidation state
Mn2O7 has Mn in +7 oxidation state.
Higher the oxidation State , higher is
the acidic character.
OR
Answer the following :
(a) What is the general electronic
configuration of lanthanoids
(b) What are the common oxidation
states of Cerium (At. no. 58) ?
(c) Why do actinoids show a wide
range of oxidation states ?
[3 marks]
â
1−14 0−1 2
(a) 4 f 5d 6s
(b) +3 and +4
(c) 5f , 6d , 7s orbitals/levels are of
comparable energies
2019 56/5/2
equations :
– – +
(a) MnO4 + I + H −→
(b) Na2Cr2O7 + KCl −→
[2 marks]
â
− − + 2+
(a) 2MnO4 + 10I + 16H −→ 2Mn +
8 H2O + 5 I2
(b) Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl −→ K2Cr2O7 +
2NaCl
2019 56/5/3
4. Write the preparation of sodium
dichromate from chromite ore.
[2 marks]
â Fusion of chromite ore (FeCr2O4) with

sodium or potassium carbonate in free
access of air to form sodium chromate
4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 −→
8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2
On acidification of Sodium chromate

with sulphuric acid to form sodium
dichromate
+
2 Na2CrO4 + 2H −→
+
2019 56(B)
(a) The chemistry of actinoids is more
complicated as compared to
lanthanoids.
4+
(b) Ce is a strong oxidizing agent in
aqueous solution.
+
(c) Cu is unstable in aqueous
solution.
2+
(d) Mn compounds are more stable
2+
than Fe towards oxidation to their
+3 state.
(e) TiCl3 acts as a good reducing agent.
[5 marks]
â
(a) Because actinoids are radioactive
and show wide range of oxidation
sates.
4+ 3+
(b) Ce gets reverted to Ce in aq.
3+
solution /Ce is more stable in aq
medium.
(c) Because it undergoes
disproportionation reaction in
aqueous medium / reaction
2+
(d) Mn has stable electronic
¡ 5 0¢
configuration 3d 4s and thus
3+
does not easily change to Mn
3+ 5 0
¡ ¢
where in case of iron, Fe 3d 4s is
2+
more stable than Fe .
(e) Ti(III) has electronic configuration
¡ 1¢
3d and is less stable while Ti(IV) is
more stable having noble gas
configuration.
OR
(a) The elements of 3d transition series
are given as :
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Answer the following questions:
(i) Which element is a strong
reducing agent in +2 oxidation
state and why ?
(ii) Which element shows maximum
number of oxidation states and
why ?
(iii) Which element shows only +3
oxidation state ?
(b) Write balanced ionic equations for
the following reactions in aqueous
solution
− 2− +
(i) MnO4 + C2O4 + H −→
− 2+ +
(ii) MnO4 + Fe + H −→
[5 marks]
(a)(i) Cr, Cr2+ is oxidised to Cr3+ which has
stable d 3/t3 configuration.
2g
(ii) Mn, it has maximum number
of unpaired electrons.
(iii) Sc
(b)
5C O 2− + 2MnO− + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2
(i) 2 4 4
5Fe2+ + MnO− + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+
(ii) 4
2018 Compart 56/1
1. Identify the following :

(i) Transition metal of 3d series that
exhibits the maximum number of
oxidation states.
(ii) An alloy consisting of approximately
95% lanthanoid metal used to
produce bullet, shell and lighter
flint.
[2 marks]
â
(i) Mn
(ii) Mischmetal
2.
(i) Complete the following equations :
− 2− +
(a) 2MnO4 + 5SO3 + 6H −→
2− 2+ +
(b) Cr2O7 + 6Fe + 14H −→
2+
(ii) Based on the data, arrange Fe ,
2+ 2+
Mn and Cr in the increasing
order of stability of +2 oxidation
state.
◦ 3+ 2+
E for Cr /Cr = −0.4 V
◦ 3+ 2+
E for Mn /Mn = +1.5 V
◦ 3+ 2+
E for Fe /Fe = +0.8 V
OR
(i) KMnO4 from K2MnO4
(ii) Na2CrO4 from FeCr2O4
2− 2−
(iii) Cr2O7 form CrO4
[3 marks]
â
2− − +
(i) (a)5SO3 + 2MnO4 + 6H −→
2+ 2−
2Mn + 3H2O + 5SO4
2− + 2+
(b)Cr2O7 + 14H + 6Fe −→
3+ 3+
2Cr + 6Fe + 7H2O
2+ 2+ 2+
(ii) Cr < Fe < Mn
OR
2− +
(i) 3MnO4 + 4H −→
−
2MnO4 + MnO2 + 2H2O
(ii) 4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7O2 −→

8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2
2− + 2−
(iii) 2CrO4 + 2H −→ Cr2O7 + H2O
2018 Compart 56(B)

+
(a) Cu ion is unstable in aqueous
solution.
2+
(b) Cr is strongly reducing in nature.
[2 marks]
â
(a) Because it undergoes
disproportionation reaction.
3+ 3
(b) Because Cr has stable t2g
configuration.

(a) Transition metals form complexes.
(b) Zr and Hf have almost identical
radii.
◦ 3+ 2+
(c) E Mn /Mn is more positive than
◦ 3+ 2+
that for E Fe /Fe
[3 marks]
â
(a) It is due to small size , high ionic
charge and availability of d-orbitals.
(b) Because of lanthanoid contraction.
5 2+ 6
(c) 3d of Mn is more stable than 3d of
2+
Fe
Chapter 9
Coordination
Compounds
Publisher
Syllabus
Coordination compounds :
Introduction, ligands, coordination
number, colour, magnetic properties
and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of
mononuclear coordination
compounds.
Bonding, Werner’s theory, VBT, and
CFT; structure and stereoisomerism,
the importance of coordination
compounds (in qualitative analysis,
extraction of metals and biological
system).
2023 SQP
1. KMnO4 is coloured due to

(a) d-d transitions
(b) charge transfer from ligand to metal
(c) unpaired electrons in d orbital of Mn
(d) charge transfer from metal to ligand
[1 marks]
â Charge transfer from ligand to metal
The Mn atom in KMnO4 has +7
oxidation state with electron
0 0
configuration [Ar]3d 4s
Since no unpaired electrons are
present, d − d transitions are not
possible. The molecule should,
therefore, be colourless.
Its intense purple due to L→M (ligand
to metal) charge transfer 2p(L) of O to
3d (M) of Mn
3– −1
2. The CFSE of [CoCl6] is 18000 cm
–
the CFSE for [CoCl4] will be :
−1
a. 18000 cm
−1
b. 8000 cm
−1
c. 2000 cm
−1
d. 16000 cm
[1 marks]
â ∆t = (4/9) × 18000 cm −1
= 8000 cm −1
3. The number of ions formed on

dissolving one molecule of
FeSO4 · (NH4)2SO4 · 6 H2O in water is:
(a) 3 (c) 5
(b) 4 (d) 6
[1 marks]
â5
2+ 2− 4+
1Fe , 2SO4 and 2NH ions
4. The formula Co(NH3)5CO3Cl could
represent a carbonate or a chloride.
Write the structures and names of
possible isomers.
[2 marks]
â [Co(NH3)5CO3]Cl
Pentaaminecarbonatocobalt(III)chloride
and
[Co(NH3)5Cl]CO3
Pentaaminechloridocobalt(III)carbonate
5. Using Valence bond theory, explain

the following in relation to the
3–
paramagnetic complex [Mn(CN)6]
(a) type of hybridization
(b) magnetic moment value
(c) type of complex – inner, outer
orbital complex
[3 marks]
â
2 3
(a) d sp
p p
(b) n(n + 2) = 2(2 + 2) = 2.87 BM
(c) inner orbital
2022 Term 2 56/3/1
1.
(a) Using valence bond theory, predict
the hybridization and magnetic
character of following :
3−
[CoF6]
Atomic number of Co = 27
(b) Write IUPAC name of the following
complex :
+
[CoBr2(en)2]
(c) How many ions are produced from
£ ¤
the complex Co (NH3)6 Cl2 in
solution?
[3 marks]
â
3−
(a) [CoF6]
3 2
Hybridization = sp d
Magnet character = Paramagnetic
(b) dibromidobis- ethane-1,2-diamine
cobalt(I)
3+ −
(c) [Co (NH3)6] Cl2 → [Co (NH3)6] + 2Cl
∴ 3 ions produced
2022 Term 2 56/3/3
2.
(a) Using valence bond theory, predict
character of the complex : [Ni(CO)4]
(Atomic number : Ni = 28 )
(b) Write IUPAC name of
£ ¤
Pt (NH3)2 Cl (NO2)
3+
(c) Why [Co(en)3] is a more stable
£ ¤3+
complex than Co (NH3)6 ?
[3 marks]
3
(a) The complex [Ni(CO)4] involves sp
hydridisation.
The complex is diamagnetic.
(b) diamminechloidonitrito
-N-platinum(II)
3+
(c) [Co(en)3] is more stable than
3+ 3+
[Co(NH3)6] as [Co(en)3] is a metal
chelate due to presece of bidentate
ligand ethylene diamine ligand.
Metal chelates are more stable than
complexes containing only
monodentate lignads.
2021 Compart 56/1/1
1. The oxidation number of Co in

[Co(en)3]2 (SO4)3 is :
(i) +2
(ii) +3
(iii) +4
(iv) +6
[1 marks]
+3
2. Which of the following ligands form a

‘chelate’ complex with metal ion ?
(A) H2O
−
(B) CN
2−
(C) C2O4
−
(D) Cl
[1 marks]
2−
C2 O 4
OR
The coordination number of Cr in
£ ¤3−
CrCl2(ox)2 is :
(i) 6
(ii) 5
(iii) 4
(iv) 3
[1 marks]
3. The formula of the coordination

compound
tetraamminechloridonitrito
-N-cobalt(III)chloride is :
£ ¤
(i) Co (NH3)4 Cl(ONO) Cl2
£ ¤
(ii) Co (NH3)4 Cl2 (NO2) Cl
£ ¤
(iii) Co (NH3)4 Cl (NO2) Cl
£ ¤
(iv) Co (NH3)4 (NO2) Cl3
[1 marks]
£ ¤
Co (NH3)4 Cl (NO2) Cl
4. Write the hybridisation and magnetic

behaviour of the following complex :
3−
(i) [CoF6]
2−
(ii) [Ni(CN)4]
[Atomic number of Co = 27, Ni = 28]
[2 marks]
3 2
(i) sp d , Paramagnetic
3
(ii) d sp , Diamagnetic
OR
(i) Write the IUPAC name of
£ ¤
Mn (H2O)6 SO4
4−
(ii) Why is [Fe(CN)6] diamagnetic
3−
while [FeF6] is paramagnetic ? [At.
No. Fe = 26 ]
[2 marks]
(i) hexaaquamanganese (II) sulphate

4− −
(ii) In [Fe(CN)6] CN is a strong field
ligand, it causes the pairing of the
unpaired 3d electrons. 6 electron
−
pairs from CN ions occupy the six
2 3
hybrid d sp orbitals. Then,Since
−
CN is strong field ligand it cause
pairing, hence it is diamagnetic.
−
As F is a weak field ligand, it does
not cause the pairing of the electrons
in the 3d orbital.
4−
Since [FeF6] have unpaired
electrons. Hence it is strongly
paramagnetic.
2021 Compart 56(B)
1. The oxidation state of Co in

£ ¤
Co (NH3)4 Cl2 Cl is :
(a) +3
(b) +2
(c) +4
(d) +6
[1 marks]
x + 4(0) + 2(−1) + (−1) = 0

x = +3
OR
Which one of the following is a
homoleptic complex ?
£ ¤
(a) Pt (NH3)2 Cl2
£ ¤+
(b) Co (NH3)4 Cl2
(c) K4 [Fe(CN)6]
£ ¤
(d) Co (NH3)4 Cl (NO2) Cl
[1 marks]
K4 [Fe(CN)6]
2. Which of the following ligands form a

’chelate’ complex with metal ion?
(a) H2O
(b) H2N − CH2 − CH2 − NH2
(c) NH3
(d) Cl
[1 marks]
H2N − CH2 − CH2 − NH2
3. The formula of the coordination

compound pentaamminenitrito-
O-cobalt(III) is :
£ ¤+
(a) Co (NH3)5 (NO2)
£ ¤2+
(b) Co (NH3)5 (NO2)
£ ¤2+
(c) Co (NH3)5 (ONO)
£ ¤+
(d) Co (NH3)5 (ONO)
[1 marks]
£ ¤2+
Co (NH3)5 (ONO)
4. Write the hybridisation, shape,

magnetic behaviour and IUPAC
4−
name of the complex [Fe(CN)6] .
(Atomic number of Fe = 26 )
[2 marks]
2 3
Hybridization = d sp
Shape = Octahedral
Diamagnetic
hexacyanidoferrate(III)
OR
What is crystal field splitting energy ?
How does the magnitude of ∆0 decide
the actual configuration of d-orbitals
in a coordination entity?
[2 marks]
When ligands approach a transition

metal ion, the d-orbitals split into two
sets, one with lower energy and the
other with higher energy. The
difference of energy between the two
sets of orbitals is called crystal field
splitting energy (∆0) in case of
octahedral field.
If ∆o < P, the fourth electron enters
one of the e g orbitals giving the
3 1
configuration t 2 ge g . Ligands for which
∆o < P are known as weak field ligands
and form high spin complexes.
If ∆o > P, it becomes more

energetically favourable for the fourth
electron to occupy a t 2g orbital with
4 0
configuration t 2ge g . Ligands which
produce this effect are known as
strong field ligands and form low spin
complexes.
2020 Compart 56/C/1
1. Assertion (A) : Chlorophyll is a
coordination compound which is
present in green leaves.
Reason (R) : Chlorophyll contains Fe
which is responsible for the green
colour of chlorophyll.
Assertion (A).
the Assertion (A).
(iv) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason
[1 marks]
â Option (iii)
2. Draw the geometrical isomers of

+
[CoCl2(en)2]
[2 marks]
-cis
-trans
2020 Compart 56/C/2
2+
[PtCl2(en)2] .
[2 marks]
2020 Compart 56/C/3
3–
[CrCl2(ox)2]
[2 marks]
-trans
-cis
1. Write the hybridization of
3−
[Fe(CN)6] (Given : Atomic number
of Fe = 26)
[1 marks]
â d2sp3
2. The correct IUPAC name of

[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] is
(a) diamminedichloridoplatinum(II)
(b) diamminedichloridoplatinum(IV)
(c) diamminedichloridoplatinum(0)
(d) dichloridodiammineplatinum(IV)
[1 marks]
â (a) diamminedichloridoplatinum(II)
3. Assertion (A) : The geometrical

isomers of the complex
[M(NH3)4Cl2] are optically inactive.
Reason (R) : Both the geometrical
isomers of the complex possess axis
of symmetry.
Assertion (A).
Assertion (A).
[1 marks]

Assertion (A).
2020 56(B)
1. Write the IUPAC name of
[Pt(NH3)5ClCl3]Cl3.
[1 marks]
â Pentaamminechloridoplatinum(IV)
chloride
2. Indicate the complex ion which

shows geometrical isomerism.
+
(a) [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]
+
(b) [Pt(NH3)3Cl]
3+
(c) [Co(NH3)6]
3–
(d) [Co(CN)5(NC)]
[1 marks]
â [Cr(H2O)4Cl2] +
2020 56/1/1
1. Assertion (A) : Linkage isomerism
arises in coordination compounds
because of ambidentate ligand.
Reason (R) : Ambidentate ligand like
NO2 has two different donor atoms
i.e., N and O.
Assertion (A).
Assertion (A).
[1 marks]

(A).
2. Give the formulae of the following

compounds :
(a) Potassium
tetrahydroxidozincate (II)
(b) Hexaammineplatinum (IV)
chloride
[2 marks]
â
(a) K2[Zn(OH)4]
(b) [Pt(NH3)6]Cl4
2020 56/1/2
compounds :
(a)Potassium trioxalatoaluminate (III)
(b)Tetraammineaquachlorido cobalt
(III) chloride
[2 marks]
â
(a) K3[Al(C2O4)3]
(b) [Co(NH3)4(H2O)Cl]Cl2
2020 56/1/3
compounds :
(a)Pentaamminecarbonatocobalt (III)
chloride
(b)Potassium tetracyanidonickelate (II)
[2 marks]
â
(a) [Co(NH3)5(CO3)]Cl
(b) K2[Ni(CN)4]
2020 56/2/1
1. What type of isomerism is shown by
the complex [Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl2 ?
[1 marks]
â Linkage
2. Assertion (A) : Low spin tetrahedral

complexes are rarely observed.
Reason (R) : The orbital splitting
energies are not sufficiently large to
forcing pairing.
Assertion (A).
the Assertion (A).
[1 marks]
â Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are

correct statements, and reason (R) is
the correct explanation of the assertion
(A).
3.
(a) Give the IUPAC name and
electronic configuration of central
metal atom in terms of t2g and eg
of K4[Mn(CN)6].
(b) What is meant by ‘Chelate effect’ ?
Give an example.
[3 marks]
â
(a) Potassium hexacyanomanganate(II)
5 0
t2g eg
(b) Increased stability of the complex
due to presence of chelating or
didentate or polydentate ligands.
3+
e.g.[Cr(en)3]
OR
Write the hybridisation and magnetic
characters of the following complexes :
4–
(i) [Fe(CN)6]
3–
(ii) [CoF6]
(iii) [Ni(CO)4]
[Atomic number : Fe = 26,
Co = 27, Ni = 28]
[3 marks]
â (i) d sp ,diamagnetic
2 3
3 2
(ii) sp d , paramagnetic
3
(iii) sp ,diamagnetic
2020 56/3/1
1. One mole of CrCl3 ·6H2O compound
reacts with excess AgNO 3 solution to
yield two moles of AgCl(s). The
structural formula of the compound
is
(a) [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2 ·H2O
(b) [Cr(H2O)3Cl3]·3H2O
(c) [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl·2H2O
(d) [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3
[1 marks]
â (a) [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2 ·H2O
2+
2. Reason (A) : [Pt(en)2Cl2] complex is
2+
less stable than [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]
complex.
2+
Reason (R) : [Pt(en)2Cl2] complex
shows chelate effect.
Assertion (A).
the Assertion (A).
[1 marks]
â Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason

3.
(a) Write the IUPAC name and
hybridisation of the complex
3–
[CoF6] .
(Given : Atomic number of Co = 27)
(b) What type of isomerism is shown
2+
by the complex [Co(en)2Cl2] ?
Name the structure of an isomer of
this complex which is optically
active.
[2 marks]
â
3 2
(a) Hexafluoridocobaltate(III) sp d
(b) Isomerism – Geometrical / optical
cis isomer is optically active
2020 56/3/2
4. EDTA is a
(a) monodentate ligand
(b) bidentate ligand
(c) ambidentate ligand
(d) hexadentate ligand
[1 marks]
â (d) hexadentate ligand

2020 56/3/3
5.
(a) How can you show that complexes
[Co(NH3)5Cl] SO4 and
[Co(NH3)5SO4] CI are ionization
isomers ?
(b) Write the formula of the following
complex using IUPAC norms :
Potassium trioxalatochromate (III)
[2 marks]
â
(a) On adding AgNO3 , [Co(NH3)5(SO4)]
Cl will give white ppt of AgCl but
[Co(NH3)5Cl] SO4 doesn’t / On
adding BaCl2 ,[Co(NH3)5Cl] SO4 will
give white ppt of BaSO4 but
[Co(NH3)5(SO4)] Cl doesn’t.
(b) K3 [Cr(C2O4)3] / K3 [Cr(ox)3]
6. On the basis of crystal field theory,
4
electronic configuration of d
complex when ∆◦ > P is
3 1
(a) t 2g e g
2 2
(b) t 2g e g
1 3
(c) t 2g e g
4 0
(d) t 2g e g
[1 marks]
â (d) 4
t 2g 0
eg
7. Assertion (A) : The complex

[Cr(H2O)3 Cl3] does not give
precipitate with AgNO3 solution.
Reason (R) : The complex
[Cr(H2O)3 Cl3] is non-ionizable.
Assertion (A).
the Assertion (A).
[1 marks]

Assertion (A).
2020 56/4/1
1. How many ions are produced from
the complex [Co(NH3)5Cl] Cl2 in
solution ?
(a) 4
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 5
[1 marks]
â (c) 3
2. The pair [Co(NH3)4Cl2] Br2 and

[Co(NH3)4Br2] Cl2 will show
(a) Linkage isomerism
(b) Hydrate isomerism
(c) Ionization isomerism
(d) Coordinate isomerism
[1 marks]
â (c) Ionization isomerism
3. Write the IUPAC names and

hybridisation of the following
complexes :
2–
(i) [Ni(CN)4]
2+
(ii) [Fe(H2O)6]
(Given : Atomic number Ni = 28, Fe =
26)
[2 marks]
â
(i) Tetracyanidonickelate(II) /
Tetracyanonickelate(II)
2
Hybridization = d sp
(ii) Hexaaquairon(II)
3 2
Hybridization = sp d
2020 56/4/2
4. The coordination number of ‘Co’ in
3+
the complex [Co(en)3] is
(a) 3
(b) 6
(c) 4
(d) 5
[1 marks]
â (b) 6
5. Write IUPAC name and hybridization

of the following complexes :
(i) [Ni(CO)4]
3–
(ii) [CoF6]
(Atomic number Ni = 28 ,
Co = 27)
[2 marks]
â
3
(i) Tetracarbonylnickel(0) sp
3 2
(ii) Hexafluoridocobaltate(III) sp d
2020 56/4/3
6. Which of the following is the most
stable complex ?
(a) [Fe(CO)5]
3+
(b) [Fe(H2O)6]
3–
(c) [Fe(C2O4)3]
3–
(d) [Fe(CN)6]
[1 marks]
â (c) [Fe(C2O4)3] 3–

the pair [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3
and [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2 · H2O ?
(a) Ionization isomerism
(b) Coordination isomerism
(c) Solvate isomerism
(d) Linkage isomerism
[1 marks]
â (c) Solvate isomerism
8. Write the IUPAC name and

hybridisation of the following
complexes :
3+
(i) [Co(NH3)6]
2–
(ii) [NiCl4]
(Given : Atomic number :
Ni = 28, Co = 27)
[2 marks]
â
2 3
(i) Hexaamminecobalt(III) d sp
3
(ii) Tetrachloridonickelate (II) sp
2020 56/5/1
1. The oxidation state of Ni in [Ni(CO)4]
is
(a) 0
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
[1 marks]
â (a) 0
2. Assertion (A) : Low spin tetrahedral

complexes are rarely observed.
Reason (R) : Crystal field splitting
energy is less than pairing energy for
tetrahedral complexes.
Assertion (A).
the Assertion (A).
[1 marks]

Assertion (A).
3.
(a) Write the IUPAC name and
hybridisation of the complex
3–
[Fe(CN)6] .
(Given : Atomic number of Fe = 26)
(b) What is the difference between an
ambidentate ligand and a chelating
ligand ?
[2 marks]
â
(a) Hexacyanidoferrate(III) /
2 3
Hexacyanoferrate(III) d sp
(b) Ligand which can ligate through two
different atoms is called
ambidentate ligand whereas di - or
polydentate ligand uses its two or
more donor atoms to bind a single
metal ion.
/ A chelating ligand forms a more
stable complex as compared to an
ambidentate ligand.
/ Chelating ligand forms a cyclic
complex while ambidentate ligand
forms a non-cyclic complex.
2020 56/5/2
4. Which of the following will give a
white precipitate upon reacting with
AgNO3 ?
(a) K2[Pt(en)2Cl2]
(b) [Co(NH3)3Cl3]
(c) [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3
(d) [Fe(H2O)3Cl3]
[1 marks]
â (c) [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3
5. Discuss the nature of bonding in

metal carbonyls.
[2 marks]
â The metal-carbon bond in metal

carbonyls have both σ and π bond
character. The metal- carbon sigma
bond is formed by the donation of lone
pair of electrons from the carbonyl
carbon into a vacant orbital of the
metal. The metal- carbon pi bond is
formed by the donation of a pair of
electrons from a filled d orbital of the
metal to the vacant antibonding pi
molecular orbital of carbon monoxide.
The metal ligand bonding causes a
synergic effect which strengthens the
bond between carbonyl and the metal.
2020 56/5/3
2+
6. Out of cis – [Pt(en)2Cl2] and trans –
2+
[Pt(en2)Cl2] , which one is optically
active ?
[1 marks]
â cis - [Pt(en)2Cl2] 2+
7. The formula of the complex

triamminetri(nitrito-O)Cobalt (III) is
(a) [Co(ONO)3 (NH3)3]
(b) [Co(NO2)3 (NH3)3]
(c) [Co(ONO2)3 (NH3)3]
(d) [Co(NO2) (NH3)3]
[1 marks]
â (a) [Co(ONO)3 (NH3)3]

2019 Compart 56/C/1
1. Predict the number of unpaired
electrons in the square planar
2–
[Pt(CN)4] ion.
[2 marks]
â No unpaired electron.
OR
3–
Amongst [Fe(C2O4)3] and
3+
[Fe(NH3)6] which is more stable and
why ?
[2 marks]
â [Fe(C2O4)3] 3−
; 2−
C2O4 is a didentate /
chelating ligand so it is more stable
2.
(a) Draw the structures of geometrical
−
isomers of [Fe(NH3)2(CN)4] .
2–
(b) [NiCl4] is paramagnetic while
[Ni(CO)4] is diamagnetic though
both are tetrahedral. Why ?
[Atomic number of Ni = 28]
[3 marks]
(a)
(b) In the presence of strong field ligand ,

CO , the unpaired d-electrons of Ni
pair up so [Ni(CO)4] is diamagnetic
but
−
Cl being a weak ligand is unable to
pair up the unpaired electrons, so
2−
[Ni(Cl4)] is paramagnetic.
OR
Define the following :
(a) Ambidentate ligands
(b) Spectro chemical series
(c) Heteroleptic complexes
[3 marks]
â
(a) Ligand which has two different donor
atoms and either of the two ligates in
the complex is called ambidentate
ligand.
OR
Ligand that can ligate through two
different atoms
(b) Ligands can be arranged in a series in
the order of increasing field strength.
/ An experimentally determined series
based on absorption of light by
complexes with different ligands.
(c) Complexes in which a metal is bound
to more than one kind of ligands or
donor groups
2019 Compart 56(B)
4− 3−
1. [Fe(CN)6] and [Fe(CN)6] are of
different colours in dilute solutions.
Why ?
[1 marks]
â Because of difference in number of

unpaired electron
2.
(a) Using IUPAC norms, write the
formula of :
(i)Potassiumtetrachlorido nickelate (II)
(ii)Hexaammine cobalt (III) sulphate
(b) Why are tetrahedral complexes
always high spin complexes ?
[3 marks]
â
(a) (i) K2[NiCl4]
(ii) [Co(NH3)5]2(SO4)3
(b)The orbital splitting energies are not
sufficiently large for forcing pairing
2019 56/1/1
1. Write IUPAC name of the complex
2+
[Pt(en)2Cl2] . Draw structures of
geometrical isomers for this
complex.
[2 marks]
IUPAC Name :
dichlorido (ethane-1 , 2-diammine)
platinum (IV) ion
OR
Using IUPAC norms write the
formulae for the following :
(i) Hexaamminecobalt(III) sulphate
(ii) Potassium trioxalatochromate(III)
[2 marks]
â
(i) [Co(NH3)6]2(SO4)3
(ii) K3[Cr(ox)3]
3– 3+
2. Out of [CoF6] and [Co(en)3] ,
which one complex is
(i) paramagnetic
(ii) more stable
(iii) inner orbital complex and
(iv) high spin complex
(Atomic no. of Co = 27)
[2 marks]
3−
(i) [CoF6]
3+
(ii) [Co(en)3]
3+
(iii) [Co(en)3]
3−
(iv) [CoF6]
2019 56/1/2
+
[Co(NH3)4Cl2]
Draw structures of geometrical
isomers for this complex.
[2 marks]
Tetraamminodichloro cobalt(III) ion.
cis
trans
OR
Using IUPAC norms write the
formulae for the following :
(i) Pentaamminenitrito-O-
cobalt(III)chloride
(ii) Potassium tetracyanidonickelate(II)
[2 marks]
â
(i) [Co(NH3)5ONO]Cl2
(ii) K2[Ni(CN)4]
3– 3–
4. Out of [CoF6] and [Co(C2O4)3] ,
which one complex is
(i) diamagnetic
(ii) more stable
(iii) outer orbital complex and
(iv) low spin complex ?
(Atomic no. of Co = 27)
[2 marks]
â
3−
(i) [Co(C2O4)3]
3−
(ii) [Co(C2O4)3]
3−
(iii) [CoF6]
3−
(iv) [Co(C2O4)3]
2019 56/1/3
5. Write the hybridization and
magnetic character of following
complexes :
2+
(i) [Fe(H2O)6]
(ii) [Fe(CO)5]
(Atomic no. of Fe = 26)
[2 marks]
â
3 2
(i) sp d , Paramagnetic
3
(ii) dsp / trigonal bipyramidal ,
Diamagnetic
2019 56/2/1
+
[Co(en)2(NO2)Cl] . What type of
structural isomerism is shown by
this complex ?
[2 marks]
â Chloridobis (ethane-1 , 2-diamine)
nitrito-N-cobalt(III) ion
Linkage isomerism
OR
Using IUPAC norms, write the
formulae for the following complexes :
(a) Hexaaquachromium(III) chloride
(b) Sodium trioxalatoferrate(III)
[2 marks]
â
(a) [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3
(b) Na3[Fe(ox)3]
2.
2–
(a) Although both [NiCl4] and
3
[Ni(CO)4] have sp hybridisation yet
2–
[NiCl4] is paramagnetic and
[Ni(CO)4] is diamagnetic.
Give reason.
(Atomic no. of Ni = 28)
(b) Write the electronic configuration
5
of d on the basis of crystal field
theory when
(i) ∆◦ < P
(ii) ∆◦ > P
[2 marks]
â
2−
(a) In [NiCl4] , Cl - is a weak field ligand
due to which there are two unpaired
electrons in 3d orbital whereas in
2−
[Ni(CN)4] , CN - is a strong field
ligand due to which pairing leads to
no unpaired electron in
3d- orbital/ Or structural
representation
3 2
(b) (i) t2g eg
5 0
(ii) t2g eg
2019 56/2/2
3. Define the following terms with a
suitable example of each :
(a) Chelate complex
(b) Ambidentate ligand
[2 marks]
â
(a) A complex formed by bi or
polydentate ligands with metal
3+
Example : [Co(en)3]
(b) A ligand which can ligate through
two different donor atoms.
−
Example : SCN
OR
(a) Tetraamminediaquacobalt(III)
chloride
(b) Dibromidobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)
platinum(IV) nitrate
[2 marks]
â
(a) [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]Cl3
(b) [PtBr2(en)2](NO3)2
4.
(a) Using valence bond theory, write
the hybridisation and magnetic
character of the complex
4–
[Fe(CN)6] .
(b) Write the electronic configuration
of d 6 on the basis of crystal field
theory when
(i) ∆◦ < P
(ii) ∆◦ > P
[2 marks]
â
2 3
(a) d sp , diamagnetic
4 2
(b) (i) t2g eg
6 0
(ii) t2g eg
2019 56/2/3
5. Define the following terms with a
suitable example of each :
(a) Polydentate ligand
(b) Homoleptic complex
[2 marks]
â
(a) A ligand having several donor atoms.
Example : EDTA
(b) A complex in which a metal is bound
to only one kind of donor groups /
ligands.
3+
Example : [Co(NH3)6]
OR
(a) Potassium
tri(oxalato)chromate(III)
(b) Hexaaquamanganese(II) sulphate
[2 marks]
â
(a) K3[Cr(ox)3]
(b) [Mn(H2O)6]SO4
2019 56/3/1
2+
[Co(en)2(H2O)(CN)] .
[1 marks]
â Aquacyanidobis(ethylenediamine)
-cobalt(III) ion
OR
Using IUPAC norms, write the formula
of Ammonium
tetrafluoridocobaltate(II).
[1 marks]
â (NH4)2[CoF4]
2.
(a) Give one chemical test as an
evidence to show that
[Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 and
[Co(NH3)5(SO4)]Cl are ionisation
isomers.
2–
(b) [NiCl4] is paramagnetic while
[Ni(CO)4] is diamagnetic though
both are tetrahedral. Why ?
(Atomic no. of Ni = 28)
(c) Write the electronic configuration
of Fe(III) on the basis of crystal field
theory when it forms an octahedral
complex in the presence of
(i) strong field ligand ,
(ii) weak field ligand.
[3 marks]
â
(a) On addition of silver nitrate,
[Co(NH3)5(SO4)]Cl will form white
precipitate of AgCl while other does
not.
(b) In [Ni(CO)4] , Ni is in zero oxidation
2−
state whereas [NiCl4] , it is in +2
oxidation state. In the presence of
CO ligand the unpaired d electrons
−
of nickel pair up but Cl being a
weak ligand is unable to pair up the
unpaired electrons.
5 0
(c) (i) Strong field ligand − t2g e g
3 2
(ii) Weak field ligand − t2g e g
2019 56/3/2
K3[Cr(C2O4)3]
[1 marks]
â Potassium trioxalatochromate(III)
OR
Using IUPAC norms write the formula
of Hexaamminecobalt(III) sulphate.
[1 marks]
â [Co(NH3)6]2(SO4)3
2019 56/3/3
+
[Co(en)2Cl2] .
[1 marks]
â dichlorido -bis(ethylenediamine)
cobalt(III) ion.
OR
Using IUPAC norms, write the formula
of Sodium tetrachloridonickelate(II).
[1 marks]
â Na2[NiCl4]
2019 56/4/1
1. When a coordination compound
CrCl3 . 6H2O is mixed with AgNO3 ,
two moles of AgCl are precipitated
per mole of the compound. What is
the structural formula of the
coordination compound ?
[1 marks]
â [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2 · H2O / [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2
OR
What is the difference between a
complex and a double salt ?
[1 marks]
â Double salt dissociates in simple ions

completely when dissolved in water
while Complex salt does not .
2. Write the hybridization and
magnetic character of the following
complexes :
2+
(i) [Fe(H2O)6]
2−
(ii) [Ni(CN)4]
[Atomic number : Fe = 26,
Ni = 28]
[3 marks]
â
3 2
(a) sp d , paramagnetic
2
(b) dsp , diamagnetic
2019 56/5/1
complex [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 ?
[1 marks]
â Ionization isomerism
OR
Arrange the following in increasing
order of crystal field splitting energy :
3–
[Cr(CN)6] ,
3+ 3–
[Cr(NH3)6] ,[CrCl6]
[1 marks]
â [Cr(Cl)6] 3−
< [Cr(NH3)6] 3+
< 3−
[Cr(CN)6
2. Using valence bond theory, predict

character of the following :
3+
(a) [Co(NH3)6]
(b) [Ni(CO)4]
[At. no. : Co = 27, Ni = 28]
[3 marks]
â
2 3
(a) d sp , diamagnetic
3
(b) sp , diamagnetic
2019 56/5/2
3. Using valence bond theory, predict
3–
(a) [CoF6]
2–
(b) [Ni(CN)4]
[At. no. : Co = 27, Ni = 28]
[3 marks]
â
3 2
(a) sp d , paramagnetic
2
(b) dsp , diamagnetic
2019 56/5/3
4. Using valence bond theory, predicit
2–
(a) [NiCl4]
3–
(b) [Co(C2O4)3]
[At. no. : Co = 27, Ni = 28]
[3 marks]
â
3
(a) sp , paramagnetic
2 3
(b) d sp , diamagnetic
2019 56(B)
K4[Fe(CN)6].
[1 marks]
â Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)
2.
(a) Using IUPAC norms write the
formula of the
following :
(i) Tetrabromidocuprate (II)
(ii) Hexaamminecobalt (III) sulphate
(b) Why does ammonia readily form a
complex whereas ammonium does
not ?
[3 marks]
â
2−
(a) (i) [CuBr4]
(ii) [Co(NH3)6]2(SO4)3
(b) Ammonia has lone pair of electron.
OR
(a) Using IUPAC norms write the
formula of the following :
(i) Pentaamminenitrito - N - cobalt
(III) nitrate
(ii) Triamminechloridonickel (II)
nitrate
(b) Predict the number of unpaired
electrons in hexaaquamanganese
(II) ion.
[3 marks]
â
(a) (i) [Co(NH3)5NO2](NO3)2
(ii) [Ni(NH3)3Cl]NO3
(b) 5
2018 Compart 56/1
1. Write the coordination isomer of

[Cu(NH3)4][PtCl4].
[1 marks]
â [Pt(NH3)4][CuCl4]
2. Write IUPAC name for each of the

following complexes :
(i) [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2
(ii) K3[Fe(CN)6]
3+
(iii) [Co(en)3]
[3 marks]
â
(i) Hexaamminenickel(II) chloride
(ii) Potassium hexacyanidoferrate(III)
(iii) Tris(ethane-1,2-diamine)
cobalt(III) ion
2018 Compart 56(B)
1. When coordination compound

PdCl2.3NH3 is mixed with AgNO3
solution, 1 mole of AgCl is
precipitated per mole of the
compound. Write the structural
formula of the complex.
[1 marks]
â [Pt(NH3)3Cl]Cl
2.
(a) Predict the number of unpaired
2+
electrons in [Mn(H2O)6] .
(b) Write the IUPAC name of
[Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl2.
(c) Write the hybridization and shape of
2–
[Ni(CN)4] .
[At. no. of Ni = 28]
[3 marks]
â
(a) 5
(b) Pentaamminenitrito-O-cobalt(III)
chloride
2
(c) dsp , square planar
Download
Chapter 10 to 14
from the link given
below
Click the link below to download
www.cbse.page
In the website download link will be
available via ´Google Drive Link and
} Telegram download link.
You can also call us directly

at 7461080109 to download the book
file for Ch 10 to 14
File is protected by
authorisation code
to prevent piracy.
Get the book
directly from
Telegram link
given below
Click the Telegram channel
link
} Click here
Telegram Contact Link

} @cbse cuet question bank
Click the link
Get the book
directly to your
Whatsapp
Just Click the number
¬+917461080109
Please support our
work and donate
any amount that
you can afford.
UPI : cuet@airtel
GPay : 7461080109
Click the link to

download the file
www.cbse.page
Also available at
Amazon |99
Click the link to buy from Amazon
amazon.in/dp/B0BK4DNKM3
Price : |99
Format : Ebook(.kfx)
(Kindle Format)
Read the book from

Amazon Kindle App
Physical Education
Question Bank 2023
Click the link given below to
download Physical Education
Question Bank
https://bit.ly/3FbzKOA
Publisher :
https://cbse.page
Publisher :
www.cbse.page
Library Genesis :
https://libgen.is
ICAR UG Question
Bank will be
available
at
www.icar.pw
This website will be live after
27th Jan 2023

Chemistry Question Bank 2023 Class 12

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry Question Bank 2023 Class 12

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry Question Bank 2023 Class 12

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.cbse.

cbse.page publishes the

This book is fully

1. Answer the following questions :

2. Henna is investigating the melting

Depression in freezing point is directly

1. What type of deviation from Raoult’s

2. Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is

Non Ideal Solution (any two)

(a) Give two differences between ideal

1. Out of 1M urea and 1M NaCl, which

2. A doctor advised a person suffering

â Π(osmotic pressure) is directly

3. 3·90 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49

â Let the molar mass of the solute be M

i = Number of moles of particles after

2. Why does a solution containing

3. Calculate the amount of calcium

2. For a 5% solution of urea (Molar

â Volume of solution = 100 mL)

3. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid

â The no. of moles of glucose

2. An antifreeze solution is prepared by

2. State Henry’s law. Calculate the

3. The freezing point of a solution

2. State Raoult’s law for a solution

3. A 0.01 m aqueous solution of AlCl3

â Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are

â Assertion (A) is wrong, but Reason (R)

2. Calculate the amount of CaCl2 (molar

3. Powdered wood burns faster than a

â Because of larger surface area of

â For a solution of volatile liquids, the

â Henry’s law states that “the partial

2. A solution containing 1·9 g per 100

â Extent of dissociation = 95%

â Maximum boiling azeotrope

2. At 300 K, 30 g of glucose present in a

â Because on addition of non-voilatile

3. The boiling of an egg or cooking rice

â At hilly areas, atmospheric pressure is

1. Why a mixture of Carbon disulphide

2. Calculate the freezing point of an

1. The molar conductivity of CH3COOH

2. What is the molar conductance at

Write down the possible reactions for

(c) Given, potential of hydrogen gas

(a) Is silver plate the anode or cathode?

Calculate the e.m.f. of the following

3. Define conductivity for the solution

4. The conductivity of 0.001M acetic

(a) Ag electrode is positively charged.

1. Calculate the emf and ∆G of the

conductivity of the sodium and

â Molar conductivity increases.

2. Predict the products of electrolysis in

3. Conductivity of 0·002 M acetic acid

1. Predict the change in molar

â Molar conductivity decreases.

(b) Give reasons :