T vo{ume 1- eooT

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i
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6ede's de cabenrnruIo arfr de cetnplo
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Tessa Morrison
t

1 Abstract
The Temple of Solomon is the most frequently mentioned building in the Bible. The
i
dimensions, a description of the overall plan and the artefacts of the Temple, are
described in I Kings 6-8 and Ez*iel 40-42. However, the architectural plan and design
I of the features of the Temple are a forgotten memory that has been the subject of much
{ speculation. Not a single stone or any contemporary image that can be identified with
the Temple of Solomon has survived. However, this has not prevented the Temple from
being one of the most important and influential buildings, in both philosophical and
physical manifestations, throughout time. In I Corinttrians, Paul ofTarsus claimed that
he was like amaster-builder laying the foundations of the ternple of God; this ternple
was built of faithful souls. Paul tumed away from a physical temple to the congregation
and the spiritual temple. Solomon's Temple and Paul's master builder analogy become
a powerful and enduring temple metaphor in Christian writings. Bede's De Tabernaculo
nd De Templo reflect this tradition by claiming that the building of the Tabemacle and
{I Solomon's Temple signified one and the same Church of Christ. This paper explores
, Bede's vision of Solomon's Temple, the building and the metaphor.
J

The Tabernacle and the Temple of Solomon

The plans of the Tabernacle and the Temple of Solomon are
described in Exodus 25-27,King6-8 and Ezekiel 40-43. The Tabernacle of
Moses was a portable shrine in a nomadic tent that served as a temple of
God among the exiled Israelites during their years of wbndering in the
wifderness. In Exodus 25-27 its architectural features and its contents are
described in detail. It was erected for the last time when the Israelites
I settled in the land of Canaan and was eventually replaced by the Temple of
I
\t King Solomon. After the erection of the Temple, the Tabernacle was not
mentioned again in the Bible. However, its architectural features evolved
I
I into a stron! symbolic architecture of exile through the ageS.r The
I Tabernacle became linked with the history of the Temple of Solomon as its
t predecessor both spiritually and architecturally.
i The Temple of Solomon is the most frequently mentioned building
J
I
in the Bible: it is mentioned in 23 out of the 39 books in the Hebrew
{ Scriptures and in I I out of 27 books in the Christian Scriptures. Biblical
i scholars claim that Solomon reigned for 40 years, and the date given for the
I building of the Temple of Solomon is 959 BCE.2 The desfiuction of the
I

{ S Tigerman, The Architecture of Exile (New Yorlq 1988).

A Panot, The Temple ofJerusalem, hans B E Hooke (London,1957\ 12.
!

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 volume I - zooT
been dated to 586 BCE, and
3 Temple was besieged by Pompey's troops in 63 BCE, but it was not looted
or destroyed. It was in a bad state of repair and was torn down in 20-19
rcated a little lower than the
BCE whln King Herod built a further Temple.l3 Accounts of Herod's
m was built. It was oPPosite
Temple are in Josephus's Antiqities XV.2 and lVars of the Jews V.5.r4 The
w be beneath The Mosque of
area occupied by Herod's temple enclosure was approximately 35 acres,lt
t a single stone survives that which was a substantial increase compared with the estimated area of the
oes any contemPorary image
enclosure of Solomon's Temple of eight acres.t6 According to Josephus,rT
cant archaeological sites that
llcrod had douhled the area that the second Temple had occupied. In 70
non at Megiddo, Gasor and ('l:. atle'r a gencral insurrcclion in Palestine. tlre enrperor Titus caused this
rry, in the (Biblical) time of tlrird l'cnrplc to hc dcslrorcd hy lirt'. and norv only' thal part known as the
,on.t At an excavation at Tel \l'ailing \f,'all rcnrnins. lhc llcritxlian 'l'cmplc. and the remains of the
has been uncovered that
uaceHowever, that palace is
prcrkrus tcmplcs. strxrd on thc sitc shich is norv occupied by the seventh-
ccnlun Mosquc ol' Ontar: the Dorne of the Rock.'n This renders any
the palace of a glorious ruler excavation of the site extremely unlikely. Thus, any suggestion of
who could have afforded the of Solomon's Temple must remain
archaeological proof of the existence
rd Ezekiel.
speculative.
usalem in 586 BCE and the
However, a significant body of philosophy, architecture and art has
Israelites to Assyria had been based on speculative conclusions regarding the Temple. The Temple
sociallv for the Israelites, and possessed a unique authority over architecture as well as the theological
the people of Israel.? In 538 minds of both the Jewish and Christian worlds until at least the nineteenth
e who so desired to return to century. In the Christian hadition writers such as Augustine have perceived
rtly built on the same (or what Solomon's Temple to be not only an earthly Temple of divine proportions
ng to the Bible, the ProPhets but also a symbbl of the Temple in heaven having tle same proportions.re
rmple,to and it was completed Abelard, a pupil of Thierry, compared the New Jerusalem described in the
Temple with the excePtion of Revelation of John to the temple precinct of Solomon as God's regal palace:
+n uita 60 cubits in height,r2 this analory is found in the apocryphal Book of Wisdom 9:8. Abelard
the Covenant. This second claimed that the Temple of Solomon was permeated by the divine
harmonies in ways that rbflected the celestial sphere.2o
ran,'The damaged "blueprints" of The seventeenth century in England was an era of religious turmoil,
,n Studies 21 4 (1943\ 212-298, at P
civil and international war, plague and catastrophes such as the 1666 fire of
non' , The Biblical llorld 22/l
London. Attempts to justifr and explain what appeared to be an apocalyptic
te, the Sepulchre, and the era (not helped by the number of the year of the fire) led to a strange
53, atp 49; C W Votaw,'The
il llorld 2313 (1904) l 69-179, at P l3
Prrot"The Temple of Jerusalem,78.
l4
Josephus, Antiquities and llars of the "/ews hans W Whiston, "/osephus: Complete
ddo III, Set: The 1992-1996 Ilorks (Cnand Rapids, 1960).
l5
Votaw, 'The Temple at Jerusalem in Jesus' Day',174,
phy and Architecture (Jerusalem, t6
Barton, 'The Jerusalem of David and Solomon', l6
t7
Josephus, llarsl,v;r.i.
Votaw, 'The Temple at Jerusalem in Jesus' Day', l7l; Ousterhou! 'The Temple,
D. l8

the Sepulchre, and the Martyrion of the Savior', 49; Barton, 'The Jerusalem of
David and Solomon', 16.
l9
Augustine, The City of God ed and trans H S Bettenson (Harmondsworth, 1972)
l7 .3, l7 .20, 18.45, 18.48, 21.26.
20
P Abelard, Theologia Christiano II.384 trans V Cousin (Paris, 1859).
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 votume 3 - rooT

scovery. In John Bunyan's 731.28 In a brief autobiographical note in Historia Ecclesiastico Gentis
tecture of the Temple was Anglorum, Bede claimed that
iopher Wren was interested in
irements of the construction of I have spent all my life in this monastery, applying myself
oor had made an intense study entirely to the study of the Scriptures; . . . it has always been
rs that he believed revealed its
my delight to learn or to teach or to write ... I have made it
The physical dimensions and my business, for my own benefit and that of my brothers, to
red to be where the Eryptian make brief extracts from the works of the venerable fathers
masons. This became part of on the holy Scriptures, or to add notes of my own to clarify
iint lodge being established in their sense and interpretation.2e
:hat Solomon's Temple was a It would follow that Bedeg purpose in writing scriptural exegesis
blueprint of the universe. He such as De Tabernaculo and De Templo was his own edification and that of
I mathematical calculations on his brothers. He carefully executed a verse-by-verse commentary on the
d the universe and the mind of Biblical texts of Exodus and Kings, which is largely composed of
mple.2s This continuous chain descriptions of
architectural detail of the Tabernacle of Moses and the
ifferent manifestations, stems Temple of Solomon. Every architectural feature, the measurements, the
.temple. Some of the links in objects and the building material were examined in a systematic manner.
hers. Bede's De Tabernaculo To Bede, the plan and features of the Tabernacle and the Temple created a
g and influential books in this harmonious and balanced whole, which were an allegory of the Christian
of Moses and the Temple of church.
ristian appropriation of Jewish Although both the sanctuaries were allegorical of the Christian
Temple as a metaphor for the church, Bede drew a notable distinction between them. He designated the
tradition where this metaphor Tabernacle the building of the present chwch, since it was built in the
:his metaphor in relation to the wilderness when the Israelites were on the road to the promised land, while
he designated the Temple the repose of the future church, because it was
built after the Israelites had taken possession of the promised land and the
ave been wriffen in the period
kingship of that land had been established. The Temple was to be
interpreted as a'vision ofpeace'.3o For Bede, the difference in the features
was written in the period 729-
ofthe sanctuaries could be generalised as follows.
The workmanship of the tabernacle is the time of the
of the ancient people of God), but the
synagogue (that is,
workmanship of the temple sigrrifies the church (that is that
i Midgley, The Miscellaneous multitude of elect which has come to faith after the Lord's
tthe ll/rens (London, 1750).
incarnation). For Moses completed the tabernacle with the
:ient lllonders (New Haven, 2002).
people of the Hebrews alone, but Solomon finished
ofthe Freemasons (London, 1984) [building] the temple with a multitude of proselytes gathered
'rtem secandam in quibw aginr De
lege Massachusetts MS 0434.
J O'Reilly, 'lntroduction' xviiJv in Bede: On the Temple trans S Connolly
, ofJerusalem" 143-157 in D Fraser
(Liverpool, 1995) at p xvii.
littkower (London and New York, 29
Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum trans translator The Ecclesiastical
History of the English People (Oxford, 1994) Chapter 24.
lder(ed), Bede: On the Tabernacle 30
Bede, De Tabernaculo Eans A G Holder, On the Tabernacle (Liverpool, 1994)
2.1.42.
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 volume 3 - eooT

e king of Tyre and his

w\Nrt* N ln-lo*,ol i .ta
th nor by profession.''
presents different stages ofthe
m the beginning of creation to tr
glory of the life to come'.32 ?q DWIIS
Fltll em,$il \rfl ? \

rernacle is from the Codex

={
$ Bede's monastery at Jarrow *q
c,
)n a no longer extant ltalian F-{
Ce at Cassiodorus's monastery
of the Tabernacle from Codex {l
'naqtlo.35 The image of the
m of the Tabemacle and its {
abernacle; the outer chamber
ed lamp stand and the table for
{
re Holy of Holies: here stood {1
nce of the Tabernacle was the a
lves. Next to the laver is the Eil
:he names of Moses and Aaron. fl
le names of the sons of Levi:
ng the precinct is a colonnaded 3{
-
'Israel, three on the outside of ;{]
:
rf Solomon's TemPle from the
,ives, but presumably it was a
{

f,H;
ining all of the features of both {l
plo Bede described no overall {l
geographical position for the {
ilral features together with the z,
, Iocated on Mount Moriah. thc In
7q f
on ol sunoutrdings or Prccincts F
:m cut oll'antl isolatcd ltont thc
v i
I allcgoricul inlcrprclatiott dtrs r{l el

al intcrprctation. Ncitltcr thc ;{ ,;

cn, Rhetoric, and the Imaging of ir k;" rqo..s ( lll-vHds Lu r.,

t: Codex Amiatinus, Florence,
us I folios IIV-lll. Figure 1: Floor Plan of the Tabernacle from the Codex Amiatinus,
Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana MS Amiatinus I, ffIIv-III,
dated c71538
r the Temple (LiverPool, 1995\ 17 -2.

38 after Camrthers , The Craft of Thought, Plate 24 .

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 votunn 3 - aooT

building but rather theY are a suggests the hope of future sublimity, in which He foresaw
Bede's scriptural exegesis as either that He Himself would be glorified after His passion
r. Bede approPriated Jewish or that we shall be glorified.aT
n of the Tabernacle and the
However, it was through the construction and the measurements of
ish houses of worshiP full of
the Temple that Bede was able to gloriS Christian ideals. Although the
phors that created the allegory
Temple is described in both I Kings and Ezekiel, in Ezekiel the description
is of a dream of the Temple. Bede does not refer to the passages of Ezekiel,
or uses of the objects in the
preferring the description in I Kings. In I Kings 5-7 the Temple of
:rd architectural features are
Solomon's measurements, internal fittings, decoration and ritual objects are
. For examPle, the table of described in detail. The intemal measurements were 60 cubits long, 20
nacle and the TemPle is rich in
cubits wide and 30 cubits in height.a8 The portico was 20 cubits long, 20
: priests displayed twelve fresh
cubits wide and ten cubits deep.ae The Temple had three floors and there
lve traditional Hebrew tribes.3e
were chambers around the sides and back of the Temple. The top floor
re composed of the words and chamber was five cubits broad, the middle floor was six cubits broad and
rves on the table rePresent the the bottom floor was seven cubits,so thus the exterior walls sloped inwards.
table has four golden rings so The interior had a similar floor plan to the Tabernacle. It had trvo
le, the four rings were the four chambers. The first chamber was 20 cubits wide, 40 cubits long and 30
ssist in the interPretation of the cubits in height.sr The Holy of Holies that housed the Ark of the Covenant
was in the shape of a cube, its height, width and length all 20 cubits52 and it
ys by name, nine times in De was clearly elevated from the frst chamber.
6 He called JosePhus a 'Jewish De Templo gives a verse-by-verse commentary on I Kings 5-6.
r ability and most learned in However, Bede also included the description of the Temple in the
ed to Josephus to clarifu Points apocryphal Books of Paralipomenon, relying on Josephus regarding the
r measurements. However, he measurements of the Temple. II Paralipomenon does parallel many of the
'istian analory, therebY using measurements of Kings but there is an occasional discrepancy. According
tian appropriation of Jewish to I Kings the height of the Temple is 30 cubits: this is generally taken to
easurements of the Ark of the II
be the internal height. Paralipomenon claimed that the external height
:signated to be the sPan of two
was 120 cubits.53 Bede corrected what would appear to be a massive
inconsistency by explaining that the 30 cubits of Kings only reaches the
-suffering patience with middle storey externally and that according to Josephus's account the
among humankind; its Temple roof was another 60 cubits.5a Thus, Bede claimed that the total of
love with which He was the three floors and the height of the roof clearly were as II Paralipomenon
among us; its height

tle', The Biblical Archaeologkt 47

Bede, De Tabernaculo 1.4.14.
4E
I Kings 6.2. The cubit is generally thought to be 18 inches or 45.72cm: W S
lo 1.6.21. Caldecott So/o mon's Temple : I ts History and lts Structure (London, I 908).
Josephus claimed that it was two spanned hands: Josephus, lntiquities 3.6.5).
49
I Kings,6.3.
50
I Kings,6.5-6.
2.2.47 : 2.6.63 ; 2'6.65 ; 2.8'7 | ; 5l
I Kings,6.17.
52
I King,6.20.
53
II Paralipomenon 3.4.
54
Josephus, lnriq uit ie s 8.3.2.
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ion
volinne 3 _ zooT

or inconsistencies between the And Solomon numbered (census) all the proselytes in the
tede adeptly converts them into
land of Israel, after the numbering which David his father
had made and they were found a hundred and fifty-three
cription of the building of the thousand and six hundred.u'
rtary is onExodus 24.12-30.31,
e plan, and of the vessels which According to Paralipomenon some of these proselytes were included
:de does not leave out a single amongst the workmen of the Temple. For Bede, the sons of Israel, the
However, n De Tabernaculo proselytes and the gentiles worked on the house of the Lord. Among the
hed Tabernacle. He never goes gentiles were King Hiram and his slaves who worked with Solomon's
x given by God. Consequently slaves together cutting timber.
the community that it was to Every kind of person by whom the Church was to be built
De Templo, where the TemPle had already gone before in the building of the Temple. For
,/o begins its commentary with I
the Jews and proselytes and gentiles converted to the truth of
1 from Hiram, King of Tyre. the Gospel build one and the same Church of Christ whether
lsmen and materials to build a
by upright living or by teaching as well.6t
m would supply both the skills
work together to conshuct the Bede built an image of accord and unity in a common purpose. In
who would work in Lebanon.58 using II Paralipomenon 2.17 the common purpose is extended beyond Jews
;onemasons and 3000 overseers, and gentiles. However, unlike De Tabernacalo,in De Templo the verse-by-
workers.5e Instead of the 3300 verse cornmentary is selective, and Bede omitted verses from the selected
)menon claimed that there were passage. Verses 5.7-12 werc omitted, and they state that Hiram would
)ourers represented the sabbath, deliver the skills, the cedars and the firs that Solomon desired in return for a
ope of the resurrection and the payment offood: 20 000 measures ofwheat and 20 measures ofpure oil
the faith in the holy Trinity. He every year.* Bede's commentary implies that Hiram was assisting in the
er and that building of the Temple for the common purpose, and not negotiating a
business contract. In addition, verses 6.ll-14 were omitted by Bede. In
are rightly wont to be these verses God commanded that Solomon execute God's judgement and
I because holy Scripture
keep his commandments, for then God 'will dwell among the children of
s of piety as well as true Israel, and will not forsake my people Israel'.65 Notably the gentiles and the
,vorks are rightly said to proselytes were not included.
The remainder of De Templo is a description of the Temple that was
ed to render another apparent built and completed. Like De Tabernocalo, it is a Christian appropriation
tent with I Kings. of Jewish tradition using number symbolism and Christian allegory. Bede
brmation on the workmen, presented the Tabernacle as a divine plan, not as a sanctuary of worship.
However, the image of the Temple that he represented was very different.
For Bede, Solomon's Temple was a holy sanctuary, but of prophetic
meaning heralding the universal church built for a united destiny.

2.

62 2 Paralioomenon 2.17.
(r3 Bede, De Templo 3.5.
64 t Kines 5.1l.
65 I Kinis 6.13.
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 volume 3 - eooT

Tabernacle and the Temple were earthly sanctuarieso they differed from
outlined an enduring master- other earthy sanctuaries since their plans were God-given. These other
thinking. churches were houses of Christian worship built for the glorification of God
r is given unto me, as a and directed and planned by humans. For Bede, they were not symbols of
bundation, and another the image of God or of the universal church.
at ye are the temPle of Many writers and artists have perceived the Christian church as an
eth in you? If anY man image of God. In the fourth century, Eusebius hailed the Bishop of Tyre as
stroy; for the temPle of the second Solomon for his rebuilding ofthe cathedral of Tyre:7e
... one should call thee a new Bezalel the architect of a
L the Hebrew ScriPtures, the divine tabernacle, or Solomon the king of a new and far
rf Solomon remained imPortant goodlier Jerusalem, or even a new Zerubbabel who bestowed
were earthlY manifestations of upon the Temple of God that glory which greatly exceeded
rm a physical temPle to the the former.so
in. In the twelfth century, Abbot Suger of Saint Denis claimed that the
;rmeated Christian theolory; light of God permeated the cathedral that he built at Saint Denis and that the
'egory the Great,6e JeromeTo and upper chapel of the western bays was 'most beautiful and worthy to be the
sively. The twelfth-century dwelling of angels'.8r
rt the sacred scriPture was like a In Bede's descripion of the churches of Jerusalem in his De Locis
rdations Hugh built uP the walls Sanctiss2 he closely paraphrased Adomn6n's De Locis Sanctis.s3 However,
iidered and placed." ln De whereas Adomn6n compared the 12 hanging lamps in the holy sepulchre
r Paul's metaPhor and the work with the 12 apostles, Bede leaves out this description. Adomndn claimed
' and Jerome. He used the that in the entance on the southern side:
rlation of the universal church. ... according to the number of the twelve holy apostles,
rphor to include anY Christian twelve burning lamps shine always day and night. Four of
them are placed low down at the bottom of the sepulchral
de described the erection and bed: the other eight are placed higher up above the margin
terbury,t3 York,Ta Lastingham,Ts
-Hexham.ts towards the right-hand side.8a
' and Whereas the
For Bede:
The entrance is on the south side, where twelve lamps burn
the Lucan genealory' 344-397 inF
dings of a Conference at TrinitY
day and night, four within the sepulchre and eight above it
rot, 1994), 355'369, 383'388. on the right edge.85
,48,21.26.
ns T Gray, The Homilies of Gregory
(Etna Califomia 1990).
)hristianorum, Series Latinorum 72 ?8
Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People 5.20.
79
Eusebius, The Ecclesiastical History X.iv hans. J. E. L. Oulton (London, 1949).
xk, l99l) vi,4. 80
Eusebius, The Eccles iastical History X.iv, 3.
ish People 1.7. 8l
S McKnight Crosby, The Royal Abbey of Saint-Denis: From lts Beginnings to the
ish People 1.33. Death of Suger, 475-l ISl(New Haven and London, 1987)222.
ish People 2.14. E2
Eusebius, The Ecclesiastical History 5.16.
ish People 3.23. E3
Adomndn, De Locis Sanctis ed D Meehan (Dublin, 1958).
84
ish People 3.25. Adomn6n, De Locis Sanctis,47.
'ish People 5.16. 85
Eusebius, The Ecclesiastical History, 5.16.

255
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ion
votume 3 - zooT

De Locis Sanctis, Bede's De representations of the Temple of Solomon. As a house of worship, and later
rhoric description in Bede's De as a metaphor, the Temple of Solomon, it has been one of the most
important and influential buildings in the western historical nadition.

nd De Templo Bede promoted

were allegorical ofthe Present
ristian appropriation of Jewish
Josephus, whom Bede used to
acalo is the divine plan of God
described in great detail, Bede
ant. De Templo finishes with
:onstruction and descriptions of
: book. The only community of
ity of the Temple workers, the
rg towards the common goal of
rg of text from the scriPtural
mity. There was no selective
t De Tabernaculo.
ge used in De Templo, the first
for Uuitding the Tbmple,E6 the
Iemple was exclusively for the
l the construction of Solomon's
the Temple, but the two former
.nalogy of construction of the
storted view and their inclusion
nvincing.
,lo, all numbers of objects or
nber symbolism. Numbers such
he gospels, the resurrection and
ne numbers are associated with
umber of lamps and have no
mple as metaphor permeates tle
gs mentioned. The TemPle is
hurch, whilst in the Historia
no metaphoric qualities. The
r Bede's scriptural exegesis and

mplobuilt on existing texts and

ught and writings that drew on