SPCE 630 exam 1

Dr. Smith is conducting an experiment to explore how teaching training can increase on-task
behavior for students with autism in a school setting. The dependent variable is?
On-task behavior
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In single case studies, the participants' behavior is?

Measured repeatedly as they are exposed to each phase of the study.
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The number of cigarettes consumed each day is an example of which research variable?
Dependent variable
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You are a fitness coach helping your clients increase daily physical activity using a phone app
that counts steps. You would like to present a poster at ABAI on the use of technology in
increasing physical activity next year and have chosen a changing criterion design. What best
describes your selection?
The design allows you to shape behavior by reinforcing gradual steps from baseline to terminal
behavior.

Which of the following is the most concerning critique of group design research?
Analyzing group means may be highly misleading and can lead to a misunderstanding of
intervention effectiveness for some individuals.

In single subject research design, participants serve as their own control. What is the control
condition referred to as?
Baseline
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The anticipated outcome of which validation of all scientific and technological activity rests is
best known as what?
Prediction
You currently work with a thirteen-year-old juvenile with problem behaviors. While the
topography of the three identified behaviors differs (lying, aggression toward others, and
stealing), you have conducted a functional analysis and have determined that their
hypothesized function is the same. Identify the research design that would best support your
intervention.
Multiple Baseline Design

Which type of validity refers to the extent to which results generalize to other subjects, settings,
or behaviors?
External Validity
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Which of the following is NOT part of baseline logic?

Manipulation

Determine if graph has been constructed appropriately.

Step 1
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Examine research questions

Step 2
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Review number of data points

Step 3
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Analyze level, trend, and variability within each condition

Step 4
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Analyze level, trend and variability across adjacent conditions

Step 5
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Analyze consistency of change across conditions
Step 6
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Make summative conclusion.

Step 7
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Based on the information provided, select the options below to determine the research question.
Is the use of tootling effective for decreasing off task behavior in middle school students?

To demonstrate a functional relationship, there needs to be--- demonstrations of an effect.

Three
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threats to internal validity include

Testing, maturation, procedural infidelity

Events that occur during the experiment but that are not related to planned procedural changes
that may influence the outcomes
History
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Changes in behavior due to the passage of time

Maturation
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Occurs when participants need to respond to the same test repeatedly during a baseline or
probe condition, which influences responding.
Testing
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Threats related to the measurement system, and are of concern because of

repeated measurement by human observers who may make errors
Instrumentation
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Inconsistent implementation of the experimental condition
Procedural infidelity
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Occurs when a participant's behavior is influenced by more than one planned intervention
during the course of a study
Multiple Treatment interference
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A type of data instability that refers to a repeated and predictable pattern in the data series over
time
Cyclical variability
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Sequential confounding
May influence the participants responding based on the order in which the experimental
conditions are introduced to participants.

And Can be controlled by counterbalancing.

Answer is both

The hypothesis that assumes that sample observations are influenced by some non-random
cause is:
The alternative hypothesis
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Amanda is an RBT at an ABA clinic. She is working with her client, Jerrell, to
decrease aggressive behaviors (i.e., biting others). She has collected data for the frequency of
Jerrell's bites for three weeks. Calculate the mean, median, and mode of the following data set
(round up to the nearest whole number): Week 1: 12, 11, 10, 22, 22, Week 2: 7, 8, 13, 21, 17,
Week 3: 16, 7, 9, 3, 0
Mean =12, Median =11, Mode = 7, 22
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Dr. Jones wanted to know if the use of the Good Behavior Game decreased rates of disruptive
behaviors in an elementary school. Dr. Jones collected data throughout the duration of the
school year across two elementary schools. In school A, all k-6 classrooms used the Good
Behavior Game. In School B, no classrooms used the Good Behavior Game. At the end of the
school year, Dr. Jones concluded that the Good Behavior games had no impact on student
disruptive behavior, when in fact it had. This is an example of:
Type 2 error
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Which of the following is true about single-case research design

The participant serves as his or her own control

The primary purpose of the method section is to:

Detail and providing sufficiently. Both A and B are correct. (correct)
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These graphs demonstrate which of the following

Inter-subject replication with an A/B/A/B design

These data show which of the following:

A change in variability

Which of the following is a limitation of using statistical significance to differentiate between

meaningful and trivial change?
All of the above are true
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Which of the following is a limitation of group design

All of the above are potential limitations of group design
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Dr. Lestremau is employed in a large urban school district with 10 elementary schools. They
want to evaluated the effects and feasibility of peer-mediated, school-based, discrete trial
training for teaching multiplication skills to six students with autism spectrum disorder. They will
collect on-going and frequent measurement of students fluency with multiplication facts. Dr.
Lestremau is using
single case research design methodology
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Kacyn is a BCBA at an ABA Center. She is running a small social skills group with 6 children
who have autism spectrum disorder. Kacyn is using the "Tough Kids Social Skills Curriculum."
The goal of the social skills sessions is to build basic social entry skills (e.g., making eye
contact, greetings, responding to name). Prior to the start of the group, Kacyn collected data for
each of the participants. Specifically, she asked the therapists to complete the BASC-2 (a rating
scale that measures changes in behavior and emotional status) and also collected the
frequency of spontaneous greetings during a 30-minute observation period. She continued to
collect data for spontaneous greetings during and after implementation of the social skills group.
What is the dependent variable?
The frequency of spontaneous greetings
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According to Carr and Briggs (2010) practitioners of applied behavior analysis should base their
professional activities on the research literature. One barrier is the cost of journal subscriptions.
A solution suggested by Carr and Briggs (2010) includes:
Reading articles in journals, such as, the Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Applied
Behavior Analysis, which provide articles for free

Which of the following is the correct format for a parenthetical citation with 4 authors for the first
parenthetical citation in text (APA 7th edition)
(Olmi et at., 2017)
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A BCBA calculated IOA for the above data set. IOA was reported as 16.6%. IOA was calculated
using which of the following?
Scored intervals
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Which type of recording is a discontinuous measurement procedure?

Whole interval recording
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Two observers recorded whether hand-flapping occurred or did not occur during an interval.
Calculate IOA based on the Interval by Interval Method.
40%
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What is a primary reason for replicating the findings of a study
To assess the reliability of the findings

Which of the following is an advantage of using percentage data over numbers?

More familiar to people than other measures and facilitates communication of performance.

Which of the following is true about partial interval data recording?

It has the tendency to overestimate the occurrence of behavior.
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Based on the information provided above, this article is likely an example of which of the
following types of articles? (Psychotropic drug treatments)
A review article detailing what is known about medications for individuals with Autism Spectrum
Disorder and other developmental disabilities.

External validity is measured by

The extent to which the results from the study are applicable outside the contexts of the study

experimental designs
Require systematic manipulation of an independent variable and careful measurement of the
dependent variables.

The primary goal of single case research design is

To determine whether a casual or functional relationship exists between a research manipulated
independent variable and a meaningful change in the dependent variable

Informed consent includes

Informing participants or their guardian about the nature of the research in understandable
terms
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Dr. Tingstrom is interested in evaluating the effectiveness of tootling for increasing positive peer
reporting in an elementary classroom. He collects data in Mrs. Dobbs's fourth grade classroom.
He hopes to demonstrate the same effects of tootling with the same classroom more than once
in the same study. Specifically, he hopes that behaviors are at similar levels when the
intervention is in place compared to when it is withdrawn. This is an example of:
Direct intra-subject replication
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Which of the following statements are true regarding treatment integrity

An overall treatment integrity level at or above 80% has been proposed as a criterion for
acceptable research, although there are few data to support this criterion
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A researcher plans to observe children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during
recess. They plan to observe the degree to which children without ASD initiate interactions with
students who have ASD. They will describe their data as a collection of facts. Which level of
scientific understanding is the researcher using?
Description

Professor Smith wants to increase time working on research-related activities by implementing a

structured schedule, self-monitoring, and goal setting. What is/are the dependent variable(s)?
Time working on research-related activities

Well-designed applied research studies allow for

Systematic study of behaviors in the typical environment

A BCBA is interested in evaluating the use of behavior skills training to increase therapist's use
of a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. Prior to conducting her study, she conducts a
literature review to identify existing research. She is struggling to find articles on this topic.
Which of the following are strategies that she could use to help her to find literature on this
topic?
They should read the "Search by Topic: Keyword vs. Subject Searching" page so that they
understand the two main ways to search in databases.

Identify the citation in correct APA format (7th edition)

Vincent, L. B., Openden, D., Gentry, J. A., Long, L. A., & Matthews, N. L. (2017). Promoting
social learning at recess for children with ASD and related social challenges. Behavior Analysis
in Practice, 11(1), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-017-0178-8
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A woman is bothered by their spouse's video game playing so they go to a therapist to get some
advice. The therapist asks them to take some data on how long their spouse plays video games
each day. The therapist advises the woman to record start and stop times per day and calculate
how many minutes of video game playing their spouse engages in per day for a whole week.
Which measurement systems are being used?
Duration recording
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Todd is a BCBA employed at an ABA Center. They are working with a client who engages in
high rates of vocal stereotypy. Todd would like to implement an intervention that includes
response interruption and redirection. To determine if this intervention is effective, they will use a
multiple baseline design across settings. They will collect data for 25 minutes each day. Their
observation will be divided into 15-second intervals. During each interval they will code vocal
stereotypy as occurring if it occurs for any duration of the 15-second interval. Based on the
literature, Todd's estimate of the percentage of intervals in which the behavior occurs is likely to
be which of the following?
An underestimate of behavior
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Tanesha is a BCBA employed at a school. They are consulting with four special education
teachers who each report having a student with high levels of off-task behavior. Tanesha
suggested using brief group physical activity breaks as an intervention to increase on-task
behavior. To determine if their intervention is effective, they will use a multiple baseline design
across four participants. They will collect data for 30 minutes each day. Their observation will be
divided into 10-second intervals. During each interval, they will code off-task behavior as
occurring if it occurs at the end of the 10-second interval. Based on this information, what
measurement system is Tanesha most likely using?
Momentary time sampling
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When evaluating the external validity of a study, a researcher should consider which of the
following?
Multiple treatment interference, generality across settings, generality across subjects, and
generality across outcomes.

Jacob recently conducted a study at a residential center in which they evaluated a procedure to
train direct care staff to increase positive interactions with the residents during mealtime. During
the course of the study they became concerned that the data collectors began to depart from
the accurate use of definitions over time. Jacob is most likely concerned with which of the
following:
Observer drift
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The scientific attitude or assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place and that lal
phenomena occur as a result of other phenomena is called
Determinism
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Reliable measurement is
consistent
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Dr. Dart is a behavior analyst. They are working with Tom, who exhibits low rates of compliance
with parent requests. Dr. Dart trains Tom's parents to use Effective instructions Delivery (EID).
They collect data regarding Tom's compliance, and parents' use of EID and summarizes these
data using a line graph. One of the primary reasons for summarizing data using a line graph is
To display relationships between dependent variable and independent variable
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The research question "Is time-out or response cost more effective in reducing challenging
behavior for elementary school children?" is considered a
Comparative question
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Which of the following is a measure of dispersion?

All of these
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Mona is prepping a manuscript for a study she did. They're on the section where they are writing
the response definition. What section is Mona writing?
Method
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Janet is a BCBA-D who is consulting in a high school life skills classroom. They have recently
suggested an intervention for a student with academic deficits. After a careful assessment, they
have determined that the academic deficits are the result of a skill deficit as opposed to a
performance deficit. They plan to train the teacher to use two academic interventions. The first
will address handwriting and the second will address fluency with single-digit multiplication.
Janet can only check in on the case every other week. The teacher will keep worksheets from
the intervention for Janet to review. Which of the following is the best option for collecting data?
Permanent product data
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A research study has groups that are randomly assigned, low attrition, and minimal confounding
variables. Based on the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) Standards, this study is likely to
receive which of the following designations:
Meets WWC standards without reservations

Which of the following research questions can be answered using single case research design?
All of these can be answered using single case research design
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Sequential introduction and withdrawal designs include which of the following:

The repetition of the basic A-B comparisons within a single participant.

Which of the following are measures of dispersion?

Range, standard deviation, and variance
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