Lectures 1 4 review

Lecture 05 Calculus
Lecture 1
Review Numbers intervals points in a
plane lines
Representation of functions elementary functions

Real numbers IR
r
O X
s
Intervals let a EIR BEIR acb to
open intervals la b e.g 1,3 p taxes
EXEIRI
closed intervals a b e.g II 3 fxEIRIIEXE3 tl to
half open half closed intervals a b or ca b
e
g 1,37 9 KERI Kxas

1,3 FX C IR ICKE 37

Remark C is b IR is considered both open and closed

7

Points in a plane ordered pairs of real numbers

ay
a b
b
g
a
0 x
a

x axis horizontal line with positive direction to the right

y axis vertical line with positive direction upward

Lines
92 91
Def slope m 81 Xz Xi

O delta
I
 ya pzlxz.yypitxi.IS
ne
1 09 4 y
to
lines have constant slope
OX XzXD
X
m taner slope

Remark The slope of a vertical line is not defined

The slope of a horizontal line is 0

Equation of a straight line point slope form slope interceptform

Point slope form an equation of the line passing through
the point Rtx y and having slope m is

y y mix Xi

Proof let Play be an arbitrary point on the line

and X taxi Then
y y
m y y mix xD

slope intercept form y mxtb given m slope

vertical line ka t b
b y intercept
horizontal line b
grab
Y
Example Find an
equation of the line through Cl 7
with slope E
Solution
Y C7 I x 1 xtay 13 0

Example Find an equation of the line through the

points C 1,2 and 13 41

Solution slope 34 3
Y 2
31 1 11 3 24 1 0
 Parallel and perpendicular lines
Two nonvertical lines are parallel if and only if they
have the same slope
Li y m Xt bi Lz y mzXtbz
ya L
If m ma then Li 11 Lz
o
x
If Mi Mz l then Li 1 Lz ya u
ÉÉ
Find the line through
if'Tthe
2 Oz Mi tane
La y ma taner
Example an equation of point tank2
the tank
04
15.2 that is parallel to line 4x 16g15 0

Solution 64 5 0 69 4 5 9 3 5 mim
slope M
The desired equatine is

Y 2
3 x 5 E 2 34 16 0
Example show that the lines 2
34 1 and 6 49 1 0

are perpendicular
Solution 2 34 1 34 1 2x I 4 3 5 has slope
me
6 44 1 0 44 6 1 9 3 4 has slope
Since Mima 1 the lines are Ma E
perpendicular
Representation of a function
Def A function f is a rule that assigns to each element
 X in a set D exactly one element called fox
in a set E

D domain of fix
afcb HM XED is the
i of fix
range
or image

XED independent variable

y Effix I XED dependent variable

Graph If f is a function with domain D then its

graph is the set of ordered pairs

x fix I XED

Example Sketch the graph and find the domain and

range of each function
a fix 2x f i lb 91 1 112
Solution lb
My 9 2 1 x guy
I 1

I
O
E X O
I
O
1 I
2
4
Domain IR or l o o
Domain IR
Range IR Range y204
or o o
Representations of functions 4 possible ways
in verbally by a description in words
numerically by a table of values
Visually by a graph
141 algebraically
by an explicit formula

Symmetry
Even function fl x fix for all XED symmetric to y axis
Odd function ft fix for all XED symmetric about
the origin
Cx.fm IX fix
ix fay

Cx fix

Example Determine whether each of the following functions

is even odd or neither even nor odd
a fix X5tX lb GK l X C hlx 2X X

Solution a ff x x f x X x x5tx
fix
Odd function

b gtx 1 x 1 x gox
Even
c ht x 21 x 1X 2x x2 2x x hey
Neither even nor odd
Increasing Decreasing functions
Def A function f is called increasing on an interval I
if fix cffxz whenever x axe in I
It is called decreasing on I

if fix fix whenever x cXz in I

EG

µ
y x
z
is on c 90
y decreasing
and increasing on EO too
O X

Elementary functions
M Polynomials

Def pix and am x aix't a x ta

An An 1 ai Ao coefficients of the polynomial

If an 1 0 the degree of the polynomial is n

The domain of pix is 112 1 0 too

6 t IX
E.g pix 2 X E a polynomial of degree 6
Specially
Def Linear function y mxtb mto degree 1
Quadratic function y ax2tbxtc ato degree 2

Cubic function y ax3tbx7cxtd ato degree 3

ya
i
ay
y x I
s
I
o s
X o X
s
y X 12 1 1 112
121 Power function

Def Power function fix Xa where a is a constant

is a n n is a positive integer

Remark When u is even the graph of fix X is similar

to y xZ symmetric to y axis even function
When he is odd the graph of fix X is similar
to y x3 symmetric about the origin odd function

iii a _int n is a positive integer

fix X'T Tx is a root function
 Domain fox1 201 0,1 0 Domain IR

Remark When n is even the graph of y Tn

E is similar
to that of y Fx
When n is odd the graph of y Tn
E
is similar
to that of y Fx

iii a I fix reciprocal function

y
x

T
3 Rational function
Def A rational function f is a ratio of two
PM
polynomials fix QCx

where pox Qin are polynomials

Domain of the rational function fix is

XI QIN 1 07
A
2 4 XII
Example Find the domain of fix XL 4
Solution Domain X2 4 to x x 27
I o 2 V f 2,21 012,0
14 Algebraic functions
Def A function f is called an algebraic function if
it can be constructed using algebraic operations

e.g addition subtraction multiplication division taking

roots starting with polynomials

Example fix Joey

2
X't 16 t 1
glx x Fx
2

More elementary functions trigonometriclexponentialllogarithmio

will be reviewed next week

Basic operations of functions

Given functions f and g and a constant c we can
Venn di
define new functions by setting the following rules D
f g sum fftgxxl ftxt g.ly DHtg1 Dlf1nDlg
DifinDlg
f g produce f g Cx fix gu Dlf g DffinDCg
Cf scalar multiple Cf x Cft Dfcf Dff
Ig quotient f Cx fgf DIgft DHINDlgsn9xlglxi.to

Eg fix 2x 1 gex x2 1
2 2
If 1g x 2x 1 11 1 2X 1 2
3
f g Ix 2x 1 X l 2 XZ 2
1
4f x 4 2x 4 8 4
 2x 1
x
XZ I