FUNCTIONS

Functions are just like machines , which gives a unique output for each input that is fed into it.
But one should think that each machine has certain input corresponding to which it gives unique
output . The inputs are nothing but the domain of the function and outputs are range of the
functions . Only those inputs are domain corresponding to which functions gives defined outputs .

Lets take an example , we have seen a weighing machine. Suppose it has capacity to weight and
print upto 200Kg . If a person stands on it , the machine gives a card printed on it the weight of
that person . But if a very fat person weighing 250 Kgs stands on it the machine fails to record
his weight , why ? Because 250 kg is beyond its capacity . Hence, goods weighing 0-250 kgs are in
its domain . A B

‘f’ is rule which associates each element of

set A with unique elements of set B in the
figure. p 1
Set A = Domain of ‘f’ ={ p,q,r,s} q 2
Range of ‘f’ = {1,2,3} R 3
Set B = Co-domain of ‘f’ ={1,2,3,4} s 4

In general Range is subset of co-domain of

a function.
Independent and Dependent Variables

Area of a circle is a function of its radius i.e A= 𝜋𝑟 2 .Here , r is an independent variable

and A is dependent variable (it is dependent on r).

Q1. If f(x) = 𝑥 2 − 2, what is the value of f 5 ?

Sol:
𝑓 5 = 52 − 2 = 25 − 2 = 23
𝑧
Q2. If 𝑓 z = 𝑧 2 − , 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑤 + 6 ?
3
𝑤+6
Sol: 𝑓 𝑤 + 6 = 𝑤 + 6 2 − 3
𝑤 6
= 𝑤+6 𝑤+6 − +
3 3
𝑤
= 𝑤 2 + 12𝑤 + 36 − 3 − 2
2
= 𝑤 2 + 11 3 𝑤 + 34
Q3. If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 & 𝑔 𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 3, 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑓 𝑔 3 ?

Sol: 𝑔 3 = 4 3 − 3 = 12 − 3 = 9 ;
𝑓 𝑔 3 = 𝑓 9 = 93 + 9 = 729 + 3 = 732

f(g(3)) is pronounced as ‘ f of g of 3 ‘ . Always move from inside bracket to outside for solving .

Q4. If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 & 𝑔 𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 3, 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔 𝑓 3 ?

Sol. 𝑓 3 = 32 + 3 = 27 + 3 ;
𝑔 𝑓 3 = 𝑔 27 + 3 = 4 27 + 3 − 3 = 108 + 4 3 − 3
=105 + 4 3

In general f(g(x)) and g(f(x)) are not the same overall and will lead to different outcomes
generally. These are called compound functions, you can think of it like transformation one
after the other depending on the number of functions present .
Q5. If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑥, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 4 = 28 , 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑓 −2 ?

Sol: 𝑓 4 = 𝑎 4 2 − 4 = 28
=16𝑎 − 4 = 28
=16𝑎 = 32 ; 𝑎 = 2 , then rewrite the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑥
= 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 𝑓 −2
= 2 −2 2 − −2
= 8 + 2 = 10

1
Q6. If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+2 + 𝑥 − 1 2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑓 −1 ?

Sol:
Q7. If 𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑢2 − 3𝑢 + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 3 = 37, what is 𝑎 ?

Sol:

Q8. If 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 & 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔 𝑓 4 ?

Sol :
 1 1
Q9. If 𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑦+1 , 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔 ?
𝑥

Sol:
Some Basic functions and their Graphs

1 . Modulus Function (Absolute Function ).

Some Properties Of modulus functions.

4𝑦
Q10. If 9𝑦 − 6 = 3, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 2 − =?
3

Sol:
2. f(x) = 𝑥 2
Some properties :
3. Graph of f(x)= 𝑥 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 2𝑛−1 ; 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

Point of contraflexure
(concavity changes)
4. Graph of f(x)= 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑎 > 1 (𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑒~2.71) 5. f(x)= 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑎 > 0 & 𝑎 < 1
6. Graph of f(x) = log 𝑚 𝑥 (𝑚 > 1) 7 . Graph f(x) = log 𝑚 𝑥 (𝑚 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 < 1)
8. Graph of f(x) = 1/x 9. Graph of y= sgn (x) ; signum function.
10. Graph of f(x) = sin x

11. Graph of f(x) = cos x

Equation of a straight line and its sketching .

The equation is a st. line is given as y= mx +c , where ‘m’ is the slope , ‘c’ is the
intercept on the y axis .

ⅆ𝑦
m= tan 𝜃 = ⅆ𝑥
= slope = rate of change

Q11. Sketch y= 5x -3

Sol : on x axis y=0 , so intercept on x axis is x= 3/5

on y axis x=0 , so intercept on y axis is y= -3 . Therefore , the coordinates on x
axis are (3/5,0) and y axis are (0,-3 ).
Q12. Sketch 4x +3y-8=0 .

4 8 8
Sol: Here y can be written as 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 + 3 ; 𝑠𝑜 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 = 2 & 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 3
Transformation of Graphs.
1. f(x) f(x) ±a ; a>0

(a) f(x) f(x) +a ; shift the graph ‘a’ units up .

(b) f(x) f(x) – a ; shift the graph ‘a’ units down.
𝑥 𝑥
Eg 1 . Plot 𝑦 = e + 1; & 𝑦 = e −1
Eg 2 . plot y=|x| + 2 and y = |x| - 2 .
2. f(x) f(x±a ) ; a>0

a. f(x) f(x+a ) ; shift the graph ‘a’ units towards the left.
b. f(x) f(x−a ) ; shift the graph ‘a’ units towards the right.

Eg 1. plot y= |x + 2| and y= | x – 2|
 2 2
Eg 2. Plot 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4
3. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑓 𝑥 ;a>0

a. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑓 𝑥 ; a>0 , Stretch the graph ‘a’ times along y axis .

1
b. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 ; a>0 , Shrink the Graph ‘a’ times along y axis.

sin 𝑥
Eg 1 . Plot y = 2sin x & y =
2
 2 𝑥2
Eg 2. Plot y= 2𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2
4.f(x) f(ax); a>1

a. f(x) f(ax) ;a>0 Shrink (or contract) the graph ‘a’ times along x-axis .

1
b. f(x) f 𝑥 ; a>1 Stretch (or expand ) the graph ‘a’ times along x- axis.
𝑎

𝑥
Eg 1. Plot the graph of y=sin 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = sin 2
 2 𝑥 2
Eg 2. Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = .
2
5. f(x) f(-x)

Take image of the graph y= f(x) in the y-axis as the plane mirror.

Eg 1 . Plot 𝑦 = e−𝑥

Eg 2. Plot y= log 𝑚 −𝑥
6. f(x) - f(x)

Take the image of graph y=f(x) in the x-axis as the plane mirror.

Eg 1. Plot y= −e𝑥

Eg 2. plot y= − log 𝑚 𝑥
Q13 . Sketch 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 2 +4
Q14. Sketch y= − 𝑥 + 2 + 3