15.

Ray Optics
Summary sheet
Reflection of Light
Law of Reflection
• Incident ray, reflected ray and normal to reflecting surface at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.
• Angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.

Plane mirror (Reflection from plane surface)

• Angle of deviation is δ = π – 2i = angle between direction of incident ray and reflected ray.
• By keeping the incident ray fixed, the mirror is rotated by an angle ‘θ’ about an axis in the plane of
mirror, the reflected ray is rotated through an angle ‘2θ’.
• Properties of image formed by plane mirror
(a) image is up right
(b) image is the same size as of object
(c) the image is located as far behind the mirror as object is in front of it.
(d) plane mirror forms virtual image to a real object and vice versa.
(e) if two plane mirrors inclined to each other at an angle θ, the number of images M2
of a point object formed are determined as follows.
θ
M1
360
• If is even number (say m) number of images formed n = (m – 1), for all positions of objects in
θ
between the mirrors.
360
• If is odd integer, n = m, if the object is not on the bisector n = (m – 1), if the object is on the
θ
bisector.
360
• If is a fraction, number of images formed will be equal to its integer part.
θ
• When a wall clock is seen in a mirror then image time = 11 hour 60 min – Actual time
• Image time = 11 hour 60 min – Actual time.
timage= 11 : 60 − tactual
In clock x hr y min z sec
In clock’s image (11 – x) hr, (59 – y) min, (60 – z) sec
H
• The minimum size of mirror to see one’s full height is where H is the height of man.
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Sign-convention

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2ME2324P(NRP-Summary sheet)

• Focal length is equal to half of radius of curvature of the curved spherical mirror
• Focal length of mirror does not change with refractive index of medium.
1 1 1
• Mirror equation is + = and magnification formula
u v f
v f f −v
m=− = =
u u −f f
• A graph between object distance and image distance is rectangular hyperbola.
V − V1 L Im age
• Longitudinal magnification = m L = 2 =
u 2 − u1 L Object
2
dv  v 
for small objects, m L = − =   = m2
du  u 
area of image
• Areal magnification =
area of object
• Newton’s formula: f = x1x 2 where x1 and x2 are the portions of object and image from focus.
• Motion of object in front of mirror along the principal axis
2
V
Vi = −   Vo
u
Transverse to principal axis
Vi = mV0

Law of Refraction
• The incident ray, refracted ray and normal to interface at the point of incident,
all lie in same plane.
• The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is
sin i
constant. = n 21
sin r
n21 is refractive index of second medium with respect to first

General form of Snell’s law:

n1 sin i = n 2 sin r = constant
• Optical denser medium has high refractive index. Mass density of optical denser medium may be less
than mass density of rarer medium.
• n 32 = n 31 × n12
• Snell′s law is not valid for normal incidence
Factors affecting lateral shift:
 Thickness of glass slab
 Angle of incidence
 Refractive index of material
 Temperature
t sin(i − r)
• Lateral shift: lS =
cos r

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 2ME2324P(NRP-Summary sheet)

• Maximum value of lateral shift is equal to thickness of glass slab for grazing angle of incidence.
Minimum value of lateral shift is zero for normal incidence.
Normal shift:
Bottom of tank filled with water appears to be raised.
Real depth
• Apparent depth = for object placed in denser medium
n 21
Apparent depth
• Real depth = for object placed in rarer medium
n 21
• Normal shift = Real depth ~ Apparent depth
• Violet colour exhibits more normal shift compare to red colour for a given thickness of glass slab.

Total Internal Reflection

• If angle of incidence, for light traveling from denser to rarer medium is greater than certain angle called
critical angle for the media, no light is transmitted.
1
sin ic = n12 : refractive index of denser medium w.r.t rarer medium.
n12
• Higher is value of refractive index, smaller will be critical angle.
Substance Ref. index Critical angle
Water 1.33 48.75°
Glass 1.5 42°
Diamond 2.42 24.41°
Phenomenon based on TIR are
• Mirage
• Sparkling of diamond
• Total reflecting prisms
• Optical fiber for communication
Angle of deviation

Refraction TIR
δ = sin −1 (µ sin i) − i δ max = π − 2i c

As the light enters from one medium to another medium, if reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular
to each other, then
µ = tan i, if light enters from rarer to denser
µ = cot i, if light enters from denser to rarer medium

Field of vision of fish

r

ic

ic ic

fish

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2ME2324P(NRP-Summary sheet)

Radius of circular base of the line formed on surface of water is given by

h
r = h tan(i c ) =
n2 −1
πh 2
Area of the base = πr 2 = 2
(n − 1)

Refraction at Spherical Surfaces

n 2 n1 n 2 − n1
− =
v u R
R = radius of curvature of the curved spherical surface. It holds for any curved surface (for paraxial
approximation).
n − n1
Power of spherical surface = 2
R

Refraction by Lenses
• After two refraction through a lens, image is formed
The thin lens formula becomes
1 1 1
− =
v u f
Size of image h ' v
m= = =
Size of object h u
• Formula is valid for convex and concave lenses and magnification produced by lens (for paraxial
approximation)

Power of Thin Lens

• It is measure of its convergence or divergence ability
RI of refracted ray medium ( η2 ) RI of Incident ray medium ( η1 ) η2 − η1
− =
Image distance Object distance radius
• The power P of a lens is defined as the tangent of the angle by which it converges or diverges a beam of
light parallel to the principal axis falling at unit distance from the optical centre.
1
• A lens of shorter focal length bends incident ray more and has high power P =
f
–1
• Its SI unit id dioptre (D) 1D = 1 m
• f is positive for converging lens and negative for diverging lens

Lens maker’s formula

1 1 1 
P= = ( n − 1)  − 
f  R1 R 2 
n is relative refractive index of glass with respect to surrounding and R1 and R2 are radii of curvature of two
surfaces.
1 2
• Power of equi-convex lens = ( n − 1)  
f R

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1  2
• Power of equi-concave lens = ( n − 1)  − 
f  R
1 1
• Power of plano-convex lens = ( n − 1)  
f R
1  1
• Power of plano-concave lens = ( n − 1)  − 
f  R
• The nature of lens remains same when it is placed in rarer medium where as it changes when it is placed
in denser medium.
• A converging lens in a transparent liquid of refractive index greater than lens glass behaves like a
diverging lens and vice versa.

Thin Lenses in Contact

• When this lenses are kept in contact
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + ....
1 1 1 1
= + + + ....
f f1 f 2 f 3
m = m1 × m2 × m3 × .....
• This combination helps to get diverging or converging lens combination of desired magnification.
• Net power is individual power’s algebraic sum. Some terms may be positive (convex) and some terms
may be negative (concave) on right hand side.
• When two lenses of focal length f1 and f2 are kept apart by a distance d, the effective focal length power,
P = P1 + P2 – dP1P2

Cutting of lens
• If lens is cut along optic axis:
Power remains same
Focal length remains same
Full image is formed with less intensity
• If lens is cut perpendicular to optic axis:
Power reduces to half
Focal length will be doubled
Full image is formed with same intensity
• Newton′s formula: f = x1 ⋅ x 2 where x1 and x2 are position of object and image from focal point.

A R
Refraction through A Prism N1 N2
• For any triangular prism angle between P d
M
incidence ray and emergent ray is called L r1 r2
i1 i2
angle of deviation δ = i + e − A
• δ remains same if i and e are interchanged. O
When δ = Dm
N
i = e, Dm = 2i – A K

r = r1 = r2 or r1 = A / 2 B C

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The refracted ray inside prism becomes parallel to its base.

• Refractive index of prism is calculated by formula. A

 A + Dm  dR
sin   dY
n 21 =
n2
=  2  White dv
n1 A light
sin  
2
• For small angle thin prism D m = ( n 21 − 1) A red
yellow
• Violet ray deviates more compare to red light violet

• Angular dispersion θ = ( n v − n R ) A
• The angle of refraction is most for red and least for violet
θ nv − nR angular disperion
• Dispersive power ω = = =
θmean n + n
v R
− 1 mean angle of deviation
2
• Condition for deviation without dispersion: ( n1v − n1R ) A1 = ( n 2v − n 2R ) A 2
• Condition for dispersion without deviation: ( n1 − 1) A1 = ( n 2 − 1) A 2

Simple Microscope
• Microscope: A simple magnifier or microscope is a converging lens of high power.
• Angular magnification is equal to ratio of angular size of image to angular size of object
 D
• Final image at near point m = 1 + 
 f 
D
• Final image at infinity m =
f
Compound Microscope
• Length of the tube L = V0 + ue
• If the final image is formed at infinity (far point), ue = fe ∴ L = V 0 + fe
• For large magnification objective and eye piece should have low focal length
• Final image at near point
v  D
m = m 0 × m e = 0 1 + 
u 0  fe 

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 2ME2324P(NRP-Summary sheet)

v0  D 
• Final image at infinity m =  
u 0  fe 

Telescope
• It is used to provide angular magnification for distant objects
f
• Final image at infinity m = − 0 and L = f 0 + f e
fe
• Final image at near point
f  f  Df e
m = 0 1 + e  and L = f 0 +
fe  D  D + fe

Advantage of reflecting telescope:

• More intensity due to large aperture
• Free from spherical aberration
• No chromatic aberration
• Cheap
• High resolving power

Sl. No. Keywords

1. Laws of reflection
2. Plane mirror
3. Image distance and object distance
4. Magnification
5. Angle of deviation using standard results
6. Angle of deviation using geometry [2mirrors]
7. Lateral inversion of letters
8. Lateral inversion of clock
9. Field of view
10. Rotation of mirror about the perpendicular plane
11. Multiple image formation by 2 mirrors
12. Height of mirror to view person height and wall height
13. Velocity of image along perpendicular direction w.r.t mirror
14. Spherical mirror:
15. Ray diagrams and rules of image formation
16. Sign convention w.r.t mirror
17. Mirror formula
18. Value of radius w.r.t focal length of mirror
19. Magnification of mirror [formula]
20. Magnification in terms of f and v/u
21. Graph between u and v
22. Graph between 1/u and 1/v
23. Newton’s formula

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2ME2324P(NRP-Summary sheet)

24. F when u1 and u2 are given and magnification is equal

25. Minimum distance between poles of mirror to form single image
26. Longitudinal magnification
27. Rotation of object in front of convex/concave mirror
28. Instantaneous speed of image
29. Average speed of image
30. Refraction along plane surface
31. Refraction
32. Laws of refraction
33. General form of Snell’s law
34. Limitations of Snell’s law
35. Refractive index
36. Absolute refractive index
37. Relative refractive index
38. Standard refractive index values [water, air, etc.]
39. Optical path
40. Lateral shift
41. Factors affecting lateral shift
42. Limits of lateral shift
43. Angles between 2 incident rays and 2 emergent rays [extended backwards]
44. Lateral shift for small angles
45. Value of angle of incidence and refraction when ray glazes or has normal incidence
46. Real depth and apparent depth
47. Normal shift [general formula]
48. Normal shift when object in denser/ rarer medium
49. Case of fish and bird [ w.r.t distances of each]
50. Case of fish and bird [w.r.t velocities of each]
51. Multiple refractive index
52. Rising of colors of VIBGYOR
53. Effect of normal shift on microscope
54. Total internal reflection
55. Conditions of TIR
56. Critical angle [definition]
57. Relation between refractive index and critical angle
58. Applications [optical fiber]
59. Standard critical angles of some media
60. Relation between radius, height [w.r.t image formation] and refractive index
61. Relation between refractive indices and critical angles of VIBGYOR [w.r.t prism]
62. Prism in water
63. Optical fiber [formula and application in numerical]
64. Relation between refractive index and wavelength [w.r.t VIBGYOR]
65. Prism

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66. Refractive index of prism

67. Prism equation
68. Case when A = D
69. Ray diagram of prism for minimum deviation
70. Factors affecting minimum deviation
71. Condition for no emergence
72. Plane mirror + prism [silvering]
73. Hollow prism
74. Dispersion
75. Thin prism
76. Deviation in thin prism
77. Angular dispersion
78. Dispersive power
79. Condition for no deviation
80. Condition for no dispersion
81. Refraction by spherical surface
82. Spherical surface formula
83. Minimum distance to form real image
84. Magnification of refracting surface
85. Lenses
86. Types of lenses
87. Lens maker’s formula
88. Graphical representation for lens maker’s formula
89. Lens formula
90. Sign convention for lens
91. Factors affecting focal length
92. Power of lens
93. Power of mirror
94. Powers of different lens
95. Change in focal length in other medium
96. Focal length in water w.r.t that in air
97. Nature of lens in different medium
98. Case of air bubble in water
99. Number of images [due to differing refractive index]
100. Cutting of lens
101. Newton’s formula
102. Combination of lenses [lens formula]
103. Combination of lens [magnification]
104. Silvering of lens
105. Simple microscope
106. Far point magnification
107. Condition for maximum magnification

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108. Limitations for higher value of magnification

109. Compound microscope
110. Magnification for near point
111. Magnification for far point
112. Condition for higher magnification
113. Limitations for magnification
114. Telescope [refraction]
115. Image at near point [LDDV]
116. Magnification for near point
117. Length of tube for near point
118. Image at far point
119. Magnification for far point
120. Length of tube for far point
121. Comparison of how focal length influences image formation in telescope and compound microscope
122. De merits of refraction telescope
123. Merits of reflection telescope

Analysis of the chapter

Test Date / Number Comfortable To be revised Need clarity
NRP
CT
FLP
GT

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− Space for Notes −

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