U1

> Define cardinal points for a system of coaxial lenses separated by a distance.
Derive expression for locating the position of these points.
> Determine the cardinal points of an eye piece consisting of focal length 20 cm
each and kept 20cm apart. What is the name of eye piece.
> Two lenses having focal length f₁' = 20 cm and f2' = 15 cm are placed at a
separation of 25 cm. Find the power of the equivalent lens and position of its
cardinal points.
> What are cardinal points ? Two lenses of focal length + 40 cm and -20 cm are kept
co-axially separated by 30 cm in air. Calculate.
(i) the equivalent focal_length of the system
(ii) the distance of first focal point from first lens
(iii) the distance of second principle points from first lens.
> Two thin convex lenses of focal lengths 2 cm and 6 cm are separated by a distance
4-cm in air. Calculate the positions of the cardinal points and show them on a
sketch
> What is difference between principal points and nodal points?
> What are principal points and principal planes ?
> What is meant by Equivalent lens ? With the help of ray diagram, explain the
formation of image in a co-axial system of lenses using cardinal points. Show that
for co-axial system of lenses :
(i) the equivalent focal length is
1/F= 1/f1 +1/f2 + d/f1f2
(ii) The separation between two principal points and two nodal points are equal.
> What is meant by Equivalent lens? A convex lens of 20 cm focal length is placed
in air from a concave lens of focal length 20 cm, at a distance of 10 cm. Find
(i) the position of first and second principal points
(ii) the distance between the two principal points of the combination
> Show that the distance between the principal points and the nodal points for a
given lens system are equal. If the first and second focal length of a given
combination of two lenses are 15 and 16 cm respectively. How are the nodal points
situated with respect to the principal points.
> When combination of two lenses (thin) are kept 10cm apart their equivalent focal
length is 30 cm and when kept 20 cm apart the equivalent focal length becomes 10cm.
Find the focal lengths of each lenses.
> Consider a thick equi-convex lens of refractive index 1.5. The magnitudes of the
radii of curvature of the two surfaces is 4 cm. The thickness of the lens is 1 cm
and lens is placed in air. Obtain the system matrix and determine the focal length
and the positions of unit planes.
> What is telescopic combination of lenses?

> Given the numerical aperture to be 0.2441 and the refractive index of the core to
be 1.50. Calculate the refractive index of the cladding as well as the acceptance
angle.
> A convex lens and a concave lens of focal length 10cm are held coaxially at a
distance of 3cm apart. Using matrix method find the position of the image of an
object placed at a distance of 15cm in front of a convex lens
> Determine the system matrix for two thin lenses of focal length f₁ and f₂ placed
coaxially and kept 'd' distance apart.
> What is system matrix ? Obtain the system matrix for a thick lens and derive the
thin lens and thick lens formulae.
> Obtain the system matrix for thick lens and derive the lens formula for thin
lens.
> A system consist of covex lens of focal length 15 cm at distance 25 cm from a

concave lens of focal length 20 cm. Find
(i) the system matrix elements and the position of nodal points and focal points.
(ii) the size and position of image for an object of height 2 cm placed at distance
of 27.5 cm from the convex lens.
> What is an eyc-piece and what are its advantages over a single lens of equivalent
focal length ? A camera objective has a positive lens of focal length 30 cm backed
at 25 cm distance by a negative lens of focal length 6 cm. Find the position of
cardinal points analytically and then deduce the position of the photographic plate
for an object 200 m infront.
> The condition of acrhomatism and the condition for minimum chromatic aberration
in eye piece are same.
> Why is the use of two lenses in eye piece preferred over a single lens ?
> What is positive eye piece ? Using matrix method find the following for its
(i) System matrix
(ii) Gaussian constants
(iii) Nodal points
> What is negative eye piece ? Using matrix method find the following for its
(i) System matrix
(ii) Gaussian constants
(iii) Nodal points
> Describe theory and working of a Huygen's eyepiece and show that it satisfies the
conditions of minimum chromatic aberrations. spherical and
> Deduce the position of the cardinal points of a Huygen's eyepiece and indicate
them on a diagram.
> Find the focal length, unit planes of Huggen's eye piece using matrix method
> Ramsden's eye-piece is a positive eye-piece.
> What are the differences between Huygens's eye piece and Ramsdin's eyepiece?
> What are aplanatic points ? An optical system consists of a convex lens of focal
length 0.2 m and a concave lens of focal length 0.1 m separated by a distance of
0.08 m. An object of height 0.01 m is placed at a distance of 0.5 m from the convex
lens. Find:
(i) the 1st and 2nd principal points of the system
(ii) the position, size and nature the image.
> Discuss aplantic points and its applications.

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> Define cardinal points for a system of coaxial lenses separated by a distance.

Derive expression for locating the position of these points.

(i) the equivalent focal_length of the system

(ii) the distance of first focal point from first lens

(iii) the distance of second principle points from first lens.

> What is difference between principal points and nodal points?

> What are principal points and principal planes ?

(i) the equivalent focal length is

1/F= 1/f1 +1/f2 + d/f1f2

(i) the position of first and second principal points

> What is telescopic combination of lenses?

> A system consist of covex lens of focal length 15 cm at distance 25 cm from a

(i) System matrix

(ii) Gaussian constants

(iii) Nodal points

(i) System matrix

(ii) Gaussian constants

(iii) Nodal points

> Ramsden's eye-piece is a positive eye-piece.

(i) the 1st and 2nd principal points of the system

(ii) the position, size and nature the image.

> Discuss aplantic points and its applications.

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