DENSITY

mass volume
1. Density is the …………………… per unit ………………………………..

2. The formula for calculating density is as follows:

𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞

3. The unit for density is kg/𝐦𝟑 or g/ 𝐜𝐦𝟑 .

4. Mass of an object can be measured by using weighing balance.

5. The volume of a sample of solid can be measured in two ways as follows:

a) If the sample has fixed shape like a cube or cuboid, measure the length of its sides. Then
calculate the height x width x depth.

Volume = Height x Width x Depth

Example

The diagram below shows a duster which has mass of 48 g.

a) Calculate the volume of the duster.

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b) Calculate the density of the duster.

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EXERCISES
Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 2 October 2014

the mass of the water

scale

termometer

the lower the temperature the denser the water

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Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 1 October 2015

ruler/measuring tape

using a measuring tape measure the length of the block then the width then the height

then multiply them together

7g/cm^3

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Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 1 October 2017

put one of the blocks on a scale

volume

using a measuring tape measure the length of the block then the width then the height

then multiply them together

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Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 1 October 2018

yes

every single green box is denser than any red box

no

box a was the largest and it was the least dense

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Measurement of density without fixed shape

1. If the sample is without a fixed shape, take a known volume of water.

2. Place the sample in the water. The volume increase is the volume of the sample.

Volume of object = Final volume – Initial volume

EXERCISES (Part B)
Paper 2 24 April-12 May 2000
1) A student carries out a series of experiments to investigate the properties of some stones.
(a) First he measures the mass of a stone.
Underline the apparatus he uses.

balance beaker measuring cylinder metre rule

(b) The student next measures the volume of a stone by dropping it into a known volume of water.
The level of the water rises from 58 cm3 to 82 cm3.

What is the volume of the stone?

24
_________________ cm3

(c) Another stone has a mass of 36 g and a volume of 9 cm3.

Calculate the density of this stone. Give the unit and show your working.

36/9=4g/cm^3

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Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 1 24 April-12 May 2010

scale

78.7 g

10cm^3

78.7/10=7.87

7.87 g/cm^3

Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 1 April 2019

50

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Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 1 24 April-12 May 2009

scale

measuring cylinder and water

they start moving faster and expanding

Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 1 November 2005

8 (a) The mass of a liquid is 40g. Name a piece of apparatus that could be used to measure
this mass.
scale [1]

(b) The volume of the liquid is 50cm3. Name a piece of apparatus that could be used to
measure this volume.
measuring cylinder
[1]

(c) Calculate the density of the liquid.

Show your working and give units in your answer.

40/50=0.8g/cm^3

0.8 g/cm^3
[2]

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PRESSURE

1. Pressure defined as force applied over a certain area.

2. To calculate the pressure, two things need to be considered:

a) the surface area and
b) the force

3. The formulae of pressure as follows:

Force
Pressure =
Area

where,
Pressure is measured in N/m2 or Pa.
Force is measure in Newton (N)
Area is measured in metre squared (m2)

4. 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa.

Example 1

A force 50 N acts over an area 5 m2. Calculate the pressure.

Force
Pressure =
Area

LARGE AND SMALL PRESSURE

1. A small force over a big area produces a small pressure.

2. A big force over a small area produces a big pressure.

3. The following equations used to calculate the pressure, force and area.

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Pressure = Force = Pressure × Area Area = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

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EXERCISES

1. Calculate the pressure for the following:

a) 150 N, 25cm2

6n/cm^2

b) 60 N, 15 m2

4n/cm^2

c) 5 N, 0.1 cm2

50 n/cm^2

GAS PRESSURE

1. The kinetic theory of matter states that particles in matter are in constant motion and
constantly collide with each other.

2. The following diagram shows the arrangement of particles in a gas.

3. Fill in the below table about the characteristics of gases.

Description
Arrangement of gas particle not touching

Forces of attraction between particles weka

Movement of particles
random

always
4. Since gas particles are …………………………………………. move, the gas particles
collide
c……………………………….. with each other and with the wall of a container.

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5. When the gas particles collide with each other and with the wall of a container, they exert
(produce) force on the walls of their container.

6. The force exerted by a gas on the walls of its container is called gas pressure.

PRESSURE IN LIQUIDS

Liquid Pressure

1. The pressure in liquids is called liquid pressure.

2. Liquid pressure is as a result of the forces between the liquid particles over a surfaces area
of a container.

3. If you apply a force to a liquid, the forces between the particles increase.

4. This shows that liquids pressure acts in all directions.

5. For example, if you fill a suspended plastic bag with water and create holes into different
parts of the plastic bag:
i) The water comes out through each hole and then falls to the ground.
ii) The water falls because of gravity.
iii) The liquid pressure does not just act downwards like gravity. Rather it pushes the
water out of the holes.

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AIR PRESSURE

1. Air pressure is defined as the force exerted by air particles per unit area.

EXAMPLES OF AIR PRESSURE

1. At the top of mountain, the air

particles are further apart than they
are at sea level.
2. Since the air particles are far apart,
fewer
there will be ………………….. collision
lower
and ……………………….. pressure.
3. In order for a normal human being to
breathe air, the pressure has to be
higher outside that person’s body.
4. However, at high altitudes, the outside
lower
air pressure is ……………………. than it is
The hikers need to use oxygen mask to
breathe more often to take in enough inside a person’s lungs, making it more

oxygen. difficult to breathe in the air.

5. Usually, people who live in the
mountain all the time do not breathe
as much often as people who live at
sea level. So, their body is adapted to
the lower air pressure.

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Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 2 November 2006

stilts

smpw shoes

stilts

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Cambridge Checkpoint Science Specimen Paper 2 April 2014

force

pressure
area

area

pressure force

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Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 2 October 2018

respiratiom

oxygen

carbon dioxide

because pressure outside is lower than pressure inside lungs so it is hard to breathe in

air

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Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 2 October 2017

4000/400

10

Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 2 October 2013

because there is more air trapped inside exerting force on the tyre towards the outside to make it

inflated

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Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 1 May 2011

goes up

the same

piston will shoot out

because water particles are already very close to each other, no place between them.

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Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 2 October 2013

10/2 = 5

5 N/cm^2

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Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 1 24 April-12 May 2009

the resulting pressure increases

lesser pressure

gas particles

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THE TURNING EFFECT OF FORCE/ LEVERS

1. A lever is a bar that rotates on a fixed point (pivot).

2. The lever is made up of three parts as shown in the figure below:

i) Effort is the force applied on the beam

ii) Load is the object to be moved
iii) Pivot or fulcrum is the fixed support point

3. As effort is applied to rotate one end about the pivot.

4. The opposite end also rotates about the pivot in the same direction.

5. This has the effect of rotating or lifting the load.

6. The lever is a force multiplier because it allows a larger force to act upon the load than is
supplied by the effort.

7. So, it is easier to move larger or heavy objects.

8. The longer the lever, and the further the effort acts from the pivot, the greater the force
on the load will be.

9. For example, it is easier to use a longer spanner when trying to turn a nut, and easiest to
push furthest from the hinge when opening a door.

10. Some of the notable applications of lever includes:

i) Opening can lid with a spoon
ii) Opening a bottle cap with a bottle opener
iii) Removing a nail
iv) Lifting a heavy load

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EXERCISES

1. Complete the following sentence by selecting the correct word.

You need to use a bigger / smaller force to close a door if you push it near the hinges. This
is because the distance to the pivot is bigger / smaller.

2. The diagram below shows how you could make a lever to lift a stone using a plank of
wood.

c
a) Which letter (A, B or C) is the pivot? _________
b) Which letter (A, B or C) shows where you should apply the least effort to lift the stone?
a
_________
c) Which letter (A, B or C) shows where you should apply the most effort to lift the stone?
b
_________

3. Use the words or phrases from the box to complete the sentences below.
Use each word once, more than once, or not at all.

Multiplier effort load pivot bigger machine force

A lever is a simple ______machine________________ that acts as a force

multiplier pivot
____________________. The lever turns about a ______________________. The force
effort
that you apply is called the ________________________ and the force that is produced
force
is called the ____________________. To use a small force to lift a big weight you need a
pivot
lever where the distance between the _____________________ and the
load
_____________________ is bigger than the distance between the
pivot
________________________ effort
and the _________________________.

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4. a) Where is the pivot in the diagram of the spanner? Label it P.
p

c) Which letter A, B, or C is the pivot in the diagram of the door handle?

a
_____________________________________________________________________

d) Where would you apply the force to the door handle?

c
_____________________________________________________________________

e) What would you notice if you applied it at the other labelled point?
_____________________________________________________________________
less force produced

5. It is much easier to open a tin of paint with a screwdriver than with your fingers.

a) Label the pivot in the diagram.

b) Draw an arrow to show the distance from the pivot to the load L.

c) Draw an arrow to show the distance from the pivot to the effort E.

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 d) Use what you have done to explain why the force needed to open the can with a
screwdriver is very small.
the distance from the fulcrum to the load is very very small compared to the effort and fulcrum
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

CALCULATING MOMENTS

1. The turning effect of a force is known as a moment.

2. Moment can be calculated by using the following formula:

Moment = Force x Perpendicular distance from the pivot

Example 1:
A force of 10 N was applied to a spoon of length 15 cm in order to open the lid of a can as
shown in the figure below. Calculate the moment of force.

Solution:
𝐌𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 = Force (N) x Perpendicular distance from the pivot to the force (m)
𝐌𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 = 10 N x 0.15 m
= 1.5 N m

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Principle of the moment of lever

1. The principle of the moment of lever can be explained by considering the illustration in
the figure below:

2. From the figure, it can be seen that:

i) The weight of the load produces a clockwise moment.
ii) The applied effort produces an anticlockwise moment.
iii) The anticlockwise moment produced by the effort helps to balance the lever
horizontally.

3. Hence, the product of the magnitude of effort and the perpendicular distance from the
pivot (fulcrum) is the same as the moment required to balance the lever.

4. This can be presented as follows:

Load (N)x Distance of load from fulcrum (m) = Effort (N) x Distance of effort from fulcrum (m)

Example 1:
A man tries to move a boulder of weight 1000 N by using a small fulcrum as shown in the
figure below. The distance between the boulder and the small stone is 0.5 and the distance
between the man and the small stone is 2 m. calculate the effort required by the man to move
the boulder.

Solution:
Load (N)x Distance of load from fulcrum (m) = Effort (N) x Distance of effort from fulcrum (m)

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EXERCISES

1. Which of these statements correctly state the law of moments? There may be more than
one. Write T next to the statements that are true. Write F next to the statements that are
false.

F
a) The clockwise and anticlockwise moments are the same. _______
T
b) The clockwise and anticlockwise moments add up to zero. _______
The force x the distance on the left of the pivot = the force x the distance F
c) _______
on the right of the pivot.
d) The total clockwise moments = the total anticlockwise moments. T
_______

2. Priya and Tom are on a see-saw pivoted at the centre. Priya, who weighs 400 N, sits 2 m
from the centre on the left. She is balanced by Tom who weighs 500 N.

a) How far is Tom from the centre?

1.6 M
_____________________________________________________________________
b) Draw a diagram of the arrangement in the box below.

c) The see-saw in the diagram below is balanced. What is the value of x?

x=0.04

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3. Two students sit on a see-saw as shown in the image below. What is the distance of Jia
Yin from the fulcrum which helps to keep the see-saw balanced?

3m

Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 1 April 2019

a e

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Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 1 April 2019

4N

Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 2 October 2018

D2 X F2 = D1 X F1

D1 AND D2 ARE THE DISTANCE OF EFFORT/FORCE FROM THE FULCRUM

F1 AND F2 ARE THE EFFORT AND LOAD

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Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 1 October 2014

1000

1000

his moment decreases and marcel goes down

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29
Cambridge Checkpoint Science Paper 2 October 2016 (Got answer)

because they both have the same effort and are the same distance away

mike moves down as his moment is now greater

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 balances again

anticlockwise force increases

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 wax and ice because
water is more denser
tham them

lead because copper is denser which means it has more particles in

an area

8cm^3
2.6 cm/g^3

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REVISION

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