Project Abstract

Seminar Title : Green Manufacturing

Supervisor : Mr. Yashvin Gupta
Sub-supervisor : Mrs. Nidhi Mundra
Semester : VIth
Name of Student : Mahima Agarwal ID No: 13ME25

Abstract
Aim or objective of the seminar work:
The aim of this seminar is to study Green Manufacturing concepts and to provide a
comprehensive idea regarding its uses, effectiveness and applications.
Background of work:
With increase in literacy the understanding and concern for Mother Nature “Earth” is also
increasing. Now our attention is shifting towards effective utilization of resources, minimum
exploitation, waste management etc and this lead us to another motto that is “Don’t waste the
waste”. Green manufacturing is a concept based on this motto and this can be understood in two
ways such as “the manufacturing of green products” and “the manufacturing of product by using
clean technology and equipments of all kind”. Green manufacturing is not only beneficial for our
environment but being a businessman you can generate maximum benefit only if resources are
utilized to its full which is assured in green manufacturing.
Plan of work (Time Frame) :
Phase 1 : Literature review of Green Manufacturing (20/1/16 - 15/2/16)
Phase 2: Study of various concepts (15/2/16 – 1/3/16)
Phase 3: Evaluation of various concepts (2/3/16 – 16/3/16)
Phase 4: Development of framework for green manufacturing (17/3/16 onwards)

Mahima Agarwal Mrs. Nidhi Mundra Mr. Yashvin Guota

(13ME25) (Faculty) (Assistant Professor)

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 A

Seminar report

on

GREEN MANUFACTURING

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

of B. Tech. in Mechanical Engineering

Submitted By: Guided By:

Mahima Agarwal Yashvin Gupta
ID No. (13ME25 ) Assistant Professor

Submitted To
Head of Department, Mechanical Engineering

Government Mahila Engineering College, Ajmer

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar/Project entitled, GREEN MANUFACTURING
is submitted by MAHIMA AGARWAL ID No 13ME25 in partial fulfillment of
the requirement of Seminar embodies the work done by her under my supervision.

Signature of the Supervisor

Name : YASHVIN GUPTA
Designation : Assistant Professor
Date : 20/5/16

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my guide MR. YASHVIN

GUPTA and co-guide MRS. NIDHI MUNDRA under whose able guidance and
support I’ll be able to complete my seminar report.

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 CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: GREEN MANUFACTURING INTRODUCTION……………..…6
 Green Manufacturing Definition…………………………………..…6
 Difference between Green and Sustainable manufacturing…….......9
CHAPTER 2: EVOLUTION OF GREEN MANUFACTURING………………..11
CHAPTER 3: DRIVERS AND BARRIERS OF GREEN MANUFACTURING.14
 Drivers of Green Manufacturing……………………………………14
 Barriers to Green Manufacturing…………………………………..16
CHAPTER4: STRATEGIES OF GREEN MANUFACTURING……………....18
CHAPTER 5: GREEN MANUFACTURING APPLICATIONS……………….20
 Power Generation……………………………………………………..20
 Transportation…………………..…………………………………….22
 Manufacturing Steel………………………………………………….24

LIST OF TABLES
1. Definitions of Green Manufacturing………………………………………………………..7

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 CHAPTER 1
GREEN MANUFACTURING INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Humans are the creatures which thinks of a problem only when becomes out of control, the same
is true for environmental degradation. It was rightly said that “Nature has enough to satisfy
everyone’s need but not enough to satisfy even one’s greed.” In past few decades we have
exploited Earth with a rapid rate in order to earn profit and satisfy our greed. But nature can find
its own way of balancing and thus the climatic changes drive our attention toward nature and
from then humans have shown great efforts to understand and protect our mother nature
EARTH. Many concepts have been evolved since then such as sustainable development, green
manufacturing etc. this paper gives a clear understanding of Green Manufacturing and also show
that green manufacturing not only benefit environment but at the same time applying these
techniques will benefit an organization in whole.

GREEN MANUFACTURING DEFINITIONS

Currently, Green manufacturing is a method for manufacturing that minimizes waste and
pollution. These goals are often achieved through product and process design. There are various
definitions of Green Manufacturing given by various peoples time to time, these are summarized
as:

S.N AUTHOR DEFINITIONS

O
1. Melnyk and A system that integrates product and process design issues with
Smith issues of manufacturing planning and control in such a manner as to
(1996) identify, quantify, assess, and manage the flow of environmental
waste with the goal of reducing and ultimately minimizing
environmental impact while also trying to maximize resource
efficiency. [1]
2. Shiino (1999) The manufacturing aiming at the symbiosis with the global
environment. [1]

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3. Yang, Lu, An advanced manufacturing model to realize the Sustainable
Guo & Manufacturing of industries. [1]
Yamamoto
(2003)
4. Sangwan The intersection of product development and manufacturing practices
(2006) with environmental issues and concerns. [1]
5. Chien and A manufacturing mode designed to minimize the environmental impact
Shih (2007) in the manufacturing processes of products. [1]
6. Zhang and The application of sustainable science to the manufacturing industry.
Wang (2005) [1]
7. Liu, Chen, A modern manufacturing mode considering both the environmental
Kang, Ngai & impact and the resource consumption during the whole product life
Li (2005) cycle, from design, fabrication, packaging, transportation, usage,
recycling, to waste disposal, and its objective is to minimise the
negative environmental impacts and maximise the utilization rate of
resource, and harmonize optimization of economic benefit and social
benefit with the maximum integrated benefit. [1]
8. Liu, Yin, Cao The embodiment of the Sustainable Manufacturing strategy and the
& Yan (2005) cycle economy mode in modern manufacturing. [1]
9. Polcari (2007) Making a comprehensive commitment to environmentally benign
practices across the spectrum of the manufacturing process. [1]
10. Sutor (2007) Reducing or eliminating any negative impact on the environment by a
company’s facilities. [1]
11 Industrial The design and commercialization of processes and products that are
Engineer feasible and economical while minimizing pollution generation at the
(2007) source and risk to human health and the environment. [1]
12. He, Liu, Cao A modern manufacturing mode that takes into consideration resource
& Zhang consumption and the environmental impact
(2005) Sustainable production is creating goods by using processes and
Glavič and systems that are non-polluting, that conserve energy and natural
Lukman resources in economically viable, safe and healthy ways for employees,
(2007) communities, and consumers and which are socially and creatively
rewarding for all stakeholders for the short- and long-term future.[1]
13. Richard It is a method for manufacturing that minimizes waste and pollution. It
Cortellini slows the depletion of natural resources as well as lowering the
extensive amounts of trash that enter landfills. Its emphasis is on
reducing parts, rationalizing materials, and reusing components, to help
make products more efficient to build.[2]
14. Unknown Green Manufacturing Is A Strategic Priority.[2]
15. Unknown Manufacturing for Reuse.[2]
16. Unknown Design for Disassembly.[2]

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 Table1: Definitions of Green Manufacturing

From various definitions and the concepts being read the author gets an idea and concludes that
“Green Manufacturing is not just a terminology but a concept. Green manufacturing starts from
the stage of procurement of material and never ends, in all stages of manufacturing and use of
material, green manufacturing concept is applicable. Green manufacturing means performing
activity in such a way that it does not harm our environment and try to preserve it as much as
possible. This can be done by various methods such as ‘use of less raw-material, energy’, ‘less
production of scrap or wastage’, ‘use of cleaner fuel’, ‘ converting output to input’, ‘use of
environment friendly techniques such as use of jute bags instead of plastic bags.’ Thus anything
that makes process eco-friendly and efficient without compromising to nature is termed as Green
Manufacturing. ”

A general figure is given which shows the various areas covered by Green Manufacturing in an
industry or organization:

Figure1: Different areas of Green Manufacturing [4]

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Green Manufacturing and Sustainable Manufacturing
Though not clearly defined and thus there is a lot of confusion between terms Green
Manufacturing and Sustainable Manufacturing, in this section an attempt is made to differentiate
between the terms. Green manufacturing as defined already now we define Sustainable
Manufacturing.
Sustainable Manufacturing: Sustainability encompasses the simple principle of taking from the
earth only what it can provide indefinitely, thus leaving future generations no less than we have
access to ourselves.[3] Sustainability stands of three main pillars, these are:

Figure 2: Sustainability meaning [3]

Sustainable manufacturing has to know and control its impacts on society, environment, and
economy requirements, in order to minimize negative damage and ensure the best conditions for
future generations. The “triple bottom line” often substitutes these terms of social,
environmental, economic aspect with people, planet, and profit, respectively, being called “the
three Ps”.[3]

The difference between Sustainability and Green Manufacturing can be understood clearly by the

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diagram:

Figure 3 : Different approaches of sustainable management. [3]

It is clear from the figure that sustainable manufacturing is one in which we take care of
environment (i.e. plant) and society. This will further be indicated in this paper that if we aim
towards Green manufacturing than profit is inevitable part. Sustainable management is more
complex term which does not implement any activity until it provides profit to organization.
Example: Suppose of a condition in which bio-fuels are costlier than petrol, than as per green
manufacturing the use of bio-fuels is recommended as it benefits people as well as planet but as
per sustainability the use of petrol is still not recommended as the use of bio-fuels does not
provide organizational benefit.
With this there is clear distinction between Green Manufacturing and Sustainable Development,
Green Manufacturing can also be understood as a step towards Sustainable Development because
our ultimate goal is to achieve sustainable development but achieving triple bottom line is
extremely difficult but ideal and thus applying green manufacturing in an organization is first
and foremost step toward the development of Sustainable manufacturing.

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 CHAPTER 2
EVOLUTION OF GREEN MANUFACTURING

Evolution of research on Green manufacturing [1]

In 1900 concern about environment started growing and various approaches are being put
forward and within this it was difficult to plot exact evolution of term “Green Manufacturing”.
The thought of conserving environment, and significant studies in this filed has started in 1960’s
but the convincing literature on “Green Manufacturing” has been published in 1970’s, when the
green front began to coalesce and affect political thought (Saha & Darnton, 2005). The term is
first used in 1971 when radical environmental group Greenpeace was founded (Kurtz, 2007) was
formed. The group defines the term Green as taking actions to change attitudes and behaviors, to
conserve the environment and promote peace.
The first publication in the area of “Green Manufacturing” was found to be a report
commissioned by the Club of Rome (a global organizations campaigning on political issues) and
entitled “Limits to growth” (Meadows, Meadows, Randers & Behrens, 1972). The report is
focused on the dramatic consequences of rapidly growing world population and finite resource
supplies. This report further draws government and environmentalist’s attention towards the
depletion of resources and population growth, since then various studies are put forward. In last
few decades concern about environment is evident not only government but general people are
now concerned with the problems and thus their is a rapid evolution which can be understood
with the help of a plot below:

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 Figure 4: Evolution of Green Manufacturing view [1]

Traditionally the term Green Manufacturing was not well defined and it was understood as
pollution prevention and pollution control technologies. In 1970’s, pollution prevention is based
on “End of Pipe” strategy (this Strategy was discussed in 5 th chapter of this report) which
emphasis on proper disposal and treatment of waste once it has been generated (e.g. external
recycling, treatment, recovery) (Dills & Stone 2007; Hart, 1997; Rusinko, 2007; Sangwan, 2006;
Sarkis & Cordeiro, 2001; Vachon, 2007) in order to protect environment.

In 1980’s our attention has shifted from End of Pipe Strategy to Pollution Prevention strategy
(Hart, 1995) (Pollution prevention Strategy was discussed in 5 th chapter of this report). This
Technology is also known as “clean technologies” and these are more proactive as they aim to
eliminate pollution, scrap and at the same time make efficient use of energy as well as resources.
( .g. process and equipment modification, facilities retrofitting, material substitution,
modularisation) (Chiang & Tseng, 2005; Mohanty & Deshmukh, 1998; Porter & van der Linde,
1995; Rusinko, 2007; Sangwan, 2006; Sarkis & Cordeiro, 2001; Seliger & Zettl, 2008; Vachon,
2007). Applying this strategy is like a big investment because it is costly but in long term it was
found to be beneficial. (Hart, 1995; Preuss, 2001; Sarkis & Cordeiro, 2001).

The distinction between pollution control and pollution prevention then blurred during the 1990s,
when aspects of both pollution control and pollution prevention were then re-integrated (Vachon,
2007). In practice, this included efforts to evaluate the environmental impact during investment

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decisions (as required for environmental certifications, e.g. ISO 14001 or EMAS), as well as
operating procedures which limit or reduce the negative impact of production processes on the
natural environment (e.g. inventory management, production scheduling, employee training)
(Hart, 1997; Kleindorfer et al., 2005; Saha & Darnton, 2005; Tibert, 2008).

In 1990’s the understanding of the concept is increasing and a new concept product stewardship
was introduces which leads to more deeper and inclusive approach towards Green
manufacturing. Now, the environmental perspective is extended beyond manufacturing and
operations, and includes minimizing the environmental burden associated with every aspect the
product’s lifecycle, from design, to manufacture and use, right through recycling (Hart, 1997;
Richards, 1994; Rusinko, 2007; Seliger, Kim et al., 2008; Seuring, 2004). And thus many new
techniques were introduced such as Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) (Hart, 1995; Lee, 2008;
Srivastava, 2007), Design For the Environment (DFE) (Hart, 1995, 1997; Stead & Stead, 2000),
Green Supply Chain Management (GrSCM) (Hart, 1995; Corbett & Klassen, 2006; Lee &
Klassen, 2008; Srivastava, 2007; Beamon, 2008).

Further the concept of industrial ecology (Ayres & Ayres, 2002; Frosch & Gallopoulos, 1989;
Graedel, 1994) was introduced which separates ecosphere (associated with the natural
environment) and technosphere (associated with the industrial cycle) and argues for the
minimization of waste moving from technosphere to ecosphere. In addition, recent years have
seen the product stewardship perspective to also incorporate strategies for enhancing the
productivity of the use phase, such as service-oriented business models (i.e. selling product
functionalities instead of products (Baines et al., 2007; Mont, 2000) or techniques for extending
the life span (e.g. preventive maintenance, realization of multiple use phases (Seliger, Kim et al.,
2008).

Similarly, during mid 1990’s many production companies have shifted their focus towards
sustainability (Kleindorfer et al., 2005; Saha & Darnton, 2005; Stead & Stead, 2000). As defined
earlier sustainability is concept which says give the future generation what you get and thus it
leads to the needful and efficient utilization of the resources such that these resources will be
enough to fulfill future requirements. Hart (1995, 1997) before others (Stead & Stead, 2000)
found that both the concept of pollution prevention and production stewardship can support the
vision of sustainability, yet they have to be consciously directed towards improving
competitiveness of delivering environmental performance (Rusinko, 2007). Understanding need
of the hour various standards have been evolved to reinforce this linkage; ISO 9001 focused on
product quality and waste minimization, ISO 14000 specifically formed to check the impact of
process or material on environment and OHSAS18000 promotes safer, healthier and
environmentally friendly working environments
Overall, we have summaries this progression of “green production” as follows:
Finding: Intensive research on green production was initiated during the 1970s, largely with a
focus on avoiding unresponsive dispersion of pollutants and wastes, evolving to emphasize clean
production processes during the 1980s, then subsequently into a broader concept incorporating
product stewardship and sustainability in the 1990s and most recently post 2000 into use
productivity.

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 CHAPTER 3
DRIVERS AND BARRIERS OF GREEN MANUFACTURING

Driving forces of Green Manufacturing [3, 4]

Green manufacturing is a promising tool for increasing plant efficiency and benefits of planet,
but at the same time applying green manufacturing in an industry is a big investment initially and
thus companies are not much interested in making their companies green. There are various
driving forces due to which companies are moving towards green manufacturing, these are:
 GOVERNMENT PRESSURE (i.e. Regulations, Penalties and Tax Benefits): This
can be visualized by terms like regulations, as well as penalties, tax benefits or
sponsorships are main drivers. One of the highest impacts is caused by the generally
increasing energy costs which lead to an overall rethinking and new approaches. Other
than this there are many policies and quality standards which led to application of green
manufacturing in an organization these are:
 ISO14000
 EURO standards for emission control and BS (Bharat Stage) standards for
INDIA.
 IPCC
 CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT:
Improve constantly and forever.
-- One of DEMING’s 14 points.
Continuous improvement leads to better quality, industrial environment and greater
profits thus continuous improvement has become an inevitable part of organization.
Green manufacturing also supports the same ideology.
 COMPETITION: Another driver is the competitive advantages that a company is able
to obtain in the market through implementation of sustainable manufacturing strategies.
The main indicator therefore is the consumer himself. Due to the public’s awareness and
concerns, implementing green manufacturing principles can enhance a company’s image
in the society and also can generate higher revenues, and increase market share, as a
consequence. Though long term but if implemented Green Manufacturing tactfully in the

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 industry there is always gain in productivity either by decreasing scrap, input raw
material, energy or by having better working conditions which will benefit the
organization. Thus there is always competitive benefit of applying Green Manufacturing
in long term.[9]
 PRESSURE FROM CUSTOMBERS/ SOCIETY AND CONSUMERS: Satisfying
consumer in all prospective is the main goal of company, this is because customer is the
one which builds a company by purchasing its goods and services. Now as customer has
become more aware of environmental consequences and thus including green
manufacturing techniques helps satisfy customers.
 SCARCITY OF RESOURCES AND ITS RISK: Infinite economic growth cannot be
performed in a finite world, but humans have been quite smart at finding solutions for the
problem of scarcity in natural resources. Many manufacturing companies are faced with
problems concerning the acquisition of raw materials. Next to fossil fuels, as a classic,
some of the recent issues are related to metals, uranium, noble earths, and also fresh
water. Faced with the scarcity and the coexisting price pressure, the gap for new
technologies and industries came up, dealing with the recycling of materials and
alternative, more environmentally friendly mining technologies.
 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES: to apply Green manufacturing in an
organization there is need of technical advance machineries which also increase
company’s technical status and increase productivity due to increase efficiency of new
and advanced machineries.
 COMPETITIVE DIFFERENTIATION: Green manufacturing also brings
competitive differentiation to an organization this is particularly aimed by first or new
movers (those organizations which are able to break ice between short term higher cost
and other benefits).

Green has moved from being perceived as a ‘necessary evil’ to being seen as ‘good business’.
Companies that undertake Green initiatives stand to be advantaged on brand enhancement,
Political traction and regulatory compliance, greater ability to attract and retain talent, enhanced
customer retention and potential cost savings. However, these benefits require a long term

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commitment and making tradeoffs against short term objectives, as the economics of Green
manufacturing are not well understood yet.

BARRIERS TO GREEN MANUFACTURING [3] :

Green Manufacturing is driven by a number of positive factors, though the manufacturing
industry is still faced with some barriers hindering “green” applications to be implemented into
practice. The various barriers are:
 RISK OF BUSINESS: As in every business there is a basic risk to the implementation
and success of Green Manufacturing practices. The recent change in the overall thinking,
as well as the recent trend of “greener” products does not promise to maintain consistent
success over a long period of time. Unforeseeable cultural or social events, like wars for
example, can tremendously change the demands and needs of a country’s civilization.
But facing the current economic trend, a decrease of interest in sustainable manufacturing
is not expected to happen.
 TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT PRESSURE: Staying on the top of the
business in most cases means to be the technological leader, or to be at least at the state
of the art. Since green business is here to stay, keeping ahead of the competitors in green
technologies and strategies can be very challenging, both from a managerial and financial
point of view. The natural selection takes place like in every free market situation and
further shows that a specialization into certain technologies or products and systems is
the current trend for businesses over the globe. Moreover, competition is one of the main
drivers for prices; the lower the prices are, the more people will buy the product. There
will be businesses failing off or miss to jump the train for progress to maintain
competitive. Hence, every company has to keep an eye on the three pillars of sustainable
manufacturing.
 COMPLEXITY: Applying green manufacturing concepts is not a easy job as it require
the analysis of all the processes within organization and thus applying green
manufacturing significantly include the total management support, skilled technicians etc.
 LACK OF TOP MANAGEMENT COMISSION: Leadership is one of the most
important drivers for a green approach to manufacturing, but top management positions,
like others, contain a certain amount of subjectivity in decision making. Top management

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 thinking is generally profit oriented and thus satisfying top management with green
manufacturing concepts is a tedious work and requires a lot of analysis which is again
complex and time consuming.
 HIGH INVESTMENT COST: Sometimes we know about the concept and we knew the
benefits but still the investment cost is so high that applying that concept is not possible
for an organization.
 LACK OF VISION AND KNOWLEDGE: As green manufacturing provides profit in
long term thus a vision is necessary and a clear picture of concept is required which is
lacking in most of conditions. Even if CEO is equipped with the conceptual knowledge,
the transfer of knowledge down line (i.e. from management to workers) requires a great
commitment of management.

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 CHAPTER 4:
STRATEGIES OF GREEN MANUFACTURING
Application of green manufacturing in an organization is a complex process and thus its
application is divided in various strategies to provide easy implementation of the concept in an
organization. These strategies are divided as:[9]
 POLLUTION PREVENTION
 END-OF-PIPE CONTROL
 ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION
Discussing each of the strategy in detail as under,
 POLLUTION PREVENTION: This is first and foremost step; in this we try to
control operating parameters (i.e. use of less energy and material) in such a way to reduce
output pollution. This step is implemented when process is running. It is an effective
“retrofitting” technique when existing technique (i.e. process, equipments) needs to be
improved.
 END-OF-PIPE CONTROL: This technique can also be understood as second step of
Green manufacturing this is because it is used when it is not easy to operate “Pollution
prevention” technique due to some constraints. In this step waste is treated after it has
been generated from system but before disposing the waste to environment. Some
techniques are recycling, collection, waste treatment etc. This is also termed as a
retrofitting technique for existing equipment or processes.
 ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION: In this strategy steps are taken to
remediate environmental damage after the emissions/waste have been generated and
released into the environment. This is the last stage as in this we are trying to remediate
damage which has already been done. Various areas of restoration are land releases,
water treatment, airborne emissions etc.

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 Figure: Various strategies of Green manufacturing
From the figure it is clear that as we move from Pollution prevention to Environmental
restoration, control costs increases and control effectiveness decreases. This shows the best
strategy for the control is the design optimization in production phase that is pollution prevention
and the least suitable strategy with respect to both control effectiveness and cost is
Environmental restoration and thus whenever possible we should go for 1st and 2nd strategy.

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 CHAPTER 5:
GREEN MANUFACTURING APPLICATIONS

MAIN AREARS OF GREEN MANUFACTURING [4]:

The application of green manufacturing covers a wide range but still there are some specific
areas where these concepts have become a mandatory part because of its environmental effects,
this can be understood clearly with the help of diagram:

Figure 6: Carbon emission by various sectors [4]

The figure indicates that the 70-80% of world’s CO 2 emission could be controlled by controlling
3 sectors namely power generation, transportation and manufacturing sector and thus if we take
significant steps to control pollution in these sectors than there is a great reduction in CO 2
emission which is the need of the hour. All three sectors are discussed in details further.

 POWER GENERATION:
The Stone Age didn’t end because we ran out of stones
-by Sheikh Yamani, former OPEC oil minister
Today our energy consumption is about 104,426 TWh in 2012 [6] , the
most of consumption is in the form of electricity and for generation of electricity the most

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used resources for electricity generation is coal and petroleum. As per bp statistics 2015,
the current oil reserves can meet global production upto 52.5 years [7], if taking other
sources of energy such as coal and other potential discoveries of reserves we can run
hundreds of years based on coal and petroleum. But as correctly said that “the stone’s age
didn’t end because we run out of stones” the similar is the case here we are moving
towards other sources of energy not only because we are running out of resources though
this is one of the cause but the main parameter is Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. In
sector of power generation, many changes have been made in last few decades and our
attention has been shifted to renewable forms of energy such as wind, solar, tidal etc and
those which are environment friendly such as nuclear energy.

Figure7: world energy consumption in 2014 [7]

The figure shows that the leading players are still coal and petroleum but the other
sources of energy have also been significantly developed and account of almost 1/3 rd
energy consumption. Developments are still taking place day by day and we are trying to
develop non-renewable. Green manufacturing leads us to the development of eco-friendly
energy sources but these sources cannot be used until these are cost competitive with
other energy sources. Consider the figure:

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 Figure 8: Green energy can be cost competitive with conventional sources [4]

The figure above shows some of technologies like water, wind, biomass are presently
cost competitive with non-renewable sources of energy while some others like solar
energy is still going through extensive research in order to reduce investment and
compete with other sources of energy.

 TRANSPORTATION: [8] this sector has always been concern for government and
other, organization due to various reasons such as high fuel prices, very high no. of on
road vehicles, continuously increasing demand, pollution (i.e. CO2 , NOX, SO2
emissions). Thus sector is responsible for producing almost 20% of the total pollution and
thus it is being a major sector where Green manufacturing has evolved. In last few
decades automotive industries are investing heavily on research in this sector. In last few
years many new options in terms of fuel, engine design, and convertors has been put
forward.
Taking about fuel our attention from petrol is shifted because of high oil prices and
pollution caused by burning of fuel. Recent development includes use of bio-fuels and
its blends instead of petrol alone. Other fuels such as various oils, alcohol blends have

22
 also been tried and researched but none of them is found to be much promising and
competitive within long term when current development is considered.
Improving one component can be a part but not the process itself. With this thought in
view researchers are thinking of all possibilities and thus have studied various areas
such as engine design, convertor design, ignition timing, injection process etc. talking
about engine design many new engines are put forward such as hybrid engines(using
both electricity and liquid fuel), CRDI, ECU controlled systems etc.

Consider the figure:

Figure 9: Alternative propulsion to achieve over 12% share by 2020 [4]

The figure shows the percentage of different vehicle engine technologies in 2020 by
adopting three different phases of adoption. The figure indicates that in case of
accelerated adoption there is great amount of reduction in diesel and petrol use and
dependence of other technologies is more while in slowdown adoption the use of

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 petrol and diesel is still significant and development of other technologies have been
overlooked.

 MANUFACTURING STEEL: Steel is an energy–and–emissions–intensive

industry, relying heavily on fossil fuels. According to the International Energy
Agency, the iron and steel industries account for close to 20 percent of all energy
consumed by industries worldwide and about 30 percent of the world’s direct
industrial CO2 emissions (refer figure). For many steelmakers, adopting Green is no
longer merely an option, but an imperative. Regulators are tightening controls and
raising fines on GHG emissions and waste disposal. Meanwhile, investors prefer
companies that are managed for environmental sustainability.

Figure 10: Iron and Steel industry account for 30% CO2 emission [4]

Energy cost accounts for a large share of the cost of production of steel — more than
one–third for an integrated steel plant. Energy intensity, measured in gigajoule per tonne
of steel, can vary widely for different plants – the most energy efficient plants can have
less than 50 percent energy intensity compared to their inefficient counterparts. Rising

24
 energy prices have changed the competitive positioning of many industry players [10].
For example, Russian and Chinese steel producers who are less energy efficient, or who
lack access to low cost energy, have been severely impacted by the increase in fuel
prices. By contrast, in the same period, Indian players have gained from their coal
linkages and Government–controlled prices of natural gas.
The challenge of maintaining competitiveness in face of rising fuel prices coupled with
tightening environmental regulations makes it imperative that steelmakers improve their
operations by both decreasing their energy intensity, and reducing environmental
pollution.

CONCLUSION
From the report author concludes that now the understanding of green manufacturing is
developed though the definition of term is still confusing due to various definitions given by
different authors in different literatures. Also now various firms are adopting green
manufacturing as the part of their everyday activity due to various constraints by government and
foreign partners and it was found to be benefiting their organization. Though many groups have
adopted green manufacturing but still in Indian context there is lack of subject knowledge and
vision and thus many Indian industrialists are still avoiding the use of green manufacturing and
thus a clear picture still needs to be framed among various industrialists. It was also seen that
some industries like automobile, power generation etc are more affected than other industries and
thus the growth of concept is not uniform. It was also found that presently the concept
knowledge in Indian scenario is not much but the knowledge is continuously evolving and had a
great potential in upcoming years.

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LIST OF FIGURES
1. Different areas of Green Manufacturing………………………………………………………..8
2. Sustainability Meaning……………………………………………………………………..…..9
3. Different approaches of sustainable management………………………………………….....10
4. Evolution of Green Manufacturing……………………………………………………………12
5. Various strategies of Green Manufacturing…………………………………………………..19
6. Carbon emission by various sectors………………………………………………………….20
7. World energy consumption 2014…………………………………………………………….21
8. Green energy can be cost competitive with conventional sources…………………………...22
9. Alternative propulsion to achieve over 12% share by 2020………………………………....23
10. Iron and Steel industry account for 30% CO2 emission…………….………………………24

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REFERENCES:
[1] Tim Baines, Steve Brown, Ornella Bedenettini, Peter Ball, ‘ Examining green production and its role within the

competitive strategy of manufacturers’, 1Aston Business School, 2University of Exeter Business School, 3Institute

for Manufacturing, University of Cambridge, 4Cranfield University (UNITED KINGDOM), March 2012.

[2] Page 21 case studies “Green Manufacturing Survey of Literature & Cases”.

[3] David Eibel, ‘Green Manufacturing: An essential success factor in a globalized world’, Grand Valley State
University Michigan – USA.

[4] Arindam Bhattacharya, Rahul Jain, Amar Choudhary, ‘Green Manufacturing: Energy, Products and Processes’,
BCG, March 2011.

[5] Ahmed M. Deif, ‘ A SYSTEM MODEL FOR GREEN MANUFACTURING’, Industrial Systems Engineering –
University of Regina Regina, SK, Canada, ISSN 1854-6250.

[6] http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/IEA 2015.

[7] BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 64th edition, 2015.

[8] V Ganesha, “ Internal Combustion Engine”.

[9] David A. Dornfeld, “Green Manufacturing Fundamentals and Applications”, Laboratory for Manufacturing and
Sustainability (LMAS) University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.

[10] BCG report on sustainable steel manufacturing: "Sustainable Steelmaking".

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