SOUTHWAY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

(SOCOTECH)
San Francisco, Agusan del Sur, Philippines
Telefax: (085) 839-4476/1170
www.socotech.edu.ph

DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY
GENERAL EDUCATION AREA

Course Code : GE4 / GEN-MMW

Course Title : MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Class Schedule : 21314, 22252, 22306, 22243, 22261, 22406
Room No. : N/A
Professor : Ms. RIZZA E. ACDAL
E-mail Address : rizza.acdal@deped.gov.ph
Consultation Hours :

MODULE 4
STATISTICS AND DATA

LESSON NO. 5

LESSON TITLE Presentation and Interpretation of Data

DURATION/HOURS 3 hours
Specific Learning During the learning engagements, the students are expected to:
Outcomes: 1. construct a frequency distribution table;
2. identify and utilize different graphs;
3. describe and interpret the data found in graphs; and
4. appreciate the importance of tables and graphs in presenting
data.
Introduction
Tables and graphs are the best ways to present data. Aside from being visually pleasant,
they help to impart relevant information. Types of data are also to be considered when
constructing tables and graphs in presenting data.

Activity
The title of this activity is "Stop, Listen, Draw". Two individuals will work as a pair. One
will describe his/her trip going home from school while the other will draw the diagram based
on the description.

Anaysis (Communication)

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Data in its raw form can be arranged and organized into tables and graphs. A frequency
distribution table is an arrangement of raw data into class intervals and frequency. The following
are examples of a frequency distribution table:
Table 1 shows the distribution of 50 individuals according to their educational
attainment. It can be noted that the data has ordinal level of measurement. Table 2 shows
the distribution of 20 individuals according to the number of hours spent studying. The
data presented in Table 2 is quantitative ratio level of measurement

Construction of a frequency distribution depends on what level of measurement the

data has. The frequency distribution table for Table 1 was done by counting how many
observations belong to a certain category. Since Table 2 shows quantitative ratio level of
measurement, the procedure is different.
To construct a frequency distribution for data having ratio or interval level of
measurement, consider the following example and follow the steps:
Data below are the minutes spent answering a 60-item exam by 40 Students. Make a
frequency distribution table with 6 class intervals.

STEP 1. Determine the lowest and highest values and calculate for the range. The range is
the difference between the lowest and highest values.
Range = highest value - lowest value = 90 — 55 = 35
STEP 2. Calculate the class width by getting the ratio of the range and the number of class
intervals. Round-up the obtained value.

5.83 = 6

STEP 3. Start the frequency distribution table with the lowest value and add the class
width repeatedly to obtain the lower limits of the class intervals.

use and add 7 in

determining
lower limits

STEP 4. Since class intervals cannot overlap, obtain the upper limits of each class
intervals.
STEP 5. Count how many of the values fall within each of the class intervals.

Graphs are also used to present data. They give more information than tables which
can help to clarify some uncertainties about the data. Again, types of data are important
considerations when using graphs to present data.

BAR GRAPHS
Bar graphs and pie charts are the most notable graphs when presenting nominal data.
Describing frequency is the main objective of bar graphs.

Based on the bar chart presented, there are more males than females.

PIE CHARTS
Pie charts are circular in nature. They are divided into sections to show relative
frequency.

The pie chart shows that green is the most frequent color by 15 out of 50.

There are also graphs for quantitative data. These graphs are the histogram, stem-
and-leaf plots and box and whisker plot.

HISTOGRAM
A histogram is a graph that consists of vertical, rectangular bars which represent the
frequency of ranges of values. The rectangular bars have no gaps between them.
A histogram is the graphical representation of a frequency distribution table. To construct
a histogram, consider the frequency distribution table below:
STEP 1. Allot one column for the lower class boundaries and upperclass boundaries. The
class boundaries are also called real class limits. The lower class boundaries are obtained
by subtracting 0.5 from the lower class limits. The upper class boundaries are obtained by
adding 0.5 to the upper class limit.

STEP 2. The x-axis shows the class boundaries while the y-axis shows the frequency.

STEM-AND-LEAF PLOT
A stem-and-leaf plot is another visual representation of quantitative data. Data is
divided into two parts: "stem" and "leaf." The stem is the first digit or digits while the leaf
is the last digit of a value. An example of a stem-and-leaf plot is shown below:

Original data can be obtained from the stem and leaf plot. They are 06, 08, 09, 10, 14,
15, 16, 18, 18, 19, 19, 22, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30, and 35.
A stem — and — leaf plot is used when the distribution is symmetric.
 BOX-AND-WHISKER PLOT
Box-and-whisker plot is also a graphical representation of quantitative data.
It contains the minimum, median, maximum, lower quartile, and upper quartile. These
values are known as the five-number summary. The box-and-whisker plot is best used when data
has extreme values. An illustration of a box-and-whisker Plot is shown below.

Abstraction (Critical Thinking)

Application (Creativity)
A. Consider the total length of time to eat lunch by 40 employees of XaS Company:

B. Handwashing is an important habit that everyone should have. For one, it reduces the
likelihood of obtaining diseases. In a busy restaurant, 30 people were surveyed to
determine the prevalence of handwashing. Y — washed hands, N — did not wash
hands.
 C. Consider the histogram below:

D. The data below shows the monthly (October 2018 consumption of a particular
household in Manila.

Summary
Graphs and tables are important not only to display sets of data but also for readers to
easily understand what the data is all about. They clearly show how data is visualized. The
types of data are also to be considered.

Chapter Summary
There are many important concepts needed to understand numerous amounts of data.
Qualitative data deals with categories or attributes while quantitative data are numerical data.
Quantitative data can be discrete or continuous. Discrete data is obtained by counting while
continuous data is obtained by measuring.
Classification of data includes levels of measurements of data. They are nominal,
ordinal, interval and ratio levels of measurements of data. Nominal and ordinal data classifies
and ranks qualitative data, respectively, while interval and ratio data deal with quantitative
data.
Measures of central tendency is a single value that describes the center of a
distribution. They are the mean, median, and mode. Measures of dispersion is a single value
that describes the spread of a distribution. They are the range, interquartile range, variance,
and standard deviation.
Using both measures of central tendency and dispersion determines whether a
distribution is symmetric or asymmetric.
Presentation of data involves tables and graphs. These graphs can be used to analyze
and interpret qualitative and quantitative data. For qualitative data, the graphs
 to use are bar graph and pie graph. A frequency distribution table is used to present
quantitative data. Histograms, stem-and-leaf plot and box-and-whisker plot are also used to
visually represent quantitative data.
Adopted from:
A Course Module for Mathematics in the Modern World by Esmeralda A. Manlulu &
Liza Marie M. Hipolito