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Benefits of
Exploring the benefits of cloud cloud
computing for sustainable computing

construction in Nigeria
Ayodeji Emmanuel Oke 973
Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal University of Technology Akure,
Akure, Nigeria Received 8 April 2021
Revised 15 June 2021
28 June 2021
Ahmed Farouk Kineber Accepted 17 July 2021
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Technologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
Ibraheem Al-Bukhari
Department of Islamic Architecture, College of Engineering and Islamic
Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, and
Ibukun Famakin and Chukwuma Kingsley
Department of Quantity Surveying,
Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria

Abstract
Purpose – Cloud computing is one of the digitalization principles used in some sectors like banking, health
and construction industry. This paper aims to examine the benefits of applying cloud computing for
construction sustainability in Nigeria.
Design/methodology/approach – The cloud computing benefits-related data were retrieved from
previous studies and complemented with a questionnaire survey to obtain data from stakeholders involved in
the execution of construction projects in Lagos State, Nigeria, through a convenient sampling technique. In
addition, the relative importance index (RII) technique was used to investigate the acquired data. At the same
time, analysis was accomplished using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Findings indicated that numerous
benefits could be derived by adopting cloud computing in the Nigerian construction industry.
Findings – The findings from RII analysis showed the significant benefits of data storage ubiquity (i.e.
location independence), high situational awareness, team collaboration, compatibility with advanced
production facilities and improved project planning. Furthermore, the analysis of these benefits was
conducted using EFA for the four construction maxims: construction productivity, back-office activities,
design management and billing.
Originality/value – This research illustrated the benefits of cloud computing in achieving a successful
construction project. Besides, these findings are not only useful for achieving sustainable construction in
Nigeria but also applicable to many developing countries.
Keywords Innovation, Technology management, Cloud computing, EFA, Project success,
Information communication technology, Fourth industrial revolution, Sustainable construction
Paper type Technical paper
Journal of Engineering, Design
and Technology
1. Introduction Vol. 21 No. 4, 2023
pp. 973-990
Construction is an essential area of specialization that contributes immensely to the living © Emerald Publishing Limited
1726-0531
standards of people. It requires a vast number of interrelated operations and materials in the DOI 10.1108/JEDT-04-2021-0189
JEDT construction process. However, construction activities are greatly influenced by culture,
21,4 economy and environment. For instance, more than 40% of the global electricity supply and
about 30% of greenhouse emissions are ascribed to construction activities (Sbci, 2009). In
Europe and the USA, about 40% of the overall power generated is consumed by the
construction industry (DoE, 2008; Atanasiu and Attia, 2011). In developing nations, the
construction industry provides infrastructural and developmental facilities. However,
974 several policymakers in developing African nations have sought to diversify their resources
by spending on infrastructure and manufacturing industries (Soliman, 2014). As a result, the
demand for African developing countries differs from industrialized countries regarding
climate and other environmental considerations. Despite this, the construction industry in
these nations requires significant improvement, owing to a lack of capability to meet
international quality standards (Kineber et al., 2021). Despite its vast consumption of power
supply and associated impact on the environment, research studies have shown that
sustainability can be achieved in the construction sector (Kineber, 2020).
Sustainability is a concept through which current concerns, such as environmental
impact, can be assuaged without reducing the developmental opportunities of future
generations (Brundtland et al., 1987). Kibert (1994) suggests that a sustainable ecosystem
derived from ecological principles and minimization of energy use is required to achieve
sustainable construction. Some researchers have shown the high competitiveness in the
construction sector, its high data intensity and strong collaboration on data processing and
sharing throughout the lifespan of buildings, which are its primary concerns (Beach et al.,
2013). In addition, the interdisciplinary nature of the construction industry facilitates the
coming together of several professionals, from the architects to the surveyors, as well as
engineers (structural, mechanical and electrical). With the use of technologies, such as cloud
computing, construction stakeholders can achieve more success of sustainable work
through information dissemination and coordination. Consequently, Ahuja et al. (2009) opine
that organized contact knowledge enables the integration of various project phases.
Therefore, accessible internet or joint access to databases boosts data disclosure and fast
circulation of information among stakeholders. Hence, leveraging on technologies,
construction partners to plan, implement and integrate technology solutions becomes
necessary.
Furthermore, the data obtained by Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices can be processed in
real-time by cloud-based data centres to provide essential customer information and
actionable advice (Ganesan et al., 2020). Therefore, the developmental techniques attributed
to cloud computing and their constructional effects on the sector must be considered (Zainon
et al., 2011). Consequently, various ways of harnessing these technologies towards realizing
sustainable growth need to be explored, and at the same time, fragmentation of existing data
must be discouraged to realize sustainability (Oke, 2021).
Therefore, a construction firm may abandon a project before or after the project’s
progression if sustainability concerns are in doubt (Hill and Bowen, 1997). Furthermore,
Wolstenholme et al. (2009), recommend the modernization of the building industry through
adopting effective digital, novel and sustainable construction activities. It is equally
important to continually monitor the construction process to ensure that each stage complies
with sustainable environmental practices. To this end, cloud computing, which offers the
ability to access resources via the internet remotely, may be a viable technology for
attaining sustainability in the building industry. Besides, cloud computing has also
contributed to enhancing the sustainability of global economic activities by converting them
into multi-faceted, sustainable activities (Oke, 2021). Other advantages of cloud computing
include its pay-per-use framework, flexibility and scalability. In the same vein, cloud
computing can also be used to enhance the performance metrics of construction projects Benefits of
(Yaseen et al., 2020). cloud
Furthermore, cloud computing enables several users to access computing facilities
(Pankowska et al., 2020). Cloud computing’s storage and delivery services have considerably computing
proven to be effective in decreasing the costs of operational activities (Broberg et al., 2008).
As a result, it has become a valid option in the present global economic crisis posed by
COVID-19 to sustain the quality of services provided by banks (Mircea, 2010). Additionally,
cloud computing provides valuable insights for enhancing decision-making owing to its 975
capability to process large amounts of data generated by IoT devices through high-
performance computing tools (Ganesan et al., 2020).
Tehrani and Shirazi (2014) submit that cloud computing is an innovative tool capable of
assisting small- to medium-sized companies to address many productivity challenges,
including expense, risk management and the poor storage supply of the majority of CC
systems. Therefore, servers must work against the clock. Otherwise, measurement, delivery
costs, infrastructure build-up, application hosting and information storage will be a severe
challenge.
While the importance of cloud computing implementation is still very high, limited
implementation of this valuable tool has been observed. According to a survey conducted by
Tata Consultancy Services (TCS, 2012), the level of implementation of cloud services is 19%
in the USA, 12% in Europe, 28% in Asia-Pacific and 39% in Latin America. In addition,
previous studies have addressed cloud computing in several countries, but few efforts have
been made to assess the application of cloud computing in the construction sector of
developing countries (Oke, 2021). Thus, this research is aimed at assessing the
implementation benefits of cloud computing. However, Kim (2009) states that users have
expressed concerns owing to the introduction of cloud computing, especially in security,
interoperability, availability, safety and stability, assistance and enforcement. In general,
only cloud computing companies are saddled with the responsibility of regulating these
services. These concerns are only raised in direct contact situations, such as on-site
equipment and software. Cloud computing companies may sometimes conceal these
shortcomings until users lose control of their data, applications and technological capacities.
This research, therefore, examines the benefits of the application of cloud computing as a
novel strategy for sustainable construction in Nigeria. The outcomes of this study will help
in developing robust construction management processes in Nigeria. These results are also
valuable to even some developed countries. The sections of this research include a thorough
literature review, discussion of the various methods and procedures for data analysis,
presentation and discussion of results and a conclusion section, where recommendations are
also given.

2. Cloud computing implementation benefits for sustainable construction

Different research studies have examined the issues of sustainability (Oke et al., 2015). It is
also clear that many corporate entities have prioritized sustainability and continually evolve
strategies to achieve this aim (Aarseth et al., 2017). Consequently, societal and
environmental aspects must be balanced with the economic aspect (Martens and Carvalho,
2017; Oke et al., 2015). As the building industry continues to move towards sustainability,
there have been concerted efforts to adapt the existing working environments to realize this
goal (Abidin and Pasquire, 2007). Furthermore, the industry is also saddled with corporate
and social responsibility ethics. Thus, combining this responsibility with sustainable
development requires the utilization of cloud computing technologies. This strategy is in
tandem with the opinion of Abedi (2013), which suggests that the use of cloud computing
JEDT technologies in building projects will help identify suitable partners and ensure maximum
21,4 collaboration among users.
Additionally, cloud computing facilitates the opportunity of collaborating remotely,
generating and storing development data through cloud networks in real-time. For instance,
many internet-enabled devices, including personal digital assistants, computers and
smartphones, can be deployed to collect real-time on-site information. In recent times, this
976 ability is exemplified in the deployment of smartphone applications to monitor the
developmental plan of plants and equipment by uploading the plan onto a computer
program, such as a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Site workers can then use their mobile
phones to input the percentage of each task accomplished and ensure that the plan can
be appraised remotely. Again, more benefits of adopting cloud computing technologies
enable individuals to access a required service according to their needs. Compared to other
conventional computing services, cloud computing technologies are characterized by
ubiquity as long as users can access the shared network (Tehrani and Shirazi, 2014).
Cloud computing services are used in a variety of applications, including genomic
data processing, teaching and learning, services for small- and medium-sized businesses,
e-learning methods, augmented reality, manufacturing, emergency recovery, smart cities
and others areas such as remote forensics, hospitality business, e-government and human
resource administration, and the Internet of Cars (Sadeeq et al., 2020). In recent decades,
cloud computing has grown internationally and rapidly (Haji et al., 2020). When these
features are harnessed, they can be spectacular. Moreover, they are both unique and vital to
one another (Hosseinian-Far et al., 2018).
Therefore, researchers are currently exploring how cloud computing coordination can be
used to build and amass data that will add value to cloud computing capability power.
Figure 1, adapted from Sadeeq et al. (2021), illustrates the computing system, the
application, network and sensor layers dynamics.
Through visualization protocols, objects capable of reading and collecting data via
multiple systems are shown. This knowledge might be processed on the cloud to ease the
processing overload (Ren et al., 2017). For example, the application layer may detect the
surroundings and concurrently submit queries to the cloud to process and get sensor data
(Aazam et al., 2014). Reposting information of objects through the data acquired from the
sensor layer, and hence, scheduling data analysis for subsequent operations (Gravina et al.,
2017).
Consequently, cloud computing helps business organizations to concentrate primarily on
their core market and innovation. All the money, time and commitment that would have
been dedicated to the IT section of a company may currently be deployed for other profitable
ventures. Thus, it allows companies to use their valuable and scarce resources to improve
their products and services (Tehrani and Shirazi, 2014). Afolabi (2017) also claims that cloud
computing allows companies to focus on their core operations by saving resources to

Application Layer
Cloud/servers

Network Layer
Routers and gateways

Figure 1.
Cloud architecture
Perception Layer
dynamics Sensors and Actuators
become more efficient and enhance their competitiveness by improving their operational Benefits of
productivity and effectiveness. cloud
Besides the advantages mentioned above of cloud computing, its pricing model also
allows users to pay for only what they use. It also helps users/companies to focus on the
computing
essential facilities required for cloud computing and reduce expenditure on procuring IT
resources (Shimba, 2010). Many business organizations in sub-Saharan Africa are faced
with the challenges of profitably running their businesses. Hence, reducing the expenses
associated with setting up an IT infrastructure becomes necessary. To this end, deploying 977
cloud computing can assuage these concerns and eliminate the yearly licensing fees paid to
IT providers. Additionally, an affordable, uninterruptible power supply is still challenging
in many parts of Africa. However, with cloud computing deployment, extensive computing
facilities that consume a large amount of power can be eliminated or downsized (Julian Bass
and Ian, 2014). Table 1 indicates that 18 cloud computing benefits were observed from
previous studies.
Based on the studies mentioned above, several scholars have mainly investigated and
identified the benefits of cloud computing to building stakeholders. However, such studies
on Nigeria are missing. As a result, our study aims to fill this gap by deploying survey
questionnaires to the Nigerian building stakeholders to assess the advantages of deploying
cloud computing for sustainable construction in the Nigerian construction industry.

3. Research methods
The different stages of this research are shown in Figure 2, adapted from Othman et al.
(2020b) and Buniya et al. (2020). Furthermore, our research methodology bore semblance to
the following studies: Oke (2021), Buniya et al. (2021); Luvara and Mwemezi (2017); Othman
et al. (2020b); and Oke (2021). The study began with a review of previous studies to
determine the benefits of cloud computing, as indicated in Table 1. Then, relative
importance index (RII) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) analysis were carried out.
Thus, the findings of this study were discussed, and some conclusions and guidelines were
later highlighted.

3.1 Quantitative study (questionnaire survey)

The questionnaire survey was self-distributed to classify and investigate the benefits of
cloud computing. This questionnaire was used to evaluate the following characteristics:
behaviours, expectations and organizational norms; and linkages between variables, i.e.
cause-and-effect associations (Saunders et al., 2012). According to Fellows and Liu (2015),
questionnaire survey is a tool for information inquiry that must possess the following
characteristics such as intelligibility, simplicity of responding, accuracy and capacity to
conform to the time required for the survey or study. The responses to the questionnaire
study were received from various stakeholders involved in the execution of construction
projects, including architects, engineers, quantity surveyors and contractors. Besides,
management professionals, general architects, heavy-duty designers, contractors or
subcontractors, construction personnel and supervisors, building site owners and customers
were also contacted.

3.2 Relative importance index of cloud computing benefits

In addition to defining the cloud computing benefits, the study adopted the RII for
identifying the most important benefits of cloud computing in the Nigerian construction
industry. RII has been widely recognized and used as a statistical tool for assessing and
ranking several factors (Yap and Skitmore, 2018; Taiwo et al., 2018; Rahim et al., 2016). RII is
 21,4

978

benefits
JEDT

Table 1.
Cloud computing
(Oliveira, Thomas, (Dahiru and (W. (Ahuja (Beach (Otuka, Preston, (Julian Bass (Chong, Wong,
(Afolabi, and Espadanal, Abubakar, Kim, et al., (Shimba, et al., (Tehrani and and Pimenidis, and Ian, and Wang, (Mohamed and
S/N Benefits 2017) 2014) 2017) 2009) 2009) 2010) 2013) Shirazi, 2014) 2014) 2014) 2014) Stewart, 2003)

1 Improved team    
collaboration
2 Improve situational 
awareness
3 Improved project  
planning
4 Monitoring of   
project progress
5 Enhanced    
construction
management
6 On-site information    
retrieval
7 Enhancing    
profitability
8 Reducing cost of       
data access
9 Location      
independence and
data storage
10 Improved   
productivity
11 Procurement  
management
12 Cost estimating   
13 Architectural   
design
14 Structural analysis 
15 Billing   
16 Planning logistics   
17 Running financial   
18 Payroll  
a descriptive statistical approach for extracting important variables (or components) from Benefits of
multivariate data that is complicated. In addition, it is appropriate when the researcher’s cloud
goal is to extract or discover significant important elements from a large group or
population (Davoodi and Dag lı, 2019). This study adopted the five-point Likert scale, and RII computing
was evaluated using equation (1) (Olomolaiye et al., 1987; Chan and Kumaraswamy, 1997):
P
w 5n5 þ 4n4 þ 3n3 þ 2n2 þ 1n1
RII ¼ ¼ (1) 979
AN 5N

w reflects the weighting of each attribute of the participant, A is the most significant value
on the Likert scale and N is the whole number of participants. The statistical means,
standard deviations and RII values are shown in Table 2 based on these factors.
Consequently, the rating of this variable was used to cross-compare the relative importance
of the benefits detected through the respondents. Consequently, the most significant benefits
of cloud computing for the adoption of cloud computing in the Nigerian construction
industry were identified.

3.3 Construct validity analysis

In this research, EFA was used to collect some information about the interactions among
several factors based on slight underlying structures (Kineber, 2021). Additionally, other
programs like the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software were also used
(Williams et al., 2010). In the current study, statistics of multivariate analysis, such as EFA,
were explored to identify the key benefits of cloud computing. It was conducted to evaluate
the validity of the models via assessing the measurement capability elements of the
individual designs (i.e. the measurement models) in terms of their non-dimensionality,
durability and validity. “It is important to note that the Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
is more suitable for such analysis than Principal Axis Factoring (PAF), Image Factoring,
Maximum Probability, and Alpha Factoring because PCA is much a more reliable and less

Figure 2.
RII EFA Results and Research design flow
Previous studies Questionnaire survey analysis analysis conclusions chart

Variable Characteristics Respondents no. Respondents (%)

Years of experience Less than 5 years 10 9.6

6–10 years 28 26.9
11–15 years 24 23.1
15–20 years 9 8.7
Above 21 years 1 1.0
Occupation Architect 26 25
Builder 15 14.4
Quantity surveyor 41 39.4
Table 2.
Engineer 22 21.2
Education Higher national diploma 6 5.8 Demographic
Bachelor’s degree 46 44.2 characteristic
Master’s degree 39 37.5 frequency
Doctor of Philosophy degree 13 12.5 distribution
JEDT conceptually complex method” (Field, 2009). PCA is usually recommended because it does
21,4 not require a previous theory and tentative explanations to describe the EFA (Williams
et al., 2010). Thompson (2004) claimed that PCA was the standard form of analysis used in
several statistical analysis and is the most widely used in EFA. The varimax rotation
method was preferred over Promax as it maximizes load dispersion among variables. This
method is correspondingly ideal for small factor analysis and is an excellent standard that
980 defines and simplifies factors (Costello and Osborne, 2005). The number of participants
should be used as a representative sample within the applicable ranges (Tabachnick et al.,
2007). As a result, the 18 defined criteria and the completed questionnaires collected from
104 participants used in the current study were also considered suitable for EFA analysis
(Robert et al., 2014).
The aim of the study was accomplished using convenient random sampling (i.e.
opportunity sampling drawn from a part of a population that was available) was
implemented to collect the required information from the respondents. This sampling
technique was specifically selected because of the large population of construction
professionals in the region.
Furthermore, the sample size was based on the aim of the analysis (Badewi, 2016).
Because this study used an EFA approach, it requires that the sampling must be between 50
and 61 participants for all relevant statistical analyses to be carried out (Robert et al., 2014).
Out of the 137 questionnaires circulated, a total of 104 responses were received, which
translated to a 76% response rate, which was well above the minimum acceptance rate
(Robert et al., 2014). In the first part of the questionnaire, the demographic characteristics of
the participants were requested.
In the second part, the benefits of cloud computing were rated using “a five-point Likert
scale was adopted with 5 = very high, 4 = high, 3 = average, 2 = low and 1 = very low” as
used in many earlier studies (Kineber et al., 2020; Buniya et al., 2021). The data derived from
this rating were used to estimate the factor analysis and compute the RII and the standard
deviation.

4. Results and findings

4.1 Respondents’ demographic information
This section investigated respondents’ fundamental characteristics. According to the
analysis in Table 2, the majority of the firms have between 6 and 10 years of experience (28
respondents representing 26.9%) , 11 and 15 years of experience has a frequency of 24 (23.1),
less than five years of has a frequency of 10 (13.5%) , 15 and 20 years has a frequency of 9
(8.7%) and more than 21 years has a frequency of 0 (1.0%) . It can be observed that most
registered businesses firms have been in experience for 6–10 years. The number of quantity
surveyors is 41, accounting for 39.4% of the professions. Architects have a frequency of
26% and 25% of the gathered data, respectively, while engineers account for 21.2% of the
respondents. The study also indicates the respondents’ level of education qualification, with
indications that the majority of respondents have a bachelor’s degree, with 46 (44.2%) of the
respondents, a master’s degree is 39 (37.5%), a degree is 13 (12.5%) and a higher national
diploma is 6 (5.8%) .

4.2 Relative importance index of cloud computing benefits

The objective of this research was to explore the benefits of cloud computing applications
in the Nigerian construction industry. The values of the RII range between 0 and 1. The
higher the value of RII, the more significant the benefit is, and vice versa according to
Chen et al. (2019). The transition matrix is an assessment of the RII with a satisfactory Benefits of
degree of importance. The originated value level from the RII is as follows: cloud
 High (H)0.8 < RII < 1.0
computing
 High-medium (H-M)0.6 < RII < 0.8
 Medium (M)0.4 < RII < 0.6
 Medium-low (M-L)0.2 < RII < 0.4
981
 Low (L)0.0 < RII < 0.2

Table 2 illustrates that location independence (i.e. data storage ubiquity), with an RII of
0.922, is the most beneficial practice in cloud computing in the construction industry. In
addition, improved situational awareness, improved team collaboration, improved
productivity, improved project planning and monitoring project progress are also
significant in the construction industry with a very high significance of over 0.900. While
reducing the cost of data storage, enhancing construction management, procurement
management, structural analysis, architectural design and cost are also significant benefits
of cloud computing in the Nigerian construction industry. The benefits of cloud computing
practices also extend to the back-office activities, such as planning logistics, running
financial accounts, payroll, paying invoices and billing have medium to high importance in
the construction industry in Nigeria (Table 3).

4.3 Exploratory factor analysis of benefits of cloud computing

Although the benefits of cloud computing have been ranked according to their level of
importance (Table 3), EFA has also been conducted to explore and determine the associated
underlying effects that clarify the correlation pattern with the set of variables. Two
statistical measures have been used to ascertain the suitability and factorability of the
questionnaire responses for factor analysis. They include the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO)
estimate of sampling adequacy and the Bartlett sphericity test (Sharma, 1996). Table 4
reveals that the KMO estimate of sampling adequacy obtained in the study is 0.746, which

Benefits RII SD Rank

Location independence (data storage ubiquity) 0.922 0.60 1

Improved situational awareness 0.920 0.55 2
Improved team collaboration 0.916 0.55 3
Improved productivity 0.916 0.57 4
Improved project planning 0.914 0.54 5
Monitoring project progress 0.908 0.62 6
Reducing cost of data 0.900 0.73 7
Enhancing construction management 0.894 0.62 8
Enhancing profitability 0.886 0.78 9
Procurement management 0.862 0.78 10
Cost estimating 0.852 0.59 11
Architectural design 0.842 0.60 12
Structural analysis 0.840 0.58 13
Billing 0.806 2.95 14
Planning logistics 0.760 0.70 15 Table 3.
Running financial 0.756 0.64 16 Importance level of
Payroll 0.754 0.60 17 cloud computing
Paying invoices 0.742 0.571 18 benefits
JEDT exceeds the recommended minimum value of 0.6. On the other hand, the Bartlett sphericity
21,4 test is significant (i.e. p = 0.000), which falls within the expected p-value < 0.05 (Oke, 2021).
Hence, the data obtained is sufficient for conducting the factor analysis. The KMO value of
0.746 indicates that 74.6% of the data obtained is satisfactory for factor analysis (Sharma,
1996). The estimated p-value is <0.05, implying that the results are appropriate for factor
analysis with a degree of freedom of 153 and an average chi-square of 1,156 for these data.
982 The high significance level for the Bartlett test (p-value = 0.000) indicates that the
correlation is an identity matrix and that the matrix has a meaningful correlation
(Tabachnick et al., 2007; Tavakol and Dennick, 2011).
As seen in Table 5, PCA shows the existence of three components with an Eigenvalue
greater than 1, explaining a percentage value of 26.39%, 15.34%, 13.05%, 12.14% and
8.06%, respectively. The inspection of the screen plot, however, reveals a simple split after
the second component. The point where the curve on the graph is levelling off shows the
number of factors produced by the study. The curve indicates that there are three classes of
factors (Figure 3).
It is important to note that the results indicate that there is a five class for cloud
computing benefits, however, last group (5) have only one factor “billing,” which cannot be
considered for the separate group (Othman et al., 2020b). Consequently, a model of four
benefit classes could be appropriate to reflect the benefits of cloud computing in the Nigerian

Table 4. KMO and Bartlett’s test

KMO and Bartlett’s Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy 0.746
test results related to Bartlett’s test of sphericity 1,156
cloud computing 153
benefits 0.00

Initial eigenvalues Extracted sums of squared loadings

Component Total % of variance Cumulative % Total % of variance Cumulative %

1 5.722 31.788 31.788 5.722 31.788 31.788

2 2.925 16.251 48.040 2.925 16.251 48.040
3 2.155 11.972 60.011 2.155 11.972 60.011
4 1.571 8.729 68.740 1.571 8.729 68.740
5 1.124 6.242 74.982 1.124 6.242 74.982
6 0.822 4.569 79.551
7 0.675 3.752 83.304
8 0.602 3.346 86.649
9 0.515 2.859 89.508
10 0.422 2.344 91.852
11 0.299 1.661 93.512
12 0.269 1.492 95.005
13 0.214 1.191 96.196
Table 5.
14 0.183 1.019 97.215
Benefits of adopting 15 0.170 0.943 98.158
cloud computing: 16 0.137 0.760 98.918
total variance 17 0.114 0.635 99.553
explained 18 0.081 0.447 100.000
 Benefits of
cloud
computing

983

Figure 3.
Scree plot of loading
of the benefits of
cloud computing in
the Nigeria

construction industry. The factor grouping is based on Table 6, and each element weighs
heavily on only one gain group. Therefore, it is necessary to name these groups before
interpreting the four benefit groups. The names of these variables are arbitrary; though,
they may depend on the context and the preparation. Furthermore, there is no precise
method for naming the causes (Oke, 2021). The thoughtful naming of these variables is,
therefore, considered fitting for this study. Thus, each benefit is labelled and interpreted
(Table 7). The initial communalities were intended to examine the variance in each factor
reflected by all components, and the minor values (0.3) indicate variables that do not match
with the factor solution. As a result, the findings demonstrate that every section of the

Benefits F1 F2 F3 F4 F5

Improved team collaboration 0.73 0.21 0.14 0.12 0.02

Improved project planning 0.75 0.12 0.35 0.16 0.05
Improved situational awareness 0.79 0.17 0.31 0.04 0.24
Improved productivity 0.76 0.11 0.26 0.08 0.29
Monitoring project’s progress 0.79 0.22 0.23 0.02 0.18
Enhancing construction management 0.78 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.16
Enhancing profitability 0.62 0.28 0.27 0.44 0.22
Reducing cost of data 0.72 0.04 0.30 0.37 0.19
Location independence (ubiquity of data storage) 0.60 0.08 0.01 0.25 0.06
Billing 0.05 0.25 0.32 0.46 0.69
Paying invoices 0.27 0.69 0.26 0.24 0.17
Running financial 0.27 0.78 0.44 0.01 0.07
Payroll 0.16 0.86 0.27 0.04 0.22
Planning logistics 0.13 0.60 0.16 0.41 0.23
Architectural design 0.38 0.37 0.68 0.24 0.13 Table 6.
Structural analysis 0.47 0.31 0.62 0.05 0.34 Rotated component
Cost estimating 0.48 0.38 0.37 0.43 0.28 matrix of the benefits
Procurement management 0.40 0.03 0.42 0.67 0.13 factors
JEDT Factor component Variables Factor loading Communalities
21,4
Construction productivity Improved team collaboration 0.73 0.636
Improved project planning 0.75 0.660
Improved situation awareness 0.79 0.516
Improved productivity 0.76 0.769
Monitoring project’s progress 0.79 0.56
984 Enhancing construction management 0.78 0.62
Enhancing profitability 0.62 0.590
Reducing cost of data 0.72 0.660
Location independence 0.60 0.457
Cost estimation 0.48 0.593
Back-office activities Paying invoice 0.69 0.673
Running financial activities 0.78 0.763
Payroll 0.86 0.654
Planning logistics 0.60 0.680
Table 7. Design management Architectural design 0.68 0.516
Related component Structural analysis 0.62 0.779
benefits of cloud Procurement management 0.42 0.680
computing in Nigeria Billing Billing 0.46 0.520

original communities exceeded the criterion, with all loadings more than 0.5, as shown in
Table 7. Consequently, the summary of findings is shown in Table 8.

5. Discussion
Construction projects significantly impact the economy, culture and community over their
whole life cycle (Yu et al., 2018; Othman et al., 2020a). As a result, more efficient and
sustainable methods, advanced processes and materials have been introduced to make
construction more sustainable (Švajlenka and Kozlovska, 2018). However, construction
firms face many obstacles from the sustainability viewpoint as they mature and positively
affect the social and economic aspects of the industry (Lee and Mwebaza, 2020). The
construction industry desires sustainable development (Švajlenka et al., 2018).
Consequently, the techniques used are expected to positively impact project implementation
(Maceika et al., 2020). Cloud computing has proven to add sustainable benefits to building
projects from various perspectives, such as applying information technology, constructive
planning and collaboration between partners and different technical disciplines.
Nevertheless, the factors motivating the investigation of cloud computing benefit
implementation in the Nigerian construction industry have not yet been investigated. The
present study, consequently, seeks to identify this gap by demonstrating the benefits of
cloud computing to achieve the sustainability of the Nigerian construction industry. The
results of this study rank location independence (i.e. the ubiquity of data storage), improved
situation awareness, improved team collaboration, improved productivity and improved
project planning as the highest set of benefits to the construction industry. It aligns with the
findings of Tehrani and Shirazi (2014) and Abedi (2013).
Construction professionals agree that back-office activities can be carried out through
cloud computing services in the construction industry with high benefits. This assertion is
also supported by Afolabi (2017) and Tehrani and Shirazi’s (2014) research. The benefits of
cloud computing practices can be further divided into four major groups based on this
research’s data analysis: construction productivity, back-office activities, design
management and billing.
Type of analysis Values obtained Interpretation Reference
Benefits of
cloud
RII of cloud computing computing
benefits
Location independence (i. 0.922 Most beneficial (Chen et al., 2019).
e. data storage ubiquity)
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin
estimate of sampling 985
adequacy (KMO)
Estimate of sampling 0.746 Satisfactory for factor (Sharma, 1996)
adequacy (KMO) analysis
Bartlett’s sphericity test
p-value <0.05 Appropriate for factor (Oke, 2021)
analysis
p-value = 0.000 Correlation is an identity (Tabachnick et al.,
matrix. 2007; Tavakol and
Dennick, 2011).
Principal component
analysis (PCA)
Existence of the Eigenvalue greater than 1
components
The screen plot Simple split after the
second component Table 8.
The curve Three classes of factors Summary of findings

The first benefit group is the construction productivity group containing ten items:
improved team collaboration, improved project planning, improved situational awareness,
improved productivity, project monitoring progress, increased profitability, data cost
reduction, data storage independence of location and cost estimation.
The benefits that receive higher loading are improved situational awareness, project
monitoring progress and enhanced construction management. This finding aligns with the
submissions of Tehrani and Shirazi (2014) and Julian Bass and Ian (2014), who have
examined productivity, project planning and project monitoring progress as benefits of
adopting cloud computing practices.
The second principal factor is labelled as back-office activities, which account for 19.6%
of the observed total variance. This factor comprises four items: paying invoices, running
financial activities, payroll and planning logistics. The result here is also similar to the
findings of Tehrani and Shirazi (2014), which shows that a lot of back-office activities are
also carried out in the construction industry.
These activities include paying invoices, running financial reports, payroll and planning
logistics that require a physical presence on construction sites are made possible using cloud
computing tools.
The third benefit group is categorized under design management. It accounts for 11.97%
of the total variance and consists of three benefits: architectural design, structural analysis
and procurement management. Similarly, these findings are in tandem with Kumar et al.’s
(2010) findings.
The last benefit group belongs to billing, which contains only billing as a benefit factor,
which is also in consonance with the findings of Afolabi (2017), who suggests that adoption
of cloud computing practices in Nigerian construction can be beneficial in areas including
billing. He pointed out that construction employees might access construction site
information from the office or anywhere else and act on it. In addition, cloud computing
JEDT enables back-office tasks such as billing which formerly requires physical presence on
21,4 construction sites to be executed but can now be done via cloud services. Construction sites
can be further decentralized with remote access, and workers may work from anywhere in
the country or even the world. According to Abedi et al. (2013), cloud computing technology
enables users (both organizations and people) to obtain, share and distribute data,
applications and billing services from numerous servers via the internet in real-time.
986
6. Conclusion
In many nations, cloud computing has proven to be a viable platform with long-term
sustainability benefits. This study aims to identify the benefits of cloud computing as
extracted from previous studies and examined their relationship using the RII and EFA
techniques. The context of this study was the Nigerian construction industry. Some of the
data obtained were explained using some descriptive statistical instruments. The RII
assessed the benefits of cloud computing among construction stakeholders in this study.
The ranking of these benefits showed that the four most important advantages of cloud
computing adoption were safe data storage, performance, accessibility costs and
availability. The knowledge gained from this study can be beneficial to both academia and
the industry. As for the industry, the findings in this research can be used to identify future
sustainability performance such that corrective action can be proactively applied via the
cloud computing features. The research further presented insights into the current
awareness and theories for sustainable construction management, including the advantages
of cloud computing technologies. It also further shows that the findings can assist
stakeholders responsible for managing and regulating development activities to take the
right decision and improve the current policies. In addition, it will also provide them with the
requisite information and knowledge needed in achieving sustainable management of
construction projects. Thus, the findings of this research can improve the sustainability of
construction projects in Nigeria through the implementation cloud computing services.
Furthermore, the study might also help other developing nations to explore the benefits of
cloud computing service to achieve their overall long-term sustainable goals. For academia,
this study has undoubtedly added to the body of knowledge and literature with substantial
contributions to cloud computing literature. Likewise, the constraints highlighted in the
study create opportunities for future study as it will simulate thoughts from diverse
industrial user groups. Finally, the study was limited to Nigeria which represents one of
the developing countries. However, further study can be extended to developed countries
while a comparative study of developed and developing countries can also be examined. The
study sampled opinions of respondents because cloud computing has not been fully
embraced. Interviews and historical data from where cloud computing has been adopted can
be done to further contribute to the body of knowledge.

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Corresponding author
Ahmed Farouk Kineber can be contacted at: A.Farouk.Kineber@gmail.com

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