11

Statistics and
Probability
Fourth Quarter
Module5: The Computed Value
in Testing Hypothesis

1
 Republic of the Philippines
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SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SIQUIJOR
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 11
Statistics and
Probability
Fourth Quarter
Module 5: The Computed
Value in Testing Hypothesis

3
 INTRODUCTION

This module is written in support of the K to 12 Basic Education

Program to ensure attainment of standards expected of you as a learner.

This aims to equip you with essential knowledge on Computed Value

of Test Hypothesis.

This includes the following activities/tasks:

■ Expected Learning Outcome — This lays out the learning outcome that
you are expected to have accomplished at the end of the module.

■ Pre-test — This determines your prior learning on the particular lesson

you are about to take.

■ Discussion of the Lesson —This provides you with the important

knowledge, principles and attitude that will help you meet the expected
learning outcome.

■ Learning Activities — These provide you with the application of the

knowledge and principles you have gained from the lesson and enable you
to further enhance your skills as you carry out prescribed tasks.

■ Post-test/Assessment— This evaluates your overall understanding about

the module.

With the different activities provided in this module, may you find this
material engaging and challenging as it develops your critical thinking
skills.

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 What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

➢ compute the test-statistic value (population mean).

What I Know
To find out what you already know about the topic in this module,
answer the following. Write your answers in your notebook.

Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer.

For items 1-2, use the given below

𝜇=20.5, s=2.3, 𝑋̅=21.4, n=50

1. What appropriate test-statistic can we use?

a. z-test b. t-test c. f-test

2. What is the computed value of the test statistic above?

a. 2.77 b. 1.45 c. -1.45

For items 3-4, use the given below.

𝜇=30.5, s=2.3, 𝑋̅=28.6, n=25

3. What appropriate test-statistic can we use?

a. z-test b. t-test c. f-test

4. What is the computed value of the test statistic above?

a. 4.13 b. -4.13 c. ±4.13

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For items 5-8, refer to the problem below.

A manufacturer of a certain brand of wristwatch claims that the mean

life expectancy of the battery of the watch is 48 months. A researcher wants
to validate this claim so he chose a sample of 64 watches and noted that
their mean life expectancy is 45 months with a standard deviation of 2
months. At 𝛼 =0.05, can you conclude that the mean life expectancy is less
than 48 months?

5. What is the sample size on the given situation?

a. 48 b. 64 c. 45

6. What appropriate test is applicable in the situation?

a. z-test b. t-test c. f-test

7. What is the population standard deviation given in the situation?

a. 48 b. 2 c. none

8. What is the computed value of the test statistic?

a. -12 b. -8 c. -2

For items 9-12, refer to the problem below

A sociologist wants to study about the average time children play

outdoors nowadays. Tentatively, he guesses a mean that is less than 3 hr.
The population variance is assumed to be 0.64 hr. To prove his claim, he
selected a sample of 16 children from a normally distributed population and
found a sample mean of 2.5 hr of outdoor playtime. At 𝛼 =0.05, will the
sociologist prove his claim?

9. What is the sample size on the given situation?

a. 3 b. 0.64 c. 16

10. What appropriate test is applicable in the situation?

a. z-test b. t-test c. f-test

11. What is the population variance given in the situation?

a. 3 b. 0.64 c. 16

12. What is the computed value of the test statistic?

a. 2.5 b. -2.5 c. 5

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For items 13-16, refer below:

Benjamin collects a sample with size 16 from a normally distributed

population. The sample gives a mean of 30.4 and a standard deviation of
6.2. At 𝛼=0.01, can Benjamin conclude that the mean of the population is
greater than 28.5.

13. What is the sample size on the given situation?

a. 16 b. 30.4 c. 6.2

14. What appropriate test is applicable in the situation?

a. z-test b. t-test c. f-test

15. What is the population standard deviation given in the

situation?

a. 30.4 b. 6.2 c. none

16. What is the computed value of the test statistic?

a. 0.24 b. 1.23 c. 2.22

What’s In

In the last module, we have learned the critical values of t,

using the table of t-distribution. Let us recall how to get the values of t
for the given value of df and 𝛼.

Find the value of t for the given type test, df and 𝛼.

Type of test Df 𝜶 Critical value

Right-tailed 8 0.05
Left-tailed 12 0.05
Two-tailed 23 0.05
Left-tailed 24 0.01

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 What’s New

In the previous modules, we already learned some of the steps in

testing the hypothesis. We had discussed how to formulate the null and
alternative hypothesis. We can now also identify the different type of test,
and the different test statistics. We know also how to find the critical values
of z and t using the table of values and locate the rejection region in the
normal distribution.

In this module, you will learn how to get the computed value using the
formula in test statistic.

What Is It

Test Concerning the Population Mean with Known Variance

Previously, we learned that to test population means with known

variance, we will be using the z-test.

The formula that we will use for z-test will be:

𝑥̅ −𝜇
z= 𝜎
√𝑛

where: 𝑋̅ = sample mean

𝜇 = mean in the null hypothesis

𝜎 = standard deviation

n = sample size

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 To illustrate how the z-test works on hypothesis testing, study the
following examples.

Example 1:

Given: Ho: 𝜇=20.5

Ha: 𝜇>20.5

𝜎= 2.3

𝑋̅ = 21.4

n = 35

̅ −𝝁
𝑿
Formula: z= 𝝈
√𝒏

21.4−20.5
Solution: z = 2.3
√35

0.9
z= 2.3
5.92

0.9
z=
0.39

z = 2.31

Therefore, the test value or computed value for z is 2.31

Example 2. Weight Reduction Drugs

A new drug on the market is claimed by its manufacturers to reduce

overweight women by 4.55 kg per month with standard deviation of 0.91 kg.
Ten women chosen at random have reported losing an average of 4.05 kg
within a month. Does this data support the claim of the manufacturer at
0.05 level of significance?

Given :Ho: 𝜇 = 4.55

Ha:𝜇 ≠ 4.55

𝜎= 0.91

𝑋̅ = 4.05

n = 10

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 ̅ −𝝁
𝑿
Formula: z= 𝝈
√𝒏

4.05−4.55
Solution: z= 0.91
√10

−0.5
z= 0.91
3.16

−0.5
z=
0.29

z = - 1.72

Therefore, the test value or computed value for z is – 1.72

A Large Sample Test Concerning Population Mean (Using the Central

Limit Theorem)

Recall that when the sample size is greater than or equal to 30, we
can use the central limit theorem. It means that as the sample size gets
larger, the standard deviation s is getting closer to the value of 𝜎. Thus, we
can still use the z-test formula but instead of 𝜎, we will be using the value
of s as shown below:

𝑥̅ −𝜇 𝑥̅ −𝜇
z= 𝜎 z= 𝑠
√𝑛 √𝑛

Example 3. The Cost of Raising a Child

A sociologist believes that it costs more than Php 90 000 to raise a

child from birth to age one. A random sample of 49 families, each with a
child is selected to see if the figure is correct. The average expenses for these
families reveal a mean of Php 92 000 with a standard deviation of Php 4
500. Based on these sample data, can it be concluded that the sociologist is
correct in his claim? Use 0.05 level of significance.

Given: Ho: 𝜇 = 90 000

Ha: 𝜇 > 90 000

𝑥̅ = 92 000

s = 4 500

n = 49

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 ̅−𝝁
𝒙
Formula: z = 𝒔
√𝒏

92 000−90 000
Solution: z = 4 500
√49

2000
z= 4 500
7

2000
z=
642.86

z = 3.11

Therefore, the test value or computed value for z is 3.11

A Small Sample Test Concerning Population Mean with Unknown

Variance

You have learned from the first two cases that the z-test is the
appropriate test procedure for the population mean when variance is known,
or even it is unknown but you are given a large sample based on the central
limit theorem. Sometimes however, we encounter situations where the
population variance is unknown but there are only few observations n< 30.
In this case, we will use another procedure, the t-test as shown below.

̅−𝝁
𝒙
t= 𝒔
√𝒏

Basically, it is the same with the z-test formula only changing the
population variance (𝜎) with the sample variance (s).

Example 4:

Given: Ho: 𝜇=9.8

Ha: 𝜇>9.8

𝑥̅ =10

n=12

s = 4.3

Since the population variance is unknown, we will use s.

̅−𝝁
𝒙
t= 𝒔
√𝒏

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 10−9.8
t= 4.3
√12

0.2
t= 4.3
3.5

0.2
t = 1.23

t =0.16

Therefore, the test-value or computed value of t is 0.16

Example 5. Typing Job

The director of a secretarial school believes that its graduates can type
more than 75 words per minute. A random sample of 12 graduates has been
found to have an average of 77.2 words per minute with a standard
deviation of 7.9 words per minute in a typing test. Using 0.05 level of
significance, test the claim of the director.

Given: Ho: 𝜇=75

Ha: 𝜇>75

̅𝑥 =77.2

n=12

s = 7.9

Since the population variance is unknown, we will use s.

̅−𝝁
𝒙
t= 𝒔
√𝒏

77.2−75
t= 7.9
√12

2.2
t= 7.9
3.5

2.2
t=
2.26

t=0.96

Therefore, the test-value or computed value of t is 0.97

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Example 7. The Making of a Movie

It is hypothesized that the cost of making a movie is Php 24.6 million.

This year, a random sample of 15 movies has shown an average production
cost of Php 28.3 million with a standard deviation of Php 9.5 million. At 0.01
level of significance, is the hypothesized cost true?

Given : Ho: 𝜇=24.6

Ha: 𝜇 ≠ 24.6

𝑥̅ =28.3

n=15

s = 9.5

Since the population variance is unknown, we will use s.

̅−𝝁
𝒙
t= 𝒔
√𝒏

28.3−24.6
t= 9.5
√15

3.7
t= 9.5
3.87

3.7
t=
2.45

t=1.51

Therefore, the test-value or computed value of t is 1.51

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 What’s More

Directions: Do the following.

I. Find the computed value for each of the following:

1. 𝜇 = 30 n=42 𝑥̅ =28 s=12

2. 𝜇 = 30 n=15 𝑥̅ =31 s=5

II. Find the computed value or test-value of the following:

1. In a certain city, a researcher wishes to determine whether the

average income of the residents is Php 13 000. Using a sample of 19
residents, he found a mean income of Php 13 561.25 with standard
deviation Php 2 500. At 𝛼=0.01, can the researcher conclude the
average income of the population is indeed Php 13 000?

Computed value: ______________________________________

2. A workout program states that there is an average weight loss of 12

pounds (lb) for those who enroll in the program for two months.
Another workout program advertises greater weight loss and was
tested with a group of 30 volunteers who averaged 13 lb weight loss
after two months, with standard deviation 2.5 lb. Does the second
workout program offer a high average weight loss effect?

Computed Value: ________________________________________

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 What I Have Learned
I learned that:

To compute for the test value or computed value, we use the

following formula:

A. If the population variance or standard deviation is known:

𝑥̅ −𝜇
z= 𝜎
√𝑛

B. If the population variance or standard deviation is unknown,

and the sample size is large (n≥30)

𝑥̅ −𝜇
z= 𝑠
√𝑛

C. If the population variance or standard deviation is unknown,

and the sample size is small (n<30)

𝑥̅ −𝜇
t= 𝑠
√𝑛

What I Can Do
According to the norms established for a history test, grade eight
students should have an average 81.7 with standard deviation of 8.5. If 100
randomly selected students are chosen from your school average 79.6 in
this test, can we conclude at the 5% level of significance that grade 8
students from your school can be expected to average less than the norm of
81.7?

Find the Computed Value:

Computed Value: ____________________

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 Assessment

Direction: Solve for the Computed Value, show your solution in your
notebook.

1. An anthropologist believes that the diameter of the skull of a

promitive man is more than 7 inches. After many years of search, 6
skulls of this type are found. The mean diameter of these is found
to be 6.8 inches with standard deviation of 1.2 inches. Can it be
concluded that the anthropologist is correct at 0.05 level of
significance?

Computed Value: _________________________________

2. Prince Hypermart Larena boasts that checkout times for costumers

are never more than 15 minutes. A random sample of 36
customers reveals a mean checkout time of 17 minutes with a
standard deviation of 3 minutes. What can you conclude about the
supermarket’s boast at the 0.05 level?

Computed Value: __________________________________

3. A light bulb manufacturer regularly advertises that his bulbs last

900 hours with a standard deviation of 75 hours. A random sample
is chosen before each campaign to make sure that the claim is
correct. If one such sample of 20 bulbs shows a mean of 925
hours, can the advertising claim be considered an underestimate at
the 0.05 level of significance?

Computed Value: _________________________________

4. The average amount of rainfall during the summer months is 11.52

inches. A researcher in PAG-ASA selects a random sample of 10
provinces and finds that the average amount of rainfall last year
was 7.42 inches with a standard deviation of 1.3 inches. At 0.01
level of significance, can it be concluded that the mean raonfall last
year was below 11.52 inches?

Computed Value: ________________________________

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References:
Calaca, Ninia I., Chin Uy, et. al. Statistics and Probability. Manila,
Philippines: Vibal Group Inc., 2016

Canlapan, Raymond B., Statistics and Probability. Makati City, Philippines:

DIWA Learning Sytems Inc., 2016

Ocampo, Jose M. and Wilmer G. Marquez. Senior High Conceptual Math and
Beyond, Statistics and Probability. Novaliches, Quezon City: Brilliant
Creation Publishing, Inc., 2016

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