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    Lecture 4

    Uploaded by

    Nirav Patel
    This document summarizes key parameters that can change for operational amplifiers (op-amps) due to temperature and power supply variations, including offset voltage, input offset current, noise, common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), slew rate, bandwidth, and transient response. It provides equations to calculate how offset voltage and output will change with variations in supply voltage or time due to thermal drift. Noise sources like thermal noise and types of noise reduction techniques are also discussed. The document explains common mode configuration and how CMRR is defined and used to specify an op-amp's ability to reject common mode input signals.

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    Lecture 4

    Uploaded by

    Nirav Patel
    29 views16 pages
    This document summarizes key parameters that can change for operational amplifiers (op-amps) due to temperature and power supply variations, including offset voltage, input offset current, noise, common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), slew rate, bandwidth, and transient response. It provides equations to calculate how offset voltage and output will change with variations in supply voltage or time due to thermal drift. Noise sources like thermal noise and types of noise reduction techniques are also discussed. The document explains common mode configuration and how CMRR is defined and used to specify an op-amp's ability to reject common mode input signals.

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    it is analog and circuit design-related material.

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    lecture-4

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    This document summarizes key parameters that can change for operational amplifiers (op-amps) due to temperature and power supply variations, including offset voltage, input offset current, noise, common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), slew rate, bandwidth, and transient response. It provides equations to calculate how offset voltage and output will change with variations in supply voltage or time due to thermal drift. Noise sources like thermal noise and types of noise reduction techniques are also discussed. The document explains common mode configuration and how CMRR is defined and used to specify an op-amp's ability to reject common mode input signals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views16 pages

    Lecture 4

    Uploaded by

    Nirav Patel
    This document summarizes key parameters that can change for operational amplifiers (op-amps) due to temperature and power supply variations, including offset voltage, input offset current, noise, common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), slew rate, bandwidth, and transient response. It provides equations to calculate how offset voltage and output will change with variations in supply voltage or time due to thermal drift. Noise sources like thermal noise and types of noise reduction techniques are also discussed. The document explains common mode configuration and how CMRR is defined and used to specify an op-amp's ability to reject common mode input signals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    The Practical op-amp

    Lecture-4
    Outlines
    • Thermal drift
    • Effect of variation in power supply voltage on offset voltage
    • Change in input offset voltage and input offset current with time
    • Other op-amp parameters which changes with change in temperature
    and supply voltage
    • Noise
    • Common-mode configuration and common-mode rejection ratio
    • Slew rate and it equations
    • Effect of slew rate in applications
    • Difference between bandwidth
    • Transient response and slew rate
    Thermal Drift
    Effect Of Variation In Power Supply
    Voltage On Offset Voltage
    • 𝛥VOO=(1+RF/R1)(𝛥Vio/𝛥V)𝛥V (4.1)
    where 𝛥VOO= change in o/p voltage (volts)
    𝛥V= change in supply voltage +VCC
    and –VEE
    𝛥Vio/𝛥V= supply voltage rejection
    ratio(μV/V)
    Change In Input Offset Voltage And
    Input Offset Current With Time
    • 𝛥VooT=(1+RF/R1)(𝛥Vio/𝛥t)𝛥t+(RF)(𝛥Iio/t𝛥)𝛥t (4.2)
    • where 𝛥t=time elapsed(weeks)
    • 𝛥Vio/ 𝛥t=i/p offset voltage drift with time(v/week)
    • 𝛥Iio/ 𝛥t=i/p offset current drift with time(amp/week)
    • 𝛥VooT=change in o/p offset voltage(volts)
    Other Op-amp Parameters Which Changes With
    Change In Temperature And Supply Voltage
    Noise
    • Any unwanted signal associated with desired
    signal is noise.
    • Sefl-induced or internal noise may be caused
    by ac random voltage and currents generated
    within conductors and semiconductors of one
    circuit as result of switching of another circuit
    • Different types of noise phenomena are
    associated with op-amps:schottky noise,
    thermal noise, and 1/f noise are most important
    Noise
    • To reduce effect of electrical noise on ICs:
    • Physical shielding of ICs and associated wiring
    helps to prevent external electromagnetic
    radiation into internal circuitry
    • Special buffering and filtering circuits can be
    used between electronic circuits and signal
    leads
    CMRR
    (Common-mode Rejection Ratio)
    • When same i/p voltage is applied to both i/p terminals than called operating
    in common-mode configuration
    • Amplitude of Vocm is very small and often insignificant compared to Vcm
    • Acm=Vocm/Vcm is much smaller than 1.
    • Ideally Acm is zero.
    • Acm Not specified on data sheets
    • Acm can be calculated for given op-amp by applying known value of
    common-mode i/p voltage Vcm and measuring resultant o/p common-mode
    voltage Vocm
    • Manufacturers usually list common-mode rejection ratio CMMR
    • CMMR can be defined as ratio of difference gain Ad to common-mode gain
    Acm, that is, CMMR=Ad/Acm (4.3)
    • note that Ad is equal to internal gain A of op-amp
    Fig:1: Op-amp Connected In Common
    Mode Configuration
    +VCC

    4
    3 U1A

    V+
    +
    1
    OUT
    2 RL
    V-
    Vcm -
    11

    -VEE
    CMRR
    • CMRR can also be expressed as ratio of change in i/p offset
    voltage to total change in common-mode voltage.
    • Thus CMRR = Vio/Vcm (4.4)
    • CMRR = Ad/Acm = Ad/(Vocm/Vcm)
    = AdVcm/Vocm (4.5)
    • Vocm=AdVcm/CMRR
    • CMRR(dB)=20log(Ad/Acm) (4.6)
    • CMRR(dB)=20log(Vio/Vcm) (4.7)
    CMRR
    • CMRR measure degree of matching between
    two i/p terminals ; that is , larger value of
    CMRR(dB), better is matching between two
    i/p terminals and smaller is o/p common-mode
    voltage Vocm
    • CMRR is function of freq. and decreases as
    freq is increased
    Example:4-14
    • In circuit of fig:, if R1=R2=1kohm,
    RF=R3=10kohm, Vd=5mV sine wave at 1kHz,
    and Vni=2mv at 60 Hz, calculate
    • (a)output voltage at 1kHz
    • (b)amplitude of induced 60Hz noise at output
    • Op-amp is μA741 with CMRR(dB)=90 dB
    keep silence

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