An Op-amp With Negative

Feedback
Lecture-3
N. D. Patel
 Outline
• Introduction
• Voltage-series feedback amplifier
• Voltage-shunt feedback amplifier
• Differential amplifier
 Introduction
• Open loop gain of op-amp is very high, only smaller
signals(microvolts or less)having very low frequency
may be amplified accurately without distortion, but
such small signals are susceptible to noise and are all
most impossible to obtain in laboratory
• Voltage gain not constant, varies with temperature and
power supply as well as mass production
• So, make unsuitable for many linear applications
• Bandwidth is negligibly small-almost zero(for 741C
bandwidth is 5Hz)
• So, not used in linear applications.
 Introduction
• The gain of the OPAMP can be controlled if feedback is
introduced in the circuit
• That is, an output signal is feedback to the input either
directly or via another network
• If the signal feedback is of opposite or out phase by 180°
with respect to the input signal, the feedback is called
negative feedback
• An amplifier with negative feedback has a self-correcting
ability of change in output voltage caused by changes in
environmental conditions
• It is also known as degenerative feedback because it
reduces the output voltage and, in turn, reduces the
voltage gain.
 Introduction
• When used in amplifiers, negative feedback
stabilizes gain, increases bandwidth and
change input and output resistances
• Decrease in harmonics or nonlinear distortion
and reduction in effect of input offset voltage
at output
• Reduces effect of variation in temperature and
supply voltage on output of op-amp
 Block Diagram
• Voltage-series feedback
• Voltage-shunt feedback
• Current-series feedback
• Current-shunt feedback
 Fig:1:Voltage Series Feedback
Amplifier
+VCC

4
3 U1A

V+
+
1
OUT
2

V-
-

11
-VEE
R1
Rin~=0
1k
Rf
Vin

R1
Negative Feedback
Closed Loop Voltage Gain
Close Loop Voltage Gain
Difference Input Voltage Ideally Zero
Input Resistance With Feedback
Input Resistance With Feedback
Output Resistance With Feedback
Output Resistance With Feedback
Output Resistance With Feedback
Bandwidth With Feedback
Output Offset Voltage With Feedback
 Fig:2:Voltage Follower
+VCC

4
3 U1A

V+
+
1
OUT
2

V-
-

11
-VEE
RL

Rin~=0 ohm Vo=Vin

Vin
Voltage Follower
3.1 and 3.2: Example
Fig:3:Voltage Follower
 Fig:4:Voltage Shunt Feedback
Amplifier
+VCC

4
3 U1A

V+
+
1
R1 OUT
2

V-
- RL
I2
Vin Vo

11
Rin~=0ohm -VEE
Rf
Closed Loop Voltage Gain
Closed Loop Voltage Gain
Input Resistance With Feedback
Output Resistance With Feedback
Bandwidth With Feedback
Total Output Offset Voltage
Current To Voltage Converter
Fig:5: Current To Voltage Converter
1k

Rf

+Vcc

11
2
V-
-
1
OUT
3
V+

+
U1A
-VEE RL
4

Vo=-iin Rf
Inverter
 Differential Amplifier
• Two types:(1) Differential amplifier with one
op-amp
(2) Differential amplifier with two
op-amp
• Used in instrumentation and industrial
application to amplify differences between two
signal(Wheatstone bridge)
• Preferred because better rejection common
mode voltage(noise)
Fig:6: Differential Amplifier With One
Op-amp (R1=R2 And RF=R3)
R1 RF

I2

Vx +VCC

4
3 U1A
V+
+
1
R2 OUT
2
V-

- RL
I2
Vo=-(RF/R1)(Vx-Vy )
11

Vy R3 -VEE
(a)Voltage Gain
(b) Input Resistance
 Fig:7: Differential Amplifier With
Variable Gain
R1 RF

I2

Vx +VCC

4
3 U1A

V+
+
1
R2=R1 OUT
2
V-

-
I2
if R4=Rp Vo=-(2RF/R1)(Vxy )
11

Vy R3=RF -VEE

Rp
 Fig:8: Differential amplifier with two
op-amps
+VCC

4
3 U1A

V+
+
1
Vx OUT
2

V-
-
+VCC
4

11
-VEE
3 U1A
V+
+ R1 RF
1
OUT
Vy 2
V-

- -VEE
11

R3=R1

R2=RF
Differential Amplifier With Two Op-
amps
 Differential Amplifier With Two Op-
amps
• Since R1=R3 and RF=R2
Vo=(1+(RF/R1))(Vx-Vy)
• Therefore, AD=(Vo/Vxy)=1+RF/R1 (35)
where Vxy=Vx-Vy
Input Resistance
 Example:3-6
• The following specifications are given for
differential amplifier of fig:8:R1=R3=680
ohm, RF=R2=6.8 kohm, Vx=-1.5Vpp,and Vy=-
2Vpp sine waves at 1kHz.The op-amp is 741C.
• Calculate (a)voltage gain and i/p resistance and
(b)o/p voltage of amplifier. Assume o/p is
initially nulled(VooT=0V).
Output Resistance And Bandwidth Of
Differential Amplifiers With Feedback
• Output resistance of differential amplifier should
be same that of noninverting or inverting
amplifier amplifier, except that B=1/AD. That is,
RoF=Ro/(1+(A/AD)) (38) where
AD=closed-loop gain of differential amplifier,
Ro=output resistance of op-amp, A=open-loop
voltage gain of op-amp
• Bandwidth of differential amplifier is given by
fF=(unity gain bandwidth)/(closed-loop gain
AD)=(A)(fo)/(AD)
keep silence