ROTATORY MOTION PHYSICS - I B

1 1 Note 4.41 : τ = Iα is similar to F = ma in linear

dA= base x height = r .  rd  motion.
2 2
4.28. Derive the relation between torque and
1 angular momentum :
dA  r 2d
2 For derving the relation in the context of a single
particle, we differentiate L = r ´ p with respect to
dA 1 2 d 1 2  d 
 r  r  dt    time,
dt 2 dt 2
dL d
2 dt
=
dt
( )
r ´ p ................(1)
1 mr  L
=
2 m
=
2m
 L  mr  
2
Applying the product rule for differentiation.
d dr dp
  
dt
(
r´ p =
dt
)
´ p + r´
dt
dA L
vectorially, 
dt 2m Now, the velocity of the particle is v = d r / dt
 and p = m v
 dA
L = 2m
dt dr
Then ´ p = v ´ mv = 0 ,
dt
4.27 :Relation between torque and angular (Since the vector product of two parallel vectors
momentum vanishes). Further, since dp / dt = F,
Torque in rotatory motion is analogus to
dp
force in translatory motion. In rotatory motion  r´ = r´ F = t
dt
the law corresponding to Newton’s second law of
motion can be stated as “rate of change of angular d
Hence
dt
( )
r ´ p = t ......................(2)
momentum is directly proportional to the
resultant external torque acting on it and takes dL
place in the direction of the torque” From (1) and (2) =t
dt

dL dL Thus, the time rate of change of the angular,

   k momentum of a particle is equal to the torque acting
dt dt
on it. This is the rotational analogue of the equations
( k is made equal to one in any system of
F = d p / dt , which expresses Newton’s second
dL law for the translational motion of a single particle.
units)  
dt 4.29 : Law of conservation of angular momentum
d  d  Statement : If there is no net external troque
  I  ( L  I  )  I  
dt 
acting on a system, the angular momentum of the
dt
system remains constant both in magnitude and
d direction.
Here   angular acceleration. Proof : The resultant external torque acting on
dt
a rotating system is equal to rate of change of angular
τ = Iα momentum.
dL
It is the relation between torque and angular t ext =
acceleration. dt

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dL Iw = constant. Angular velocity is inversely

If t ext = 0 ; Then = 0
dt proportional to the moment of inertia. As the man
As the differentiation of constant quantity is brings his hands closer to his body I decreases. So,
zero, so L is a constant w increases.
\ L = constant 2) A ballet dancer decreases or increases his
When there is no external torque acting on a angular speed of rotation by streching the hands or
system, angular momentum of the system remains bringing the hands closer to the body.
constant. 3) A diver jumps from a diving board with both
the legs and hands kept far off from the body. The
If t ext = 0; then L = constant diver then brings the hands and legs closer to the
body moment of inertia decreases and the angular
I .w = constant
velocity increases. The diver makes somersaults in
air. When the diver nears the water, legs and hands
I1 .ω1 = I2ω2  I1n1 = I2n2
are stretched so that moment of inertia increases and
I1 I w decreases.
= 2
T1 T2
Since Iω is constant, smaller the moment of
inertia greater the angualar velocity and vice versa.
Examples :
1) Suppose a man stands on a turn table with dumb-
bells in his strecthed hands. The turn table is set into
rotation at a constant angular velocity w . If the man
now starts to bring his hands closer to his body we
will observe that the angular velocity increases
gradually. The angular velocity becomes maximum
when the man folds his hands. This can be explained
using the principle of conservation of angular
momentum. According to this principle, if there is
no resultant external torque, L = constant i.e.,

4) When a fly wheel fixed in a spaceship in gravity

free space rotates in clock wise direction, then the
space ship moves in anticlockwise direction. This is
in accordance with the law of conservation of
angualar momentum.
5) A skater performing pirouette on the toe.
6) If the polar ice cap melts and moves towards
equator then the duration of the day increases.
7) If the radius of earth suddenly changes
without changing its mass then according to law of
conservation of angular momentum.
I w = constant

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2 2p 3). Power : Rate of change of kinetic energy is

MR 2 ´ = constant defined as power.
5 T
d d 1  d
\ R2 a T . P   KR    I 2   I
dt dt  2  dt
R
If the radius of earth shrinks to from R then  I   I   
n  
1 T also power, P = τ . ω
new time period T = 2 , where T = 24 hour..
n [Analogue to power in translatory motion
If the radius of earth increases to nR from R  
then new time period Ti = n2 T. P = F v .
8. Density remaining constant, if the radius of 4). Angular Impulse : If a large torque acts on a
earth increases from R to n R, then new time period particle for a small time then ‘angualr impulse’ of
of rotation of earth is torque is given by
   t2
2 2p J = ò τ dt = τ av ò dt
MR 2 x = constant t1
5 T     
4 3 or Angular impulse J = t avDt = D L = L2 - L1
since M = p R .d
3  Angualr impulse = Change in angular momentum.
we have R5 a T . 4.31 : WORK ENERGY THEOREM:
hence time period T = n T 1 5 The work done by a constant torque acting on
a body is equal to change in rotational kinetic energy.
4.30 : WORK, ENERGY AND POWER FOR
ROTATING BODY. 1 2 1 2 1
W = τθ = Iω 2 - Iω 1 = I (ω 22 - ω12 )
1. Work : If the body is initially at rest and 2 2 2
2 2
angular displacement is d due to torque then work L L 1 2
or W  2  1 =
2I 2I 2I
(L 2 - L21 )
done on the body.
Note 4.33 : Two rigid bodies of moment of inertia I1
W = ò τdθ which is analogue to work in
and I2 are rotating with angular velocities 1 and  2
(
translatory motion W = ò F dx ) in the same direction about the common axes. If
they couple then
2. Kinetic Energy : The energy possessed
by a body has by virture of its rotational motion a). The common angular velocity of the system
is called rotational kinetic energy. A body rotating L1  L2
about a fixed axis possesses kinetic energy because I11  I 2 2
its constituent particles are in motion, even though I11  I 2 2   I1  I 2     
I1  I 2
the body as a whole remains in same place.
Common frequency of the system
Rotational kinetic Analogue to translational I1n1  I 2 n2
energy kinetic energy n   2 n
I1  I 2
1 2 1
KR  I KT = mv 2 b) Loss of energy of the system
2 2
1 1 1 I1 I 2
K R  L
2
K T = Pv
2
E  1   2  2
2 I1  I 2
L2 P2
KR  KT  c) In the above case if the two bodies are rotating
2I 2m
in opposite direction before coupling then  2 should

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be taken as negative Solution : By the principle of conservation of

I I  angualr momentum
  1 1 2 2
I1  I 2 I ´ 60 = I 2 ´ 90
1 I1 I 2 2I
 E  1   2  2 Final moment of inertia, I 2 =
3
2 I1  I 2
2I I
*Problem 4.68 Change in moment of inertia = I - =
3 3
The angular momentum of a body changes Assuming the initial I to be 100% change in
by 80kg m2s–1 when its angular velociti changes
from 20 rad s–1 to 40 rad s–1. Find the change in 100 1
moment of inertia = % = 33 % .
its kinetic energy of rotation. 3 3
Solution : Change in angular momentum of the body
*Problem 4.71
L2 - L1 = I (w2 - w1 ) A horizontal disc is freely rotating about a
1 vertical axis passing through its centre at the rate
Change in kinetic energy = I (w22 - w12 )
2 of 100 rpm. A bob of wax of mass 20 g falls on
change in K .E w + w1 the disc and sticks to it a distance of 5 cm from
= 2
change in angular momentum 2 the axis. If the moment of inertia of the disc about
the given axis is 2x10–4kg m2, find new frequency
æ20 + 40 ö÷
\ change in K.E = 80 çççè 2 ø÷ ÷= 2400 J of rotation of the disc.
Solution :
*Problem 4.69 I1 = Moment of inertia of the disc =2x10–4kgm2
If the radius of the earth is suddenly halved I 2 = Moment of inertia of the disc+Moment of
keeping its mass constant find its time period of inertia of the bob of wax on the disc
rotation around its own axis 2
= 2´ 10- 4 + mr 2 = 2´ 10- 4 + 20´ 10- 3 (0.05)
Solution : When the radius of the earth gets reduced
suddenly keeping its mass constant, the angular = 2´ 10- 4 + 0.5´ 10- 4 = 2.5´ 10- 4 kgm2
momentum of the earth constant. (n / t )1 = 100rpm; (n / t )2 = ?
Iw = constant By the principle of conservation of angular
2 2p
MR 2 ´ = cons tan t momentum,
5 T
I1w1 = I 2w2 æn ö æn ö÷
since mass ‘M’ is constant \ R 2 a T I1 2p çç ÷ ç
÷ = I 2 2p èçç t ø÷
çè t ø÷1
÷
2
The radius changes form R to R/2 - 4æ n ö÷
R2 24 hour 2´ 10 ´ 100 = 2.5´ 10 çç ÷
- 4

= çè t ø÷2
æR ö÷2
T
çç ÷ æn ö÷ 100´ 2
÷
çè 4 ø÷ çç ÷ = = 80rpm .
çè t ø÷2 2.5
\ T = 6 hour
*Problem 4.72
* Problem 4.70 Determine the kinetic energy of a circular
A ballet dancer spins about a vertical axis at disc rotating with a speed of 60 rpm about an
60 rpm with arms outstretched. When her arms axis passing through a point on its circumference
folded the angular frequency increases to 90 rpm. and perpedicular to its plane. The circular disc
Find the change in her moment of inertia. has a mass of 5 kg and radius 1 m.
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 ROTATORY MOTION PHYSICS - I B

1 *Problem: 4.76
Solution : Kinetic energy K.E.  I 2
2
A door of moment of inertia 4 kg m2 is at
1 3MR 2
   (2)2 = 148.1 J . rest. When a torque of 2Nm acts on it find its
2 2
angular acceleration. Find also its angular
*Problem 4.73 velocity after 1 s.
The angular momentum of rotating body is  2 
Solution :     rad / s2
increased by 20 %. What will be the increase in I 4 2
its rotational kinetic energy ?  2  1  t

L2 p
w2 = ´ 1
Solution : Kinetic energy K.E.  2
2I
E  L2 w2 = 1.57 rad / sec.
2
E + DE æ 120 ö÷ DE
= çç = 0.44
E çè100 ø÷
÷ Or
E
*Problem 4.77
DE A ballet dancer spins about a vertical axis at
´ 100 = 44% 120 rpm with arms outstretched. With her arms
E
folded, the moment of inertia about the axis of
*Problem 4.74 rotation decreases by 40%. Calculate the new rate
A massless string is wrapped around a of rotation.
uniform solid cylinder of mass 30 kg and radius Solution : n1 = 120 rpm ; n2 = ?
0.20 m. One end of the string is attached to the I11  I2  2
cylinder and the free end is pulled tangentially
Let I1 = 100 units, then I2 = 60 units
by a force that maintains a constant tension of
3.0 N. Find a) the angular acceleration and b) 100 ´ 120 = 60 ´ w2
the angular speed of the cylinder 2.0 s after the w2 = 200rpm
force is applied to the cylinder at rest.
Solution : a) We know that   I *Problem 4.78
mr 2 A wheel is rotating with a speed of 500 rpm
F.r  I F.r  
2 on a shaft. Second identical wheel, initially at rest
2F 2 3 is suddenly coupled on the same shaft. What is
   1 rad / s2
mr 30  0.2 the speed of the resultant combination? Assume
b)  2  1  t   2  t that the moment of inertia of the shaft is negligible.
angular speed after 2 sec, Solution : I11  I2 2 I1n1  I2 n2
2  1  2  2 rad / sec . I1 (500) = 2I1 n2 \ n2 = 250 rpm.

*Problem 4.75 *Problem 4.79

The angular momentum of a body changes The moment of inertia of a fly wheel making
by 60 kg m2 s–1, when its angular velocity changes 300 revolutions per minute is 0.3 kgm2 , find
from 10 rad s–1 to 30 rad s–1. Find the change in torque required to bring it to rest in 20 s.
its kinetic energy of rotation. Solution : Torque   I
Solution : D L = 60 kgm 2 s- 1 ( 2  1 ) 0.3  (0  10 )
- 1 I  
D w = 20rad s t 20
E    L = 20 × 60 = 1200 J.  0.15  0.471 Nm .

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