Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2017) 1e7

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Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

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Neuropharmacological evaluation on four traditional herbs used as

nervine tonic and commonly available as Shankhpushpi in India
Neeraj K. Sethiya a, c, *, Alok Nahata b, d, Pawan Kumar Singh c, S.H. Mishra a
a
Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda, Kalabhavan, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India
b
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar, 470003, India
c
Value Addition Research and Development Department-Human Health, National Innovation Foundation-India, Gandhinagar, 382 650, Gujarat, India
d
Ying Zhi Agricultural and Industries Sdn Bhd, Jitra, 06000, Kedah Darulaman, Malaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the neuropharmacological effect of four herbs
Received 26 April 2017 commonly identified as source of Shankhpushpi.
Received in revised form Background: Shankhpushpi is an Ayurvedic drug, widely used for its actions on the central nervous
1 August 2017
system, especially to improve intellect and boost memory. Four botanicals viz. Canscora decussata Schult.
Accepted 28 August 2017
Available online xxx
(CD), Clitorea ternatea Linn. (CT), Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. (CP) and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (EA)
are considered as sources of Shankhpushpi by Indian practitioners on the basis of their morphological
descriptions given in ancient texts.
Keywords:
Neuroprotection
Materials and methods: Methanol extracts of all four varieties were tested and evaluated in vitro and in
Lipoxygenase vivo for their neuropharmacological effects. Experiments such as protection against b-amyloid induced
Enzyme inhibition neurotoxicity on brain cell line (Neuro 2A), antioxidant potential, AchE (acetylcholinesterase enzyme)
Memory inhibition, and 5-LOX (lipoxygenase) enzyme inhibition were conducted for in vitro evaluation. For in vivo
Shankhpushpi evaluation, scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg i.p.) induced memory retrieval using pole climbing apparatus and
Morris water maze were performed in rat models.
Results: It was found that protective effects of EA and CD against b-amyloid induced neurotoxicity in
Neuro 2A cells were significantly higher than CT and CP. EA proved to be superior than other varieties on
the basis of antioxidant activity, AchE inhibitory and LOX inhibitory activities. The preventive activity of
EA on scopolamine induced memory retrieval in pole climbing and Morris water maze task in rats was
found to be higher than that of CD, CT and CP.
Conclusion: EA has remarkable neuropharmacological effect as compared to other three varieties
of Shankhpushpi. This effect may be attributed due to the presence of steroids (stigmasterol and betulinic
acid), coumarins (scopoletin) and flavonoids (b-carotene and chlorogenic acid). Hence it can be used as a
promising lead in development and management of neuronal disorders including Alzheimer's disease.
© 2017 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services by
Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction (Convulvulaceae), and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (EA) (Con-

vulvulaceae) are considered as Shankhpushpi by Indian practi-
Shankhpushpi has been recognized in Ayurveda as ‘Medhya tioners [1,2].
Rasayana’e meaning a drug which rejuvenates, maintains and Different varieties of Shankhpushpi have proved their curative
potentiates intellect and memory. On the basis of flower shape and potential individually in studies related to CNS depression [3,4],
their ability to treat memory related dysfunctions, four botanicals anxiolytic [5], anti-amensic [6,7], tranquilizing, anti-depressant,
viz. Canscora decussata Schult. (CD) (Gentianaceae), Clitorea terna- anti-stress, neurodegenerative, antioxidant, hypolipidemic,
tea Linn. (CT) (Leguminosae), Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. (CP) immunomodulatory, analgesic, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-
diabetic, anti-ulcer, anti-catatonic and cardiovascular activity.
Several types of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, flavonoids and
* Corresponding author. coumarins are reported as active chemicals responsible for bio-
E-mail address: nscognosy2006@gmail.com (N.K. Sethiya). logical effects [8].
Peer review under responsibility of Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.08.012
0975-9476/© 2017 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: Sethiya NK, et al., Neuropharmacological evaluation on four traditional herbs used as nervine tonic and
commonly available as Shankhpushpi in India, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.08.012
2 N.K. Sethiya et al. / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2017) 1e7

Shankhpushpi (in various dosage forms) is one of the widely 2.4. Experimental procedure
marketed herbal products in India for boosting memory and
intellect [9]. Controversy arises due to synonymous names of 2.4.1. In vitro neuropharmacological studies
different available varieties often leading to selection of plant ma- 2.4.1.1. b-amyloid induced neuroprotection on brain cell line
terial with poor neuropharmacological activity, which results a less 2.4.1.1.1. Cell culture and stock solutions. Neuro-2a (a neuro-
potent formulation. There are some previous studies as well, blastoma cell line) was obtained from the National Centre for Cell
related to simultaneous evaluation of nootropic, anxiolytic and Sciences (NCCS), Pune, India and routinely cultured in EMEM sup-
CNS-depressant activities on two or three varieties of Shankhpushpi plemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS), gentamicin
[10e15]. Moreover, authors have also done similar studies in the (50 mg/ml) and amphotericin B (2.5 mg/ml) in 10% CO2/90% hu-
past focusing on anxiolytic and memory enhancement activities of midified air at 37
C. Neuro-2A was split in 96-well plates at a
different varieties of Shankhpushpi [4e7]. However, till date none of concentration of 1  105 cells per ml and allowed to adhere for 24 h
the studies (including our previous studies) simultaneously eval- at 37
C. The toxicity of Ab on Neuro-2a cells was assessed by MTT
uated the complete neuropharmacological profile of four varieties, assay. Briefly, Neuro-2a cells were exposed to Ab1e40 (0.1 mM,
which has been done in the present work by the authors. This 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM and 15 mM) for 24 h and the rate of MTT
helped us to arrive at a conclusion as to which of them is the best in reduction was recorded [18]. After assessment of toxicity, Neuro-2a
terms of neuropharmacological activity. Various parameters such with (10 mM) or without Ab1e40 (dissolved in pyrogen free water)
as in vitro protection against b-amyloid induced neurotoxicity on plus different concentrations (10 mM, 20 mM, 30 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM
brain cell line (Neuro 2A), antioxidant potential, AchE inhibition, 5- and 200 mM) of methanol extract of Shankhpushpi botanicals viz.
LOX enzyme inhibition, and in vivo experiments such as scopol- MECD, MECT, MECP, MEEA were diluted in DMSO. The final DMSO
amine induced memory retrieval using pole climbing apparatus concentration in each sample was 0.1%, and this concentration did
and Morris water maze task in rats were performed. not affect cell growth or death.
2.4.1.1.2. MTT cell viability assay. A MTT conversion assay was
2. Materials and methods used to determine the cell viability under each treatment condition
[19]. The MTT assay relies primarily on the mitochondrial metabolic
2.1. Chemicals and reagents capacity of viable cells and reflects the intracellular redox state.
After incubation, the cells were treated with the MTT solution (final
Eagle’s Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM); Earle's BSS concentration: 1 mg/mL) for 3 h. The dark blue formazan crystals
(Balanced Salt Solution); 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) formed in intact cells were solubilized with lysis buffer [20% (w/v)
(Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India). Methylthiazol sodium dodecyl sulfate in 50% (v/v) aqueous N, N dimethyl form-
tetrazolium (MTT) (3-[4, 5-dimethyIthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5- amide with an adjusted pH of 4.5]. The optical density of each well
diphenyltetra-zolium bromide); b-amyloid (1e40); Acetylthiocho- was measured with a 96-well microplate spectrophotometer (Bio-
line iodide (ATCI); acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AchE) from hu- Rad, Hercules, CA, USA, Benchmark) at the test wavelength of
man erythrocyte; 5, 5-dithiobis [2-nitrobenzoic acid] (DTNB); 570 nm.
galantamine; lipoxidase enzyme and linoleic acid were obtained
from Sigma Ltd. (Mumbai, India). Ascorbic acid was procured from
2.4.1.2. Assay of hydroxyl radical scavenging and total antioxidant
Loba Chemie (Mumbai, India). Scopolamine (99.98% pure) was
activity. DPPH radical-scavenging, Ferric-reducing antioxidant po-
obtained as a gift from Cadila Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. (Goa, India).
wer (FRAP) and phosphomolybdenum complex methods were used
Scopolamine was dissolved in normal saline for i.p. injection. All the
to evaluate the hydroxyl radical scavenging and total antioxidant
chemicals and reagents used in the experiments were of analytical
capacity of the samples [20]. Five different concentrations (100,
grade. Pre-coated silica gel 60F254 TLC plates were purchased from
200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/ml) of methanol extract viz., MECD,
Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
MECT, MECP and MEEA were used. Vitamin E was used as reference
standard for all the three methods.
2.2. Plant materials and preparation of extracts

C. decussata (CD) was collected from Ninai ghat (Gujarat, India) 2.4.1.3. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition microplate assay. AchE ac-
and identified by Dr S.C. Agrawal (Department of Botany, CDRI, tivity was measured using a 96-well microplate reader based on
Lucknow, India). C. ternatea (CT), C. pluricaulis (CP) and E. alsinoides Ellman's method. The absorbance was measured at 405 nm at every
(EA) were collected from the outskirts of Vadodara and identified in 13 s for 65 s. 25 mL of 0.22 U/ml of AchE enzyme was added and the
the Botany Department of M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, absorbance was again read at every 13 s for 104 s using 680 XR
Gujarat (India). Voucher specimens of all four plants (No. Microplate Reader S/N 10519 [21]. Percentage inhibition was
Pharmacy/CD/09-10/13/NS, Pharmacy/CT/09-10/12/NS, Pharmacy/ calculated by comparing the sample to the blank. Ranges of
CP/09-10/11/NS, and Pharmacy/EA/09-10/10/NS) have been different concentration (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/ml) of
deposited in the Herbal Drug Technology Lab, Pharmacy Depart- methanol extracts (MECD, MECT, MECP and MEEA) were used.
ment of the University. 1000 g shade dried and coarsely powdered Galantamine was used as reference standard for the study.
whole herb of all the drugs was subjected to Soxhlet extraction with
methanol. The solvent was completely removed under reduced 2.4.1.4. Lipooxygenase (LOX) enzyme inhibition assay. LOX enzyme
pressure using rotary evaporator. The percent yield of methanol inhibition assay was performed using linoleic acid as substrate and
extract (ME) were found to be 15.78 ± 0.01, 7.31 ± 0.06, 9.56 ± 0.03 lipoxidase as enzyme. Methanol extract of each variety were dis-
and 10.36 ± 0.07% for CD, CT, CP and EA respectively. solved separately in 0.25 ml of 2 M borate buffer (pH 9.0) and
0.25 ml of lipoxidase enzyme solution (20,000 U/ml) was added
2.3. Characterization of extract and incubated for 5 min at 25
C. Further, 1 ml of linoleic acid so-
lution (0.6 mM) was added, mixed well and absorbance was
High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) studies measured at 234 nm. Different concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200
were performed using various solvent systems as reported in our and 250 mg/ml) of the test extracts were plotted to determine the
earlier studies [9,15e17]. IC50 values. Rutin was used as reference standard [21].

Please cite this article in press as: Sethiya NK, et al., Neuropharmacological evaluation on four traditional herbs used as nervine tonic and
commonly available as Shankhpushpi in India, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.08.012
 N.K. Sethiya et al. / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2017) 1e7 3

2.4.2. In vivo studies to find the hidden platform (latency) was recorded. After the last
2.4.2.1. Animals. Male SpragueeDawley rats (wt. 200e250 g, age training trial session, the platform was removed from the pool and
2e3 months) were used for the study. The animals were housed in rats were allowed to swim for 60 s to search for it. A record was kept
groups of six in polypropylene cages, under standard laboratory of the number of crossing over the platform position in the pool
conditions of temperature (25 ± 2
C), lighting (08:00e20:00 h) quadrant where the platform had been previously placed. The test
and relative humidity (50 ± 5%) and had free access to standard drugs and the vehicle were administered orally once daily for 14
pellet chow (Brooke Bond-Lipton, India) and water. Animals were days. On the 14 day, a single dose of scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg i.p.)
acclimatized for 7 days before initiation of the study. All the ex- was administered 45 min before the Morris water maze test began.
periments were conducted between 0900 and 1400 h. Experi- All the groups, except the vehicle treated, received scopolamine.
mental protocol was approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Then, the rats were exposed to training sessions using Morris water
Committee (IAEC) of B.R. Nahata College of Pharmacy, Mandsaur maze for two consecutive days before decapitation. The maximum
(Reg. No. 918/ac/05/CPCSEA). drug concentration occurs approximately 30 min after scopolamine
administration [22].
2.4.2.2. Assessment of nootropic activity by scopolamine induced
amnesia. The nootropic activity was assessed using Cook and
2.5. Data analysis
Weidley's pole climbing apparatus and Morris water maze task. The
animals were divided into seven groups (n ¼ 6). Group I received
All the analyses were carried out in triplicate and the results
the vehicle (distilled water) only, Group II received scopolamine
were expressed as mean ± SEM. Regression analysis was used to
(0.3 mg/kg i.p) as negative control, Group III received piracetam
calculate IC50, defined as the concentration of inhibitor necessary
(100 mg/kg p.o.) as positive control, and Group IV-VII received
for 50% inhibition of the enzyme reaction. For animal studies, the
methanol extracts (400 mg/kg p.o.) of CD, CT, CP and EA.
data were expressed as mean ± SEM and analyzed by one-way
ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison post-test. P
2.4.2.3. Cook and Weidley's pole climbing apparatus. Briefly, Cook
and F values and degrees of freedom were calculated. The data was
and Weidley's pole climbing apparatus [21] consists of a sound-
analyzed using GraphPad Prism 5 software (GraphPad Software
proof transparent experimental chamber with a grid floor and a
Inc., La Jolla, California).
provision of electric current to be considered as shock zone which
was initiated with a buzzer tone. The chamber had a transparent
covering lid to which a wooden pole screwed into the inner surface, 3. Results
acted as the shock-free zone (Medicraft Electromedicals Pvt Ltd.,
India). The condition of stimulus was a foot shock of 0.75 mA given 3.1. Characterization of extract
to each rat for a period of 2 s from the electrified grid floor, in order
to teach them to avoid electric current by climbing on the wooden HPTLC studies revealed the presence of various phytochemicals
pole i.e. the shock free zone. Three trial sessions interspersed with shown in Table 1, as reported and published in our earlier studies
an interval of 10 s were conducted daily. During each of the trials, and may be utilized for phytochemical differentiation among four
the rats were allowed to explore the apparatus for 10 s, including varieties of Shankhpushpi [9,15e17].
2 s foot shock period. Sensitivity of the rats towards foot shock was
measured and only those rats, which were sensitive to the shock
3.2. b-amyloid induced neuroprotection on brain cell line
and could climb the pole, were included in the experiment. The test
drugs and vehicle were administered orally once daily for 14 days
The toxicity of Ab1e40 on Neuro-2a cells was assessed by MTT
before commencement of experiment. All the groups were trained
assay. It was confirmed that when Neuro-2a cells were exposed to
daily for learning. Training trial (TT) was conducted after 7 days of
Ab1e40 (0.1 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM and 15 mM) for 24 h, the
treatment. Twenty-four hours later, on day 8, a retention trial (RT)
rate of MTT reduction was decreased in a concentration-dependent
was conducted and the number of avoidance responses (ARs) in the
manner (Fig. 1). Therefore, a fixed concentration of Ab1e40, 2.5 mM,
10 trial sessions were noted. On day 9 of the experiment, after
was used for the determination of Ab1e40-induced Neuro-2a cells
attaining complete training, all the animals except control, were
damage. Neuro-2a cells were incubated in culture medium con-
treated with a single dose of scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg i.p.), 30 min
taining 2.5 mM Ab1e40 with or without test extracts viz. MECD,
before the administration of the extracts. Training schedule was
MECT, MECP, MEEA. As shown in Fig. 2, MEEA and MECD signifi-
continued further with daily dosing of test drugs till 15 days, for the
cantly protected Neuro-2a cells from the cytotoxic effect of Ab1e40.
complete evaluation of the memory retention in terms of retention
After 24 h exposure to 2.5 mM Ab1e40 alone, the degree of reduction
trial.
of MTT by Neuro-2a cells was decreased and MEEA and MECD
significantly increased cell viability. Further analysis revealed that
2.4.2.4. Morris water maze task. The Morris water maze was
the protective effects of MEEA and MECD were significantly better
described as forced swimming performance of animals in the
than MECT and MECP (Fig. 2).
presence of hidden platform. The first experimental day was
dedicated to four swimming training sessions of 60 s in the pres-
ence of the platform. On the 2nd day, the rats were given four trial Table 1
sessions with the platform in place. The time interval between each Characterization of each methanol extract of Shankhpushpi botanicals viz. MECD,
trial sessions was 30 min. For eight trial sessions, rats were placed MECT, MECP and MEEA respectively.
every time in the water facing the pool wall in one of the pool MECD MECT MECP MEEA
quadrants. The entry point was changed in a different order on
Stigmasterol Stigmasterol Stigmasterol Stigmasterol
daily basis. When a rat located the platform, it was permitted to Ursolic acid Lupeol Scopoletin Betulinic acid
remain on it for 10 s. If the rat did not locate the platform within Mangiferin Ursolic acid Scopoletin
60 s, it was placed on the platform for 10 s. After each trial, the wet Scopoletin Scopoletin b-carotene
animal was returned to a cage, dried with towel, and allowed to dry b-carotene b-carotene Chlorogenic acid
Rutin
up under an infrared lamp. During each trial session, the time taken

Please cite this article in press as: Sethiya NK, et al., Neuropharmacological evaluation on four traditional herbs used as nervine tonic and
commonly available as Shankhpushpi in India, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.08.012
4 N.K. Sethiya et al. / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2017) 1e7

Fig. 1. Characterization of Ab1e40-induced neuronal death in Neuro-2a cells. Cell viability at 24 h was determined by measuring the ability to reduce MTT as a percentage of the
ability of control cells. Results are the mean ± SEM. (n ¼ 3), ***p < 0.001 compared with control group without Ab1e40.

Fig. 2. Effect of methanol extract of various Shankhpushpi botanicals on Ab1e40-induced Neuro 2A cell death. Neuro 2A cells were incubated in culture medium containing 10 mM Ab1e40
with or without the following extracts: MECD, MECT, MECP and MEEA. Cell viability at 24 h was determined by measuring the ability to reduce MTT as a percentage of the ability of
control cells. The results are the mean ± SEM (n ¼ 3). One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison test [***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05; F ¼ 26.59, df (5, 30) ¼ 35].

Please cite this article in press as: Sethiya NK, et al., Neuropharmacological evaluation on four traditional herbs used as nervine tonic and
commonly available as Shankhpushpi in India, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.08.012
 N.K. Sethiya et al. / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2017) 1e7 5

3.3. Assay of hydroxyl radical scavenging and total antioxidant Table 3

activity Comparative acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory activity
of methanol extract of various Shankhpushpi botanicals.

Radical scavenging effects and total antioxidant activity of Treatments IC50 value (mg/ml)
methanol extracts (MECD, MECT, MECP and MEEA) are represented AchE LOX
in Table 2. Results revealed that MEEA possesses highest radical A
Rutin Not applicable 4.21 ± 0.17
scavenging effect as compared to others, with IC50 value of GalantamineB 4.68 ± 0.16 Not applicable
18.21 ± 0.51 in DPPH method. MEEA also possessed higher anti- MECD 65.88 ± 3.78* 28.39 ± 1.24***
oxidant potential with IC50 value of 20.38 ± 0.37 by FRAP (ferric- MECT 132.40 ± 18.96*** 114.35 ± 0.99***
107.99 ± 7.57** 81.76 ± 2.07***
reducing antioxidant power) and 20.63 ± 0.30 mg/ml by phospho- MECP
MEEA 65.67 ± 11.32* 19.04 ± 0.78***
molybdenum complex method. The order of activity was found to
be MEEA>MECD>MECP>MECT in all the three methods. Where ‘A’ is used as positive control for LOX and ‘B’ is used as positive control for
AchE. All values are mean ± SEM (n ¼ 6). One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni
post-tests regardless of all p-values. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to
3.4. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition microplate assay galantamine for AchE and rutin for LOX.

MEEA showed appreciably higher activity than other three va-

rieties and inhibited AchE with an IC50 value of 65.67 ± 11.32 mg/ml 3.6.2. Morris water maze task
(Table 3). Galantamine was used as a positive control, showed in- The data in Table 4 shows the comparative improvement in
hibition with an IC50 value of 4.68 ± 0.16 mg/ml. The order of activity memory-dependent learning by treatment with methanolic ex-
was found to be MEEA>MECD>MECP>MECT. tracts. MEEA revealed comparative significant higher increase in
latency time in scopolamine treated rats in comparison with others
3.5. Lipooxygenase (LOX) enzyme inhibition assay and the corresponding control [****p < 0.0001; ***p < 0.0005;
**p < 0.005; *p < 0.05; F ¼ 14.42; df (6, 35) ¼ 41]. All the extract
Among all the tested methanol extracts, MEEA showed highest treated groups exhibited decrease in the latency time as compared
activity and inhibited LOX enzyme with the IC50 value of to the corresponding scopolamine treated rats. These rats showed a
19.04 ± 0.78 mg/ml (Table 3). Rutin was used as a positive control, significant decrease in number of crossings over the platform po-
showed inhibition with an IC50 value of 4.21 ± 0.17 mg/ml. The order sition as compared to the corresponding control. The order of ac-
of activity was found to be MEEA>MECD>MECP>MECT. tivity was found to be MEEA>MECD>MECP>MECT.

3.6. Assessment of nootropic activity by scopolamine induced 4. Discussion

amnesia
Synonymous use of the word ‘Shankhpushpi’ for different vari-
Inhibitory avoidance test conducted by administration of eties creates a controversy regarding their identity which often
scopolamine induced amnesia resulted in reduction in the number results in the use of less potent variety in herbal formulations [23].
of avoidance responses. However, continued treatment of MEEA The present work provides comparative neuropharmacological
produced better retention and recovery as compared to the extracts evaluation, which was needed to identify most suitable memory
of other three varieties. enhancer among them. Although all plants are individually tested
and found active in various parameters involving in vitro and in vivo
3.6.1. Cook and Weidley's pole climbing apparatus experiments, still, they differ in their pharmacological
There was a significant increase in memory retention and effectiveness.
retrieval in MEEA treated groups. The order of activity was found to Many of the phytochemicals present in Shankhpushpi are re-
be MEEA>MECD>MECP>MECT. A one-way ANOVA followed by ported individually to possess activities related to antioxidant ac-
Bonferroni's multiple comparison post-test, conducted on the tion, memory dysfunction and CNS stimulation [24,25]. Presence
avoidance response of rats when they were administered a single and absence of such phytochemicals in different varieties of
dose of scopolamine on 9th day followed by trials on 10th, 11th, Shankhpushpi creates confusion as to which is the most potent
12th, 13th, 14th and 15th day demonstrated that the Shankhpushpi variety [8].
extract treated groups exhibited a significant [****p < 0.0001, It was reported that b-amyloid peptides have been used to
***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01; F ¼ 114.1; df (4, 40) ¼ 44] increase in the initiate neurotoxicity in Neuro-2a (a neuroblastoma cell lines)
number of ARs as compared to the scopolamine and vehicle treated cultured cells [26]. The toxic effects of b-amyloid peptides as found
groups (Fig. 3). The order of activity was found to be in our studies (Fig. 2) agree with previously reported data in
MEEA>MECD>MECP>MECT. neuronal cells [27]. MTT assay was reported to measure protective
effects of plant extracts and compounds on cell viability. In order to
Table 2
determine and compare the effect of four varieties against Ab1e40
Comparative antioxidant and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of methanol induced neurotoxicity, MTT based cell protection assay was per-
extract of various Shankhpushpi botanicals. formed. The order of cell protection against Ab1e40 induced
Treatments IC50 value (mg/ml)
neurotoxicity damage was found to be MEEA>MECD>MECP>MECT
(Fig. 2). These data support the neuroprotective activity of tested
DPPH FRAP Phosphomolybdenum
drugs by reducing b-amyloid deposition in the brain to protect from
Vitamin E 13.62 ± 2.03 12.39 ± 0.17 4.41 ± 0.08 memory dysfunction.
MECD 19.15 ± 0.35ns 21.65 ± 0.15*** 21.62 ± 0.40***
It has been established earlier that brain aging is mainly asso-
MECT 36.09 ± 2.10*** 66.71 ± 1.28*** 24.64 ± 1.73***
MECP 25.46 ± 0.08** 26.94 ± 0.14*** 22.11 ± 0.41*** ciated with free radical action [28]. In the present study, compar-
MEEA 18.21 ± 0.51ns 20.38 ± 0.37*** 20.63 ± 0.30*** ative free radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacities of four
All values are mean ± SEM (n ¼ 6). One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-
Shankhpushpi botanicals were measured by using the DPPH, FRAP
tests regardless of all p-values. nsp > 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to and phosphomolybdenum method reaction. The order of activity
Vitamin E for all three separate experiment. was found to be MEEA>MECD>MECP>MECT in all the three

Please cite this article in press as: Sethiya NK, et al., Neuropharmacological evaluation on four traditional herbs used as nervine tonic and
commonly available as Shankhpushpi in India, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.08.012
6 N.K. Sethiya et al. / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2017) 1e7

Fig. 3. Effect of methanol extract of various Shankhpushpi botanicals on nootropic activity by scopolamine induced amnesia in rats using Cook and Weidley's pole climbing
apparatus. All values are mean ± SEM (n ¼ 6). One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison tests [***p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01; F ¼ 114.1; df (4, 40) ¼ 44].

Table 4 receiving only scopolamine on day 9 (Cook and Weidley's pole

Effect of methanol extract of various Shankhpushpi botanicals on scopolamine climbing apparatus) and day 14 (Morris water maze task) showed
induced amnesia by Morris water maize test.
a considerable loss of memory and amnesia produced was
Treatment# Escape Latency persistent. There is substantial evidence that muscarinic receptor
(mg/kg) blockade by drugs like scopolamine results into disruptions of
60 Secondsa Crossing the platform
in 7 trialsb various tasks related to performance of memory [32,33]. Reduc-
Vehicle 32.89 ± 6.74**** 5.66 ± 0.33**** tion in the number of avoidance responses is an evidence of
Scopolamine 48.52 ± 0.25 1.66 ± 0.33 amnesia during inhibitory avoidance test conducted after admin-
Piracetam 19.22 ± 0.21**** 6.33 ± 0.33**** istration of scopolamine. However, it is evident in our experiments
MECD 26.03 ± 0.07**** 4.66 ± 0.33****
that continued treatment with methanol extracts of four
MECT 36.05 ± 0.12* 2.33 ± 0.33ns
MECP 30.02 ± 0.09*** 2.66 ± 0.33ns
Shankhpushpi botanicals individually produced better retention
MEEA 23.08 ± 0.02**** 5.33 ± 0.33**** and recovery. The order of activity in both the performed in vivo
task was found to be MEEA>MECD>MECP>MECT, which is similar
The test drugs and the vehicle were administered orally once daily for 14 days. On
the 14 day, a single dose of scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg i.p.) was administered 45 min to the in vitro findings.
before the moris water maze began. All the groups, except the vehicle treated, Thus, anti-amensic effects of Shankhpushpi on scopolamine
received scopolamine. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple compari- induced amnesia by utilizing Cook and Weidley's pole climbing
son tests. All values are mean ± SEM (n ¼ 6). [****p < 0.0001;
apparatus and Morris water maze task were successfully demon-
***p < 0.0005;**p < 0.005; *p < 0.05; F ¼ 14.42; df (6, 35) ¼ 41].
strated through the study. EA was proven to be most potent for
memory and related disorders in many of previous studies
methods performed. These data supports neuroprotective activity [7,12,34]. EA possessed higher activity than other as an evidence
of tested drugs, underlying mechanism being free radical scav- from all the experiments performed in present studies.
enging and antioxidant action on the brain cells, providing pro-
tective action against memory dysfunction. 5. Conclusion
Disturbance of cholinergic neurotransmission in the brain con-
tributes to the salient cognitive decline and progression of memory The findings validate that the traditional use of Shankhpushpi
dysfunction [29,30]. Present study depicts that all the four for its neuropharmacological action and provide great relevance
Shankhpushpi botanicals inhibited AchE significantly and protected for its use in the prevention and therapies of memory and CNS
the loss of neurotransmitter AchE, which is directly responsible for related dysfunctions. The comparative multiple beneficial effects
cognitive function. The order of activity was found to be of E. alsinoides over other Shankhpushpi botanicals makes it a
MEEA>MECD>MECP>MECT. promising agent for controlled clinical trials to establish its safety
It was reported earlier that 5-lipooxygenase is a key enzyme and efficacy as an antioxidant, NSAID-like prophylactic agent,
in the biosynthesis of leukotriene, which has been postulated to NMDA down-regulator and acetylcholinesterase enhancer for
play an important role in the pathophysiology of aging- protection against AD and possibly other neurodegenerative age-
associated neurodegenerative disorders [31]. Present study related diseases. The results of neuropharmacological activity
revealed that all the four Shankhpushpi botanicals inhibited 5- suggest that E. alsinoides should be used as the true source of
LOX significantly, which is directly responsible for neurodegen- Shankhpushpi while the other three plants can be used as its
erative disorders. The order of activity was found to be substitutes.
MEEA>MECD>MECP>MECT.
We further confirmed our findings from in vitro studies by Sources of funding
adopting various animal protocols reported earlier for evaluation
of nootropic activity. We assessed nootropic activity by Cook and One of the authors, Neeraj K. Sethiya acknowledges the financial
Weidley's pole climbing apparatus and Morris water maze task on support of University Grants Commission, New Delhi, Govt. of India,
scopolamine induced amnesia model. It was seen that animals for providing Junior Research Fellowship (F. No. 10-01/2008).

Please cite this article in press as: Sethiya NK, et al., Neuropharmacological evaluation on four traditional herbs used as nervine tonic and
commonly available as Shankhpushpi in India, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.08.012
 N.K. Sethiya et al. / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2017) 1e7 7

Conflict of interest commercialized botanical sources of Shankhpushpi (Medhya Rasayana): a pre-

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Please cite this article in press as: Sethiya NK, et al., Neuropharmacological evaluation on four traditional herbs used as nervine tonic and
commonly available as Shankhpushpi in India, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.08.012