MODULE I

Lesson 1 Administration and

Supervision

Lesson 2 History of Volleyball

Lesson 3 Facilities and Equipment

Lesson 4 Terminologies
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LESSON 1


ADMINISTRATION
AND SUPERVISION

Objectives:
1. Be able to facilitate a competition or tournament
2. Recognize the need for a well-organized competition or tournament.
3. Describe or illustrate the mechanics of the types of competitions or
tournaments.

Introduction
Sports, has the power to unite people and cultures all over the world. They
promote fairness and tolerance, gender boundaries and foster mutual
understanding. Thereby contributing to the positive development of personality
and character.
Team sports overcome discrimination, improve health and combat diseases,
promote gender equality, fight violence, and secure environmental sustainability.
This lesson aims to combine sports and life skills. A guide to integrate life
skills into sports events. It offers management knowledge to educate students and
to spread the message of sports for development.
In this lesson, you will be guided through the basic points on how to
successfully plan and organize a competition or tournament.

ORGANIZING A TOURNAMENT

The rewards of hosting tournament are worth the time spent planning.
Tournaments bring people together for fun, friendly competition.

If you're hosting a tournament, you'll want to get a hand on the important

things — from choosing a venue to keeping score. Here are the key elements to
consider when planning a tournament.

 Prepare the list of sports events to be played.

 List down available facilities and equipment.
 Prepare the entry forms of the participants.
 Prepare the different forms to be used in each event.
 Prepare the guidelines for the participating teams.
 Prepare the format for the team gallery.

Things to consider carefully:

 Schedule
 Eligibility
 Financing
 System in determining the over all champion
 Awards

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 Protests and forfeitures

 Publicity
 Officiating officials
 Other activities

Types of Competitions or Tournaments

Definition of terms

• Leagues
- a competitive structure in which teams or individuals (called entries)
compete for a week or more, perhaps an entire school year.

• Tournaments
- typically shorter: one or two-day events in which entries are scheduled
to compete.

• Seeding
- the process of ranking players according to their ability relative to
other entries, takes place before a tournament begins. The main
principle is that the top two entries should meet in the final game.

• Bracket
- a graphic illustration of where entries advance when they win, and in
the case of double elimination, where the first time losers go.

• Draw
- involves the placement of entries unto the tournament bracket sheet
or league schedule.

• Standings
- refers to the final position that entries find themselves in at the end of
the tournament or league play.

• Byes
- the position of a top ranked tournament entry that advances to the
next round without playing. When there are fewer entries than spaces
on the tournament bracket, the top seeds do not play in the first round
and given a bye.

• Power of 2’s
- used to determine the bye’s by multiplying 2(2)=4(2)=8(2)=16(2)=32
(2) and so on…

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There are numerous ways where a team or individual can compete with one
another. In the selection of the type of competition or tournament, the major
considerations are:
1. The type of activity
2. The number of competitors
3. Available space and time.

1. The Single Elimination

The single elimination type may be used when the time is limited. It is the
easiest way to organize and the quickest to declare a winner. A type of elimination
that determines the winner by eliminating the loser in every match until there is
one team left.
Procedure:

1. Compute for the number of games using the formula in single

elimination type of tournament.

Formula: G=(n-1)

where: G -number of games

n -number of teams
For example:

Number of teams = 4

Number of games = n-1

= 4-1
= 3 games

So there are three (3) games to be scheduled for 4 teams.

2. Compute for the number of byes using the formula:

Bye = P2 – n

where: P --least power of 2 higher than N

Fixed value—2, 4, 8, 16, 32…
(2x2=4x2=8x2=16x2=32…)
n --number of teams
Bye—entitles a team to advance to the next round
without playing in the first round.

Given the example above, let us compute for the number of bye (or
byes) for 4 teams.

Bye = 4 – 4
=0

There are no bye for the 4 teams to compete.

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3. Ramify the teams.

Since there are no computed bye for the 4 teams, all of them
will be scheduled to play for the first round.

Round 1
Round 2
A W
G1
1 Winner
B
G3 WINNER 3- CHAMPION
C W
G2 2
D

The winning team will move forward and wait for the other
winning teams and continues to move forward until a champion is
declared. The loser on the other hand will be eliminated.

2. The Double Elimination

This type of tournament requires individual or team to have two defeats

before being eliminated. Allows every individual or team to play two games
regardless of whether they play in the winner’s bracket or loser’s bracket.
Procedure:

1. Compute for the number of games using the formula in double

elimination type of tournament.

Formula: G=2(n-1)

where: G -number of games

n -number of teams

2. Compute for the number of byes using the formula:

Bye = P2 – n

where: P --least power of 2 higher than N

Fixed value—2, 4, 8, 16, 32…
(2x2=4x2=8x2=16x2=32…)
n --number of teams
Bye—entitles a team to advance to the next round
without playing in the first round

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3. Ramify the teams.

1 2
A
L1 G1
W1
B
W4 G4 G3 W3
L2 C W2
W5 G5 G2
L3 D
G6
CHAMPIONSHIP
MATCH
Note: **If W5 wins, REMATCH; If W3 wins- CHAMPION

**Designation of Team A, B, C, D and BYE will be done through draw lots.

3. Round Robin Tournament

A type of elimination that is generally used for competitions. It provides

opportunity for each team to play other teams in the competition. The winner is
determined by the number of wins made in the round.

Procedure:
1. Compute for the number of games using the formula in double
elimination type of tournament.

Formula: G=N(N-1)
2
where: G -number of games
n -number of teams

For example:

Number of teams = 6

Number of games = N(N-1)

2
= 6(6-1)
2
= 30
2
= 15 games

So, we have 15 games for 6 teams using the round robin formula. The
following shows the scheduling of games in this type of tournament.

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Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5

1 vs. 6 1 vs. 5 1 vs. 4 1 vs. 3 1 vs. 2

2 vs. 5 6 vs. 4 5 vs. 3 4 vs. 2 3 vs. 6

3 vs. 4 2 vs. 3 6 vs. 2 5 vs. 6 4 vs. 5

For odd number of teams, the computation is as follows:

Number of teams = 5
= N(N-1)
2
= 5(5-1)
2
= 20
2
= 10

Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5

1 - bye 1 vs. 5 1 vs. 4 1 vs. 3 1 vs. 2

2 vs. 5 bye - 4 5 vs. 3 4 vs. 2 3 - bye

3 vs. 4 2 vs. 3 bye - 2 5 - bye 4 vs. 5

All the numbers (or teams) will rotate in a counterclockwise direction

except for number 1 which has a constant position. The bye also gets rotated. The
rotation continues until we reach the total number of games.

4. Square Ladder

It is used when there are many winners to be challenged. Winners are

placed on the upper ladder and challengers below.

Example:

A B C

D E F

G H I

5. Long Ladder

This type of tournament is used when there are many winners to be

challenged. Winners are placed on the upper ladder and challengers below.

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Russel

Alvin

Joe

Rudy

Jake

A player is free to challenge any one directly above or two steps above his
name. if he wins, the names change places on the ladder. The name which is found
at the uppermost part of the ladder is the one declared winner.

6. Pyramid
This tournament gives the players many chances to challenge other players
in order to reach the peak of the pyramid.

B C

D E F

G H I J

A player in a row may challenge anyone in his own row or anyone in the row
above him. A player will have to work his way up. Player G can challenge player D
only. If he wishes to challenge player I, he must first challenge player H. Player E
can only be challenged by player H and I at the bottom row of the pyramid. Only B
and C can challenge player A.

LEARNING ACTIVITY!

Compute for the number of games, number of bye/s (if any),

and ramify the following number of teams.

A. Single Elimination
1. Number of teams = 8

B. Round Robin
1. Number of teams = 7

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Lesson 2

 HISTORY OF
VOLLEYBALL

History of Volleyball

YMCA Director William G. Morgan invented the game of volleyball in

1895 in Holyoke, Massachusetts. It was devised as a recreational activity for
businessmen who wanted a game that had less physical contact than
basketball. He borrowed the idea of the net from tennis, the ball from
basketball, the use of hands in handball and the 9 innings (first rule) based
from a baseball game. He originally called the game “mintonette”.
Mintonette (as volleyball was then known) was designed to be an indoor
sport less rough than basketball for older members of the YMCA, while still
requiring a bit of athletic effort. Dr. George Fisher is known as the “father
of volleyball” for his organization of the United States Volleyball
Association (USVBA) which was established in 1928.

According to Tulio (2008), the first rules, written down by Morgan, called
for a net 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 meters) high, a 25 x 50 foot (7.6 x 15.2
meter) court, and any number of players. A match was composed of nine
innings with three serves for each team in each inning, and no limit to the
number of ball contacts for each team before sending the ball to the
opponents' court. In case of a serving error, a second try was allowed.
Hitting the ball into the net was considered a foul (with loss of the point or
a side out)—except in the case of the first-try serve.

The physical education directors of the YMCA, encouraged particularly by

two professional schools of physical education, Springfield college in
Massachusetts and George Williams College in Chicago (now at Downers
Grove, Illinois), adopted volleyball in all its societies throughout the United
States, Canada (in 1900 Canada became the first foreign country to adopt
the game), and also in many other countries: Elwood S. Brown in the
Philippines (1910), J. Howard Crocker in China, Franklin H. Brown in Japan
(1908), Dr. J.H. Gray in Burma, in China and in India, and others in Mexico
and South American, European and African countries.

By 1913 the development of volleyball on the Asian continent was assured

as, in that year, the game was included in the programme of the first Far-
Eastern Games, organized in Manila. It should be noted that, for a long
time, Volleyball was played in Asia according to the "Brown" rules which,
among other things, used 16 players (to enable a greater participation in
matches).

An indication of the growth of volleyball in the United States is given in an

article published in 1916 in the Spalding Volleyball Guide and written by
Robert C. Cubbon. In that article Cubbon estimated that the number of
players had reached a total of 200,000 people subdivided in the following

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way: in the YMCA (boys, young men, and older men) 70,000, in the YWCA
(girls and women) 50,000, in schools (boys and girls) 25,000 and in colleges
(young men) 10,000.

In 1916, the YMCA managed to induce the powerful National Collegiate

Athletic Association (NCAA) to publish its rules and a series of articles,
contributing to the rapid growth of volleyball among young college students.
In 1918 the number of players per team was limited to six, and in 1922 the
maximum number of authorized contacts with the ball was fixed at three.

Until the early 1930s volleyball was for the most part a game of leisure and
recreation, and there were only a few international activities and
competitions. There were different rules of the game in the various parts of
the world; however, national championships were played in many countries
(for instance, in Eastern Europe where the level of play had reached a
remarkable standard).

Volleyball thus became more and more a competitive sport with high
physical and technical performance.

PHED 104- TEAM SPORTS Module 1