UNIT-V

5.1 Introduction to Cloud Computing

The Internet of Things (IoT) involves the internet-connected devices we use to
perform the processes and services that support our way of life. Another component
set to help IoT succeed is cloud computing, which acts as a sort of front end. Cloud
computing is an increasingly popular service that offers several advantages to IOT,
and is based on the concept of allowing users to perform normal computing tasks
using services delivered entirely over the internet. A worker may need to finish a
major project that must be submitted to a manager, but perhaps they encounter
problems with memory or space constraints on their computing device. Memory and
space constraints can be minimized if an application is instead hosted on the internet.
The worker can use a cloud computing service to finish their work because the data is
managed remotely by a server. Another example: you have a problem with your
mobile device and you need to repair it or reinstall the operating system. You can use
Google Photos to upload your photos to internet-based storage. After the reformat or
reinstall, you can then either move the photos back to you device or you can view the
photos on your device from the internet when you want.
Concept
In truth, cloud computing and IoT are tightly coupled. The growth of IoT and the
rapid development of associated technologiescreate a widespread connection of
―things.‖This has lead to the production of large amounts of data, which needs to be
stored, processed and accessed. Cloud computing as a paradigm for big data storage
and analytics. While IoT is exciting on its own, the real innovation will come from
combining it with cloud computing. The combination of cloud computing and IoT
will enable new monitoring services and powerful processing of sensory data streams.
For example, sensory data can be uploaded and stored with cloud computing, later to
be used intelligently for smart monitoring and actuation with other smart devices.
Ultimately, the goal is to be able to transform data to insight and drive productive,
cost-effective action from those insights. The cloud effectively serves as the brain to
improved decision-making and optimized internet-based interactions.However, when
IoT meets cloud, new challenges arise.
There is an urgent need for novel network architectures that seamlessly integrate
them. The critical concerns during integration are quality of service (QoS) and
qualityof experience (QoE), as well as data security, privacy and reliability. The
virtual infrastructure for practical mobile computing and interfacing includes
integrating applications, storage devices, monitoring devices, visualization platforms,
analytics tools and client delivery. Cloud computing offers a practical utility-based
model that will enable businesses and users to access applications on demand anytime
and from anywhere.
Characteristics
First, the cloud computing of IoT is an on-demand self service, meaning it‘s there
when you need
it. Cloud computing is a web-based service that can be accessed without any special
assistance or permission from other people; however, you need at minimum some sort
of internet access.
Second, the cloud computing of IoT involves broad network access, meaning it offers
several connectivity options. Cloud computing resources can be accessed through a
wide variety of internet-connected devices such as tablets, mobile devices and
laptops. This level of convenience means users can access those resources in a wide
variety of manners, even from older devices. Again, though, this emphasizes the need
for network access points.
Third, cloud computing allows for resource pooling, meaning information can be
shared with those who know where and how (have permission) to access the resource,
anytime and anywhere. This lends to broader collaboration or closer connections with
other users. From an IoT perspective, just as we can easily assign an IP address to
every "thing" on theplanet, we canshare the "address" of the cloud-based protected
and stored information with others and pool resources.
Fourth, cloud computing features rapid elasticity, meaning users can readily scale the
service to their needs. You can easily and quickly edit your software setup, add or
remove users, increase storage space, etc. This characteristic will further empower
IoT by providing elastic computing power, storage and networking. Finally, the cloud
computing of IoT is a measured service, meaning you get what you pay for.
Providers can easily measure usage statistics such as storage, processing, bandwidth
and active user accounts inside your cloud instance. This pay per use (PPU) model
means your costs scale with your usage. In IoT terms, it's comparable to the ever-
growing network of physical objects that feature an IP address for internet
connectivity, and the communication that occurs between
these objects and other internet-enabled devices and systems; just like your cloud
service, the
service rates for that IoT infrastructure may also scale with use.
Cloud Deployment models
Deployment in cloud computing comprises four deployment models: private cloud,
public cloud, community cloud and hybrid cloud.
A private cloud has infrastructure that‘s provisioned for exclusive use by a single
organization comprising multiple consumers such as business units. It may be owned,
managed and operated by the organization, a third party or some combination of
them, and it may exist on or off premises.
A public cloud is created for open use by the general public. Public cloud sells
services to anyone on the internet. (Amazon Web Services is an example of a large
public cloud provider.) This model is suitable for business requirements that require
management of load spikes and the applications used by the business, activities that
would otherwise require greater investment in infrastructure for the business. As such,
public cloud also helps reduce capital expenditure and bring down operational
ITcosts.
A community cloud is managed and used by a particular group or organizations that
have shared interests, such as specific security requirements or a common mission.
Finally, a hybrid cloud combines two or more distinct private, community or public
cloud infrastructures such that they remain unique entities but are bound together by
standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability.
Normally, information that‘s not critical is outsourced to the public cloud, while
business-critical services and data are kept within the control of the organization.
CLOUD STORAGE API
A cloud storage API is an application program interface that connects a locally-based
application to a cloud-based storage system, so that a user can send data to it and
access and work with data stored in it. To the application, the cloud storage system is
just another target device, like tape or disk-based storage. An application program
interface (API) is code that allows two software programs to communicate with each
other. The API defines the correct way for a developer to write a program that
requests services from an operating system (OS) or other application. APIs
are implemented by function calls composed of verbs and nouns. The required syntax
is described in the documentation of the application being called.
How APIs work
APIs are made up of two related elements. The first is a specification that describes
how information is exchanged between programs, done in the form of a request for
processing and a return of the necessary data. The second is a software interface
written to that specification and published in some way for use.The software that
wants to access the features and capabilities of the API is said to call it, and the
software that creates the API is said to publish it.
Why APIs are important for business
The web, software designed exchange information via the internet and cloud
computinghave all combined to increase the interest in APIs in general and services in
particular.Software that wasonce custom-developed for a specific purpose is now
often written referecing APIs that provide
broadly useful features, reducing development time and cost and mitigating the risk of
errors.APIs have steadily improved software quality over the last decade, and the
growing number of web services exposed through APIs by cloud providers is also
encouraging the creation of cloud-specific applications, internet of things (IoT) efforts
and apps to support mobile devices and users.
Three basic types of APIs
APIs take three basic forms: local, web-like and program-like.
1. Local APIs are the original form, from which the name came. They offer OS
or middleware services to application programs. Microsoft's .NET APIs, the TAPI
(Telephony API) for voice applications, and database access APIs are examples of the
local APIform.
2. Web APIs are designed to represent widely used resources like HTML pages and
are accessed using a simple HTTP protocol. Any web URL activates a web API. Web
APIs are often called REST (representational state transfer) or RESTful because the
publisher
of REST interfaces doesn't save any data internally between requests. As such,
requests from many users can be intermingled as they would be on theinternet.
3. Program APIs are based on remote procedure call (RPC) technology that makes a
remote program component appear to be local to the rest of the software. Service
oriented architecture (SOA) APIs, such as Microsoft's WS-series of APIs, are
programAPIs. Similarly to cloud computing infrastructures, IoT/cloud infrastructures
and related services can be classified to the following models:
1. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) IoT/Clouds: These services provide the means
for accessing sensors and actuator in the cloud. The associated business model
involves the IoT/Cloud provide to act either as data or sensor provider. IaaS services
for IoT provide
access control to resources as a prerequisite for the offering of related pay-as-you-go
services.
2. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) IoT/Clouds: This is the most widespread model for
IoT/cloud services, given that it is the model provided by all public IoT/cloud
infrastructures outlined above. As already illustrate most public IoT clouds come with
a range of tools and related environments for applications development and
deployment in a cloud environment. A main characteristic of PaaS IoT services is that
they provide access to data, not to hardware. This is a clear differentiator comparing
to IaaS.
3. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) IoT/Clouds: SaaS IoT services are the ones
enabling their uses to access complete IoT-based software applications through the
cloud, on-demand and in a pay-as-you-go fashion. As soon as sensors and IoT devices
are not visible, SaaS IoT applications resemble very much conventional cloud-based
SaaS applications. There are however cases where the IoT dimension is strong and
evident, such as applications involving selection of sensors and combination of data
from the selected sensors in an integrated applications. Several of these applications
are commonly called Sensing-as-aService, given that they provide on-demand access
to the services of multiple sensors. Note that SaaS IoT applications are typically built
over a PaaS infrastructure and enable utility based business models involving IoT
software and services.

5.2 Sensor-cloud
It is a unique platform that supports visualization, remote managmentand sensor data storage over
cloud computing technologies. Use of these technologies offers rapid visualization, data scalability
and user programmable analysis.
 It allows unlimited data to be stored offering reliability equal to redundant data stored three
times.
 It allows data of sensor data streams to be stored for longer duration.
 It offers the feature of Mathengine that helps in development and deployment of data.
Applications of Sensor Cloud
Following are the applications of sensor cloud.
1. Telematics: Sensor clouds are used in telematics that allow data to be transferred
over long distance. This transmission is carried out in a smooth way.
2. Agriculture and Irrigation Control: Sensor clouds are used in agriculture in order to
analyze crop fields. The field servers are equipped with camera sensors to capture
air, temperature, soil moisture etc. Such type of sensors can also be used for
harvesting.
3. Google Health: Google Health is a cloud based personal health information portal.
Using this, the users can analyse the health records obtain health tips.
4. Wildlife Monitoring: Sensor cloud is used to track wild life sanctuaries, forests etc.,
for obtaining data related to various wild species.
5. Transportation and Vehicular Traffic Applications: Sensor cloud offers a stable,
sustainable and efficient traffic tracking system. It helps in tracking fuel level,
location of vehicle, status of driver and total distance covered.
5.3 Smart Cities
It largely depends on the ICT framework (Information and Communication
Technologies) to implement sustainable development initiatives addressing growing
urbanization issues. It uses IoT devices such as connected sensors, lights, and meters
to collect and analyze data. Citizens use smartphones, connected vehicles, and
homes to interact with smart city solutions.

Smart cities are designed to leverage the power of technology and data to improve
the quality of life for citizens, enhance sustainability, and streamline the delivery of
essential services.

Here are a few reasons why we need IoT for smart cities,
Better Resource Management: They use technologies such as the Internet of Things
(IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and big data analytics to optimize resources such as
energy, water, and transportation. This can lead to cost savings, reduced waste, and
increased efficiency.

Improved Quality of Life: They improve citizens’ quality of life in several ways. For
example, they can use data and technology to provide better healthcare, education,
and public safety services. They can also make it easier for citizens to access
information and participate in civic life.

Increased Sustainability: Smart cities are designed to be more sustainable by

reducing energy consumption, promoting renewable energy sources, and minimizing
waste. This can help mitigate climate change’s effects and make cities more resilient.

Economic Development: They stimulate economic development by attracting new

businesses and creating new jobs. They can also improve the efficiency of existing
businesses, which can help to boost the local economy.

Overall, smart cities are a way to create more livable, sustainable, and efficient cities
that can meet the needs of citizens today and in the future.

5.4 Smart Homes

IoT home automation is the ability to control domestic appliances by electronically

controlled, internet-connected systems. It may include setting complex heating and
lighting systems in advance and setting alarms and home security controls, all
connected by a central hub and remote-controlled by a mobile app.

The rise of Wi-Fi’s role in home automation has primarily come about due tothe
networked
nature of deployed electronics where electronic devices (TVsand AV receivers,
mobile devices, etc.) have started becoming part of the home IP network and due the
increasing rate of adoption of mobile computing devices (smartphones, tablets, etc.),
see above Figure. The networking aspects are bringing online streaming services or
network playback, while becoming a mean to control of the device functionality over
the network. At the same time mobile devices ensure that consumers have access to a
portable ‘controller’ for the electronics connected to the network. Both types of
devices can be used as gate ways for IoT applications. In this context many
companies are considering building platforms that integrate the building automation
with entertainment,healthcare monitoring, energy monitoring and wireless sensor
monitoring in the home and building environments. IoT applications using sensors to
collect information about the operating conditions combined with cloud hosted
analytics software that analyzes disparate data points will help facility managers
become far more proactive about managing buildings at peak efficiency. Issues of
building ownership (i.e., building owner, manager, or occupants)challenge integration
with questions such as who pays initial system cost and who collects the benefits over
time. A lack of collaboration between the sub sectors of the building industry slows
new technology adoption and convent new buildings from achieving energy,
economic and environmental performance targets. Integration of cyber physical
systems both within the building and with external entities, such as the electrical grid,
will require stakeholder cooperation to achieve true interoperability. As in all sectors,
maintaining security will be a critical challenge to overcome. Within this field of
research the exploitation of the potential of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to
facilitate intelligent energy management in buildings,which increases occupant
comfort while reducing energy demand, is highly relevant. In addition to the obvious
economic and environmental gains from the introduction of such intelligent energy
management in buildings other positive effects will be achieved. Not least of which is
the simplification of building control; as placing monitoring, information feedback
equipment andcontrol capabilities in a single location will make a buildings’ energy
management system easier to handle for the building owners, building
managers,maintenance crews and other users of the building. Using the Internet
together with energy management systems also offers an opportunity to access a
buildings’energy information and control systems from a laptop or a Smartphone
placed anywhere in the world. This has a huge potential for providing the
managers,owners and inhabitants of buildings with energy consumption feedback and
the ability to act on that information. In the context of the future Internet of Things,
Intelligent Building ManagementSystems can be considered part of a much larger
information system.This system is used by facilities managers in buildings to manage
energy energy procurement and to maintain buildings systems. It is based on the
infrastructure of the existing Intranets and the Internet, and therefore utilizes the same
standards as other IT devices. Within this context reductions in the cost and reliability
of WSNs are transforming building automation, by making the maintenance of energy
efficient healthy, productive work spaces in buildings increasingly cost effective.

5.5 connected vehicle

A connected vehicle is one that is capable of connecting over wireless networks to

nearby devices. Connected vehicles are an important factor in the advance of IoT. The
use cases range from connected entertainment systems that connect with the driver’s
mobile phone to Internet-connected vehicles that have bi-directional communication
with other vehicles, mobile devices and city intersections.

Connected vehicle is an Internet of Things (IoT) technology with broad implications.

As we shared in our blog post, Safety Trends in Traffic Management, connected
vehicle technology is part of the Intelligent Transportations Systems government
initiative, and there are many active trials around the world today.

One of the primary use cases for the IoT car is safety, via rapid vehicle-to-vehicle and
vehicle-to-roadside unit communications (also known as V2X). But there are many
other examples of connected vehicle technology at work in the automotive IoT space
as well, as we will explore.
Connected vehicles connect to a network to enable bi-directional communications
between vehicles (cars, trucks, buses and trains) and other vehicles, mobile devices
and infrastructure for the pupose of triggering important communications and events.
In the case of city traffic and intersection safety, for example, those communications
can enable vehicles outfitted with connected vehicle technology to continuously
communicate their locations and to receive near real-time information that triggers an
automated response.

The connected vehicle government fact sheet provides a concise, easy-to-understand

description:

Cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles will be able to “talk” to each other with in-
vehicle or aftermarket devices that continuously share important safety and mobility
information with each other. Connected vehicles can also use wireless communication
to “talk” to traffic signals, work zones, toll booths, school zones, and other types of
infrastructure. The vehicle information communicated is anonymous, so vehicles
cannot be tracked and the system is secure against tampering.

These communications will have a range of effects, which we will discuss next.
GPS is one example of a technology that supports connected vehicle, as the GPS
network allows a car to plan a route, taking into account current traffic conditions to
avoid traffic jams. The sophistication of GPS and its use by connected vehicles will
continue to evolve with lower-latency networks and the advance of connected vehicle
technology.

OnStar is another example, with a car connecting to an OnStar representative so that a

driver can get assistance when needed. Today, connected vehicles are being equipped
with 4G receivers to create an in-vehicle hotspot.

These are just a few of the ways in which today’s connected vehicles are integrating
with networks in smart cities and supporting development of the highly sophisticated
communications required for autonomous driving.
5.6 Smart grids
Smart grids are electrical grids that involve the same transmission lines, transformers,
and substations as a traditional power grid. What sets them apart is that Smart Grids
involve IoT devices that can communicate with each other and with the consumers.

Smart grids are designed with energy efficiency and sustainability in mind. As such,
they can measure power transmission in real-time, automate management processes,
reduce power cuts, and easily integrate various renewable energy sources.
Smart grids generally require three types of components to function:

 Measurement and Control Devices

 Networking and Computation Devices
 IoT Applications
They use measurement and control devices such as various power sensors to measure
electrical usage and supply. They relay this information to computation devices that
compute the most efficient way to deliver the power to consumers. This information is
conveyed to the control devices that adjust as needed.

Finally, the information is also conveyed to IoT applications that are used by
consumers and grid workers via the networking devices. This process can be adjusted
to allow for more or less functionality depending on the requirements of the
population that depends on the smart grid for its electrical supply.

Benefits of smart grid

Load Handling:
The load that a power grid needs to supply towards is every-changing. Smart grids
can help advise consumers to change their usage patterns during times of heavy load.
Demand Response Support:
Smart grids can help consumers reduce their electricity bills by advising them to use
devices with a lower priority when the electrical rates are lower. This also helps in the
real-time analysis of electrical usage and charges.
Decentralization of Power Generation:
Smart grids help decentralize power grids since they can easily help incorporate
renewable energy sources such as solar panels at an individual scale and discretion.
How Do Smart Grids Work?
You’ve already seen how smart grids can help with modern energy requirements.
Let’s look at how smart grids impact the power cycle at each stage:
Generate:
Smart grids can combine the power generation from various energy sources, including
nuclear, coal, hydro, and solar. This allows for increased energy production at a grid
level that can handle the growing need for power of a modern city. More about Smart
City and Industrial IoT Applications
Distribute:
Smart grids use smart transmission lines that transmit power in a specified voltage
range. This allows for reduced power loss from heat generation in the power lines.
Use:
Consumers can view their power usage at any time and further integrate the smart grid
into their homes with smart sockets and meters. This helps make them gain control
over their power consumption and make better decisions for reducing usage.
Control:
People working in utility companies can expand their control with smart grids. They
can view energy usage across the region and perform various preventive maintenance
checks to ensure that the grid keeps running at its best.
Store:
Smart grids also allow homes to store extra power in the case of a forecasted blackout.
This also works for various power backup systems in modern buildings.

5.7 Industrial IoT

Industrial IoT is also known as industrial internet. There was a sudden rise in
the usage of IoT because, it can perform tasks like data acquisition and community
more accurately than human beings. The major plications (building blocks) of IoT are
machine to machine communication (M2M), big data analysis, machine learning
techniques etc. In manufacturing mpanies, lloT is used in tracking and maintaining the
supply chain, lowering the amount of energy consump tion, performing quality
control and assurance.
The connectivity among the production process parts including machines, systems,
products and users of big data and cloud is provided by the IIoT. In future there will
be a major role of data analytics, visualization dire, software based systems, service
platforms. The llot is also considered as an important component in
Industry 4.0.
Advantages of Industrial loT
1. It improves data collection efficiency, scalability and accuracy.
2. It helps many businessmen to make better decisions.
3. It is used to improve supply chain management.
4. It is used to reduce the cost because of the improved safety and repair issues.
5. It improves the connectivity by sharing more information.
Evolution of Industry 4.0
There are four distinct industrial revolutions that the world either has experienced or
continues to experience today.
1. The First Industrial Revolution
The first industrial revolution happened between the late 1700s and early 1800s.
During this period of time, manufacturing evolved from focusing on manual labor
performed by people and aided by work animals to a more optimized form of labor
performed by people through the use of water and steam-powered engines and other
types of machine tools.
2. The Second Industrial Revolution
In the early part of the 20th century, the world entered a second industrial revolution
with the introduction of steel and use of electricity in factories. The introduction of
electricity enabled manufacturers to increase efficiency and helped make factory
machinery more mobile. It was during this phase that mass production concepts like
the assembly line were introduced as a way to boost productivity.
3. Third Industrial Revolution
Starting in the late 1950s, a third industrial revolution slowly began to emerge, as
manufacturers began incorporating more electronic and eventually computer
technology into their factories. During this period, manufacturers began experiencing
a shift that put less emphasis on analog and mechanical technology and more on
digital technology and automation software.
4. Fourth Industrial Revolution[Industry 4.0]
The fourth industrial revolution has emerged, known as Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0
takes the emphasis on digital technology from recent decades to a whole new level
with the help of inter connectivity through the Internet of Things (IoT), access to real-
time data, and the introduction of cyber-physical systems. Industry 4.0 offers a more
comprehensive, interlinked and holistic approach to manufacturing. It connects
physical with digital, and allows for better collaboration and access across
departments, partners, vendors, product, and people. An industry 4.0 empowers
business owners to control and understand every aspect of their operation, and allows
them to leverage instant data to boost productivity, improve processes, and drive
growth.