EE - RA 9136. EPIRA Law

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RA-9136 The Epira Law of 2001
BS Electrical Engineering (Rizal Technological University)
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REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9136
AN ACT ORDAINING REFORMS IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY,

AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE CERTAIN LAWS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
CHAPTER I
TITLE AND DECLARATION OF POLICY
Section 1. Short Title. – This Act shall be known as the "Electric Power Industry
Reforms Act of 2001." It shall hereinafter be referred to as the Act.
Sec. 2. Declaration of Policy. – It is hereby declared the policy of the State:
a. To ensure and accelerate the total electrification of the country;
b. To ensure the quality, reliability, security and affordability of the

supply of electric power;
c. To ensure transparent and reasonable prices of electricity in a

regime of free and fair competition and full public accountability to
achieve greater operational and economic efficiency and enhance the
competitiveness of Philippine products in the global market;chan
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d. To enhance the inflow of private capital and broaden the ownership

base of the power generation, transmission and distribution sectors;
e. To ensure fair and non-discriminatory treatment of public and

private sector entities in the process of restructuring the electric power
industry;
f. To protect the public interest as it is affected by the rates and

services of electric utilities and other providers of electric power;
g. To assure socially and environmentally compatible energy sources

and infrastructure;
h. To promote the utilization of indigenous and new and renewable

energy resources in power generation in order to reduce dependence
on imported energy;
i. To establish a strong and purely independent regulatory body and

system to ensure consumer protection and enhance the competitive
operation of the electricity market; and
j. To encourage the efficient use of energy and other modalities of

demand side management.

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Sec. 3. Scope. – This Act shall provide a framework for the restructuring of the
electric power industry, including the privatization of the assets of NPC, the transition
to the desired competitive structure, and the definition of the responsibilities of the
various government agencies and private entities.
Sec. 4. Definition of Terms. –
a. "Aggregator" refers to a person or entity, engaged in consolidating electric

power demand of end-users in the contestable market, for the purpose of
purchasing and reselling electricity on a group basis;
b. "Ancillary Services" refer to those services that are necessary to support

the transmission of capacity and energy from resources to loads while
maintaining reliable operation of the transmission systems in accordance with
good utility practice and the Grid code to be adopted in accordance with this
Act;
c. "Captive Market" refers to electricity end-users who do not have the choice
of a supplier of electricity, as may be determined by the Energy Regulatory
Commission (ERC) in accordance with this Act;
d. "Central Dispatch" refers to the process of issuing direct instructions to

electric power industry participants by the grid operator to achieve the
economic operation and maintenance of quality, stability, reliability and
security of the transmission system;
e. "Co-Generation Facility" refers to a facility which produces electrical an/or

mechanical energy and forms of useful thermal energy such as heat or steam
which are used for industrial commercial heating or cooling purposes through
the sequential use of energy;
f. "Commission" refers to the decision-making body of the ERC composed of

a Chairman and four (4) members as provided under Section 38 hereof;
g. "Concession Contract" refers to the award by the government to a

qualified private entity of the responsibility for financing, operating,
expanding, maintaining and managing specific Government-owned assets;
h. "Contestable Market" refers to the electricity end-users who have a choice

of a supplier of electricity, as may be determined by the ERC in accordance
with this Act;
i. "Consumer Service charge" refers to the component in the retail rate

intended for the cost recovery of customer-related services including, but not
limited to, meter reading, billing administration and collection;
j. "Demand Side Management" refers to measures undertaken by distribution

utilities to encourage end-users in the proper management of their load to
achieve efficiency in the utilization of fixed infrastructures in the system;

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k. "Department of Energy" or "DOE" refers to the government agency

created pursuant to Republic Act No. 7638 whose expanded functions are
provided herein;
l. "Department of Finance" or "DOF" refers to the government agency created

pursuant to Executive Order No. 127;
m. "Distribution Code" refers to a compilation of rules and regulations

governing electric utilities in the operation and maintenance of their
distribution systems which includes, among others, the standards for service
and performance, and defines and establishes the relationship of the
distribution systems with the facilities or installations of the parties connected
thereto;
n. "Distribution of Electricity" refers to the conveyance of electric power by a

distribution utility through its distribution system pursuant to the provisions of
this Act;
o. "Distribution System" refers to the system of wires and associated

facilities belonging to a franchised distribution utility extending between the
delivery points on the transmission or subtransmission system or generator
connection and the point of connection to the premises of the end-user;
p. "Distribution Wheeling Charge" refers to any electric cooperative, private

corporation, government-owned utility or existing local government unit
which has an exclusive franchise to operate a distribution system in
accordance with this Act;
q. "Distribution Utility" refers to any electric cooperative, private corporation,

government-owned utility or existing local government unit which has an
exclusive franchise to operate a distribution system in accordance with this
Act;
r. "Electric cooperative" refers to a distribution utility organized pursuant to

Presidential Decree No. 269, as amended, or as otherwise provided in this
Act;chan robles virtual law library
s. "Electric Power Industry Participant" refers to any person or entity

engaged in the generation, transmission, distribution or supply of electricity;
t. "End-user" refers to any person or entity requiring the supply and delivery
of electricity for its own use;
u. "Energy Regulatory Board" or "ERB" refers to the independent, quasi-

judicial regulatory body created under Executive Order No. 172, as amended;
v. "Energy Regulatory Commission" or "ERC" refers to the regulatory agency

created herein;
w. "Franchise Area" refers to a geographical area exclusively assigned or

granted to a distribution utility for distribution of electricity;

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x. "Generation Company" refers to any person or entity authorized by the

ERC to operate facilities used in the generation of electricity;
y. "Generation of Electricity" refers to the production of electricity by a

generation company or a co-generation facility pursuant to the provisions of
this Act;
z. "Grid" refers to the high voltage backbone system of interconnected

transmission lines, substations and related facilities;
aa. "Grid Code" refers to the set of rules and regulations governing the safe
and reliable operation, maintenance and development of the high voltage
backbone transmission system and its related facilities;
bb. "Independent Power Producer" or "IPP" refers to an existing power

generating entity which is not owned by NPC;
cc. "Inter-Class Cross Subsidy" refers to an amount charged by distribution

utilities to industry and commercial end-users as well as to other subsidizing
customer sectors such as the residential end-users, hospitals, and streetlights
dd. "Inter-Regional Grid Cross Subsidy" refers to an amount embedded in the

electricity rates of NPC charged to its customers located in a viable regional
grid in order to reduce the electricity rates in a less viable regional grid;
ee. "Intra- Regional Grid Cross Subsidy" refers to an amount embedded in

the electricity rates of NPC charged to distribution utilities and non-utilities
with higher load factor and/or delivery voltage in order to reduce the
electricity rates charged to distribution utilities with lower load factor and/or
delivery voltage located in the same regional grid;
ff. "IPP Administrator" refers to qualified independent entities appointed by

PSALM Corporation who shall administer, conserve and manage the
contracted energy output of NPC IPP contracts;
gg. "Isolated Distribution System" refers to the backbone system of wires

and associated facilities not directly connected to the national transmission
system;
hh. "Lifeline Rate" refers to the subsidized rate given to low-income captive
market end-users who cannot afford to pay at full cost;
ii. "National Electrification Administration " or "NEA" refers to the government

agency created under Presidential Decree No. 269, as amended, and whose
additional mandate is further set forth herein;
jj. "National Power Corporation" or "NPC" refers to the government

corporation organized pursuant to this Act to acquire all the transmission
assets of the NPC;

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kk. "National Transmission Corporation or "TRANSCO" refers to the

corporation organized pursuant to this Act to acquire all the transmission
assets of the NPC;
ll. "Open Access" refers to the system of allowing any qualified person the
use of transmission, and/or distribution system, and associated facilities
subject to the payment of transmission and/or distribution retail wheeling
rates duly approved by the ERC.
mm. "Philippine Energy Plan" or "PEP" refers to the overall energy program
formulated and updated yearly by the DOE and submitted to Congress
pursuant to Republic Act No. 7638;
nn. "Power Development Program" or "PDP" refers to the indicative plan for
managing electricity demand through energy-efficient programs and for the
upgrading, expansion, rehabilitation, repair and maintenance of power
generation and transmission facilities, formulated and updated yearly by the
DOE in coordination with the generation, transmission and distribution utility
companies;
oo. "Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation" or

"PSALM" Corp. refers to the corporation created pursuant to Section 49
hereof;
pp. "Privatization" refers to the sale, disposition, change and transfer of

ownership and control of assets and IPP contracts from the Government or a
government corporation to a private person or entity;
qq. "Renewable Energy Resources" refers to energy resources that do not

have an upper limit on the total quantity to be used. Such resources are
renewable on a regular basis and the renewable rate is rapid enough to
consider availability over an indefinite time. These include, among others,
biomass, solar, wind, hydro and ocean energy;
rr. "Restructuring" refers to the process of reorganizing the electric power

industry in order to introduce higher efficiency, greater innovation and end-
user choice. It shall be understood as covering a range of alternative
enhancing exposure of the industry to competitive market forces;
ss. "Retail Rate" refers to the total price paid by end-users consisting of the
charges for generation, transmission and related ancillary services,
distribution, supply and other related charges for electric service;
tt. "Small Power Utilities Group" or "SPUG" refers to the functional unit of
NPC create to pursue missionary electrification function;
uu. "Stranded contract costs of NPC or distribution utility" refer to the excess
of the contracted cost of electricity under eligible contracts over the actual
selling price of the contracted energy output of such contracts in the market.
Such contracts shall have been approved by the ERB as of December 31,
2000;

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vv. "Stranded Debts of NPC" refer to any unpaid financial obligations of NPC
which have not been liquidated by the proceeds from the sales and
privatization of NPC assets;
ww. "Subtransmission Assets" refer to the facilities related to the power

delivery service below the transmission voltages and based on the functional
assignment of assets including, but not limited to step-down transformers
used solely by load customers, associated switchyard/substation, control and
protective equipment, reactive compensation equipment to improve customer
power factor, overhead lines, and the land such facilities/ equipment are
located. These include NPC assets linking the transmission systems and the
distribution system which are neither classified as generation nor
transmission;
xx. "Supplier" refers to any person or entity authorized by the ERC to sell,
broker, market or aggregate electricity to the end-users;
yy. "Supplier’s Charge" refers to the charge imposed by electricity suppliers

for the sale of electricity to end-users, excluding the charges for generation,
transmission and distribution wheeling;
zz. "Supply of Electricity" means the sale of electricity by a party other than
a generator or a distributor in the franchise area of a distribution utility using
the wires of the distribution utility concerned;
aaa. "Transmission Charge" refers to the regulated cost or charges for the
use of a transmission system which may include the availment of ancillary
services;
bbb. "Transmission Development Plan" or "TDP" refers to the program for

managing the transmission system through efficient planning for the
expansion upgrading, rehabilitation, repair and maintenance, to be
formulated by DOE and implemented by the TRANSCO pursuant to this Act;
ccc. "Transmission of Electricity" refers to the conveyance of electricity

through the high voltage backbone system; and
ddd. "Universal Charge" refers to the charge, if any, imposed for the
recovery of the stranded cost and other purposed pursuant to Section 34
hereof.
CHAPTER II
ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
Sec. 5. Organization. – The electric power industry shall be divided into four (4)
sectors, namely: generation, transmission, distribution and supply.
Sec. 6. Generation Sector. – Generation of electric power, a business affected

with public interest, shall be competitive and open.

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Upon the effectivity of this Act, any new generation company shall, before it
operates, secure from the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) a certificate of
compliance pursuant to the standards set forth in this Act, as well as health, safety
and environmental clearances from the appropriate government agencies under
existing laws.
Any law to the contrary notwithstanding, power generation shall not be considered a
public utility operation. For this purpose, any person or entity engaged or which
shall engage in power generation and supply of electricity shall not be required to
secure a national franchise.
Upon implementation of retail competition and open access, the prices charged by a
generation company for the supply of electricity shall not be subject to regulation by
the ERC except as otherwise provided in this Act.
Pursuant to the objective of lowering electricity rates to end-users, sales of

generated power by generation companies shall be value added zero-rated.
The ERC shall, in determining the existence of market power abuse or anti-
competitive behavior, require from generation companies the submission of their
financial statements.
Sec. 7. Transmission Sector. - The transmission of electric power shall be

regulated common electricity carries business, subject to the rate making powers to
the ERC.
The ERC shall set the standards of the voltage transmission that shall distinguish the
transmission from the subtransmission assets. Pending the issuance of such new
standards, the distinction between the transmission and subtransmission assets shall
be as follows: 230 kilovolts and above in the Luzon grid, 69 kilovolts and above the
Visayas and in the isolated distribution systems, and 138 kilovolts and above in the
Mindanao Grid: Provided, That for the Visayas and the isolated distribution system,
should the 69 kilovolt line not form part of the main transmission grid and be directly
connected to the substation of the distribution utility, it shall form part of the
subtransmission system.
Sec. 8. Creation of the National Transmission Company. - There is hereby

created a National Transmission Corporation, hereinafter referred to as TRANSCO,
which shall assume the electrical transmission function of the National Power
Corporation (NPC), and have the powers and functions hereinafter granted. The
TRANSCO shall assume the authority and responsibility of NPC for the planning,
construction and centralized operation and maintenance of its high voltage
transmission facilities, including grid interconnection and ancillary services.
Within six (6) months from the effectivity of this Act, the transmission and
subtransmission facilities of NPC and all other assets related to transmission
operations, including the nationwide franchise of NPC for the operation of the
transmission system and the grid, shall be transferred to the TRANSCO. The
TRANSCO shall be wholly owned by the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities
Management Corporation (PSALM Corp.)

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The subtransmission functions and assets shall be segregated from the transmission
functions, assets and liabilities for transparency and disposal: Provided, That the
subtransmission assets shall be operated and maintained by TRANSCO until their
disposal to qualified distribution utilities which are in a position to take over the
responsibility for operating, maintaining, upgrading, and expanding said assets. All
transmission and subtransmission related liabilities of NPC shall be transferred to and
assumed by the PSALM Corp.
TRANSCO shall negotiate with and thereafter transfer such functions, assets, and
associated liabilities to the qualified distribution utility or utilities connected to such
subtransmission facilities not later than two (2) years from the effectivity of this Act
or the start of open access, whichever come earlier: Provided, That in the case of
electric cooperatives, the TRANSCO shall grant concessional financing over a period
of twenty (20) years: Provided, however, That the installment payments to
TRANSCO for the acquisition of subtransmission facilities shall be given first priority
by the electric cooperatives out of the net income derived from such facilities. The
TRANSCO shall determine the disposal value of the subtransmission assets based on
the revenue potential of such assets.
In case of disagreement in valuation, procedures, ownership participation and other

issues, the ERC shall resolve such issues.
The take over by a distribution utility of any subtransmission asset shall not cause a
diminution of service and quality to the end-users. Where there are two or more
connected distribution utilities, the consortium or juridical entity shall be formed by
and composed of all of them and thereafter shall be granted a franchise to operate
the subtransmission asset by the ERC.
The subscription rights of each distribution utility involved shall be proportionate to

their load requirements unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
Aside from the PSALM Corp., TRANSCO and connected distribution utilities, no third
party shall be allowed ownership or management participation, in whole or in part, in
such subtransmission entity.
The TRANSCO may exercise the power of eminent domain subject to the
requirements of the Constitution and existing laws. Except as provided herein, no
person, company or entity other than the TRANSCO shall own any transmission
facilities.
Prior to the transfer of the transmission functions by NPC to TRANSCO, and before
the promulgation of the Grid Code, ERC shall ensure that NPC shall provide to all
electric power industry participants open and non-discriminatory access to its
transmission system. Any violation thereof shall be subject to the fines and
penalties imposed herein.
Sec. 9. Functions and Responsibilities. – Upon the effectivity of this Act, the
TRANSCO shall have the following functions and responsibilities:
a. Act as the system operator of the nationwide electrical transmission and

subtransmission system, to the transferred to it by NPC;

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b. Provide open and non-discriminatory access to its transmission system to

all electricity users;
c. Ensure and maintain the reliability, adequacy, security, stability and

integrity of the nationwide electrical grid in accordance with the performance
standards for the operations and maintenance of the grid, as set forth in a
Grid Code to be adopted and promulgated by the ERC within six (6) months
form the effectivity of this Act;
d. Improve and expand its transmission facilities, consistent with the Grid
Code and the Transmission Development Plan (TDP) to be promulgated
pursuant to this Act, to adequately serve generation companies, distribution
utilities and suppliers requiring transmission service and/or ancillary services
through the transmission system: Provided, That TRANSCO shall submit any
plan for expansion or improvement of its facilities for approval by the ERC;
e. Subject to technical constraints, the grid operator of the TRANSCO shall

provide central dispatch of all generation facilities connected, directly or
indirectly, to the transmission system in accordance with the dispatch
schedule submitted by the market operator, taking into account outstanding
bilateral contracts; and
f. TRANSCO shall undertake the preparation of the TDP.
In the preparation of the TDP, TRANSCO shall consult the other participants of the
electric power industry such as the generation companies, distribution utilities, and
the electricity end-users. The TDP shall be submitted to the DOE for integration with
the Power Development Program and the Philippine Energy Plan, provided for in
Republic Act No. 7638 otherwise known as the "Department of Energy Act of 1992".
A generation company may develop and own or operate dedicated point-to-point

limited transmission facilities are required only for the purpose of connecting to the
transmission system, and are used solely by the generating facility, subject to prior
authorization by the ERC: Provided, further, That in the event that such assets are
required for competitive purposes, ownership of the same shall be transferred to the
TRANSCO at a fair market price: Provided, finally, That in the case of disagreement
on the fair market price, the ERC shall determine the fair market value of the asset.
Sec. 10. Corporate Powers of the TRANSCO. – As a corporate entity,

TRANSCO shall have the following corporate powers:
a. To have continuous succession under its corporate name until otherwise

provided by law;
b. To adopt and use a corporate seal and to change, alter or modify the
same, if necessary;
c. To sue and be sued;
d. To enter into a corrupt and execute any instrument necessary or

convenient for the purpose for which it is created;

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e. To borrow funds from any source, whether private or public, foreign or

domestic, and issue bonds and other evidence of indebtedness: Provided.
That in the case of the bond issues, it shall be subject to the approval of the
President of the Philippines upon recommendation of the Secretary of
Finance: Provided, further, That foreign loans shall be obtained in accordance
with existing laws, rules and regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas;
f. To maintain a provident fund which consists of contributions made by both

the TRANSCO and its officials and employees and their earnings for the
payment of benefits to such officials and employees or their heirs under such
terms and conditions as it may prescribe;
g. To do any act necessary or proper to carry out the purpose for which it is
created, or which, from time to time, may be declared by the TRANSCO Board
as necessary, useful, incidental or auxilliary to accomplish its purposes and
objectives; and
h. Generally, to exercise all the powers of a corporation under the

corporation law insofar as they are not inconsistent with this Act.
Sec. 11. TRANSCO Board of Directors. – All the powers of the TRANSCO shall
be vested in and exercised by a Board of Directors. The Board shall be composed of
a Chairman and six (6) members. The Secretary of the Department of Finance
(DOF) shall be the ex officio Chairman of the Board. The other members of the
TRANSCO Board shall include the Secretary of the Department of Energy (DOE), the
Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the
President of TRANSCO, and three (3) members to be appointed by the President,
each representing Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
The members of the Board so appointed by the President of the Philippines shall
serve for a term of six (6) years, except that any person appointed to fill-in a
vacancy shall serve only the unexpired term of his/her predecessor in office. All
members of the board shall be professionals of recognized competence and expertise
in the fields of engineering, finance, economics, law or business management. No
member of the Board or any of his relatives within the fourth civil degree of
consanguinity or affinity shall have any interest, either as investor, officer or
director, in any generation company or distribution utility or other entity engaged in
transmitting, generating and supplying electricity specified by ERC.
Sec. 12. Powers and Duties of the Board. – The following are the powers of
the Board:
a. To provide strategic direction for TRANSCO, and formulate medium and

long-term strategies pursuant to the vision, mission, and objectives of
TRANSCO;
b. To develop and adopt policies and measures for the efficient and effective
management and operation of TRANSCO;
c. To organize, re-organize, and determine the organizational structure and

staffing patterns of TRANSCO; abolish and create offices and positions; fix the

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number of its officers and employees; transfer and re-align such officers and
personnel; fix their compensation, allowance, and benefits;
d. To fix the compensation of the President of TRANSCO and to appoint and

fix the compensation of other corporate officers;
e. For cause, to suspend or remove any corporate officer appointed by the

Board;
f. To adopt and set guidelines for the employment of personnel on the basis
of merit, technical competence, and moral character; and
g. Any provisions of the law to the contrary notwithstanding, to write-off bad

debts.
Sec. 13. Board Meetings. – The Board shall meet as often as may be necessary
upon the call of the Chairman of the Board or by a majority of the Board members.
Sec. 14. Board Per Diems and Allowances. – The members of the Board shall
receive per diem for each regular or special meeting of the board actually attended
by them, and, upon approval of the Secretary of the Department of Finance, such
other allowances as the Board may prescribe.
Sec. 15. Quorum. – The presence of at least four (4) members of the Board
shall constitute a quorum, which shall be necessary for the transaction of any
business. The affirmative vote of a majority of the members present in a quorum
shall be adequate for the approval of any resolution, decision or order, except when
the Board shall otherwise agree that a greater vote is required.
Sec. 16. Powers of the President of TRANSCO. – The President of TRANSCO

shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines. In the absence of the
Chairman, the President shall preside over board meetings.
The President of TRANSCO shall be the chief Executive Officer of TRANSCO and
shall have the following powers and functions:
a. To execute and administer the policies and measures approved by the

Board, and take responsibility for the efficient discharge of management
functions;
b. To oversee the preparation of the budget of TRANSCO;
c. To direct and supervise the operation and internal administration of

TRANSCO and, for this purpose, may delegate some or any of his
administrative responsibilities and duties to other officers of TRANSCO;
d. Subject to the guidelines and policies set up by the board, to appoint and
fix the number and compensation of subordinate officials and employees of
TRANSCO; and for cause, to remove, suspend, or otherwise discipline any
subordinate employee of TRANSCO;

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e. To submit an annual report to the Board on the activities and

achievements of TRANSCO at the close of each fiscal year and upon approval
thereof, submit a copy to the President of the Philippines and to such other
agencies as may be required by law;
f. To represent TRANSCO in all dealings and transactions with other offices,

agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government and with all persons and
other entities, private or public, domestic or foreign; and
g. To exercise such other powers and duties as may be vested in him by the
Board from time to time.
Sec. 17. Exemption from the Salary Standardization Law. – The salaries and
benefits of employees in the TRANSCO shall be exempt from Republic Act. No. 6758
and shall be fixed by the TRANSCO Board.
Sec. 18. Profits. – The net profit, if any, of TRANSCO shall be remitted to the
PSALM Corp. not later than ninety (90) days the immediately preceding quarter.
Sec. 19. Transmission Charges. – The transmission charges of the TRANSCO

shall be filed with and approved by the ERC pursuant to Paragraph (f) of Section 43
hereof.
Sec. 20. TRANSCO Related Businesses. – TRANSCO may engage in any related
business which maximizes utilization of its assets: Provided, That a portion of the net
income derived from such undertaking utilizing assets which form part of the rate
base shall be used to reduce transmission wheeling rates as determined by the ERC.
Such portion of net income used to reduce the transmission wheeling rates shall not
exceed fifty percent (50%) of the net income derived from such undertaking.
Separate accounts shall be maintained for each business undertaking to ensure that
the transmission business shall neither subsidize in any way such business
undertaking nor encumber its transmission assets in any way to support such
business.
Sec. 21. TRANSCO Privatization. – Within six (6) months from the effectivity of
this Act, the PSALM Corp. shall submit a plan for the endorsement by the Joint Power
Commission and the approval of the President of the Philippines. The President of
the Philippines thereafter shall direct PSALM Corp. to award in open competitive
bidding, the transmission facilities, including grid interconnections and ancillary
services to a qualified party either through an outright sale or a concession contract.
The buyer/concessionaire shall be responsible for the improvement, expansion,
operation, and/or maintenance of its transmission assets and the operation of any
related business. The award shall result in maximum present value of proceeds to
the national government. In case a concession contract awarded, the concessionaire
shall have a contract period of twenty-five (25) years, subject to review and renewal
for a maximum period of another twenty-five (25) years.
In any case, the awardee shall comply with the Grid Code and TDP as approved. The
sale agreement/concession contract shall include, but not limited to, the provision for
performance and financial guarantee or any other covenants which the national

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government may require. Failure to comply with such obligations shall result in the
imposition of appropriate sanctions or penalties by the ERC.
The awardee shall be financially and technically capable, with proven domestic
and/or international experience and expertise as a leading transmission system
operator. Such experience must be with a transmission system of comparable
capacity and coverage as the Philippines.
Sec. 22. Distribution Sector. – The distribution of electricity to end-users shall be

a regulated common carrier business requiring a national franchise. Distribution of
electric power to all end-users may be undertaken by private distribution utilities,
cooperative, local government units presently undertaking this function and other
duly authorized entities, subject to regulation by the ERC.
Sec. 23. Functions of Distribution Utilities. – A distribution utility shall have

the obligation to provide distribution services and connections to its system for any
end-user within its franchise area consistent with the Distribution Code. Any entity
engaged therein shall provide open and non-discriminatory access to its distribution
system to all users.
Any distribution utility shall be entitled to impose and collect distribution wheeling
charges and connection fees from such end-users as approved by the ERC.
Any distribution utility shall have the obligation to supply electricity in the least cost
manner to its captive market, subject to the collection of retail rate duly approved by
the ERC.
To achieve economies of scale in utility operations, distribution utilities may. After

due notice and public hearing, pursue structural and operational reforms such as but
not limited to, joint between or among the distribution utilities, subject to the
guidelines issued by the ERC. Such joint actions shall result in improved efficiencies,
reliability of service, reduction of costs and compliance to the performance standards
prescribed in the IRR of this Act.
Distribution utilities shall submit to the ERC a statement of their compliance with the
technical specifications prescribed in the Distribution Code and the performance
standards prescribed in the IRR of this Act. Distribution utilities which do not
comply with any of the prescribed technical specifications and performance standards
shall submit to the ERC a plan to comply, within three (3) years, with said prescribed
technical specifications and performance standards. The ERC shall, within sixty (60)
days upon receipt of such plan, evaluate the same and notify the distribution utility
concerned of its action. Failure to submit a feasible and credible plan and/or failure
to implement the same shall serve as grounds for the imposition of appropriate
sanctions, fines or penalties.
Distribution utilities shall provide universal service within their annual distributions
developments plans. In the case of electric cooperatives, such plans shall be
submitted through the National Electrification Administration.
Distribution utilities shall provide universal service within their franchise, over a
reasonable time from the requirement thereof, including unviable areas, as part of

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their social obligations, in a manner that shall sustain the economic viability of the
utility, subject to the approval by the ERC in the case of private or government-
owned utilities. To this end, distribution utilities shall submit to the DOE their plans
for serving such areas as part of their distribution utility development plans. Areas
which a franchised distribution utility cannot or does not find viable may be
transferred to another distribution utility, if any is available, who will provide the
service, subject approval by ERC. In cases where franchise holders fail and/or refuse
service any area within their franchise territory and allowed another utility to service
the same, then the status quo shall be respected.
Distribution utilities may exercise the power of eminent domain subject to the
requirements of the Constitution and existing laws.
Sec. 24. Distribution Wheeling Charge. – The distribution wheeling charges of

distribution utilities shall be filed with and approved by the ERC pursuant to
Paragraph (f) of Section 43 hereof.
Sec. 25. Retail Rate. – The retail rates charged by distribution utilities for the
supply of electricity in their captive market shall be subject to regulation by the ERC
based on the principle of full recovery of prudent and reasonable economic costs
incurred, or such other principles that will promote efficiency as may be determined
by the ERC.
Every distribution utility shall identify and segregate in its bills to end-users the
components of the retail rate, as defined in this Act.
Sec. 26. Distribution Related Businesses. – Distribution utilities may, directly

or indirectly, engage in any related business undertaking which maximizes the
utilization of their assets: Provided, That a portion of the net income derived from
such undertaking utilizing assets which form part of the rate base shall be used to
reduce its distribution wheeling charges as determined by the ERC. Provided, further,
That such portion of net income used to reduce their distribution wheeling charges
shall not exceed fifty percent (50%) of the net income derived from such
undertaking: Provided, finally, That separate accounts are maintained for each
business shall neither subsidize in any way such business undertaking nor encumber
its distribution assets in any way to support such business.
Sec. 27. Franchising Power in the Electric Power Sector. – The power to
grant franchises to persons engaged in the transmission and distribution of electricity
shall be vested exclusively in the Congress of the Philippines and all laws inconsistent
with this Act particularly, but not limited to, Section 43 of PD 269, otherwise known
as the "National Electrification Decree", are hereby deemed repealed or modified
accordingly: Provided, That all existing franchises shall be allowed to their full term:
Provided, further, That in the case of electric cooperatives, renewals and
cancellations shall remain with the National Electrification Administration for five (5)
more years after the enactment of this Act.
Sec. 28. De-Monopolization and Shareholding Dispersal. – In compliance

with the constitutional mandate for dispersal of ownership and de-monopolization of
public utilities, the holdings of persons, naturals or juridical, including directors,
officers, stockholders and related interests, in a distribution utility and their
respective holding companies shall not exceed twenty-five (25%) percent of the

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voting shares unless the utility or the company holding the shares or its controlling
stockholders are already listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE): Provided,
That controlling stockholders of small distribution utilities are hereby required to list
in the PSE within five (5) years from the enactment of this Act if they already own
the stocks. New controlling stockholders shall undertake such listing within five (5)
years from the time they acquire ownership and control. A small distribution
company is one whose peak demand is equal to or less than Ten megawatts (10
MW).
The ERC shall, within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act, promulgate the
rules and regulations to implement and effect this provision.
This Section shall not apply to electric cooperatives.
Sec. 29. Supply Sector. – The supply sector is a business affected with public
interest. Except for distribution utilities and electric cooperatives with respect to
their existing franchise areas, all suppliers of electricity to the contestable market
shall require a license from the ERC.
For this purpose, the ERC shall promulgate rules and regulations prescribing the
qualifications of electricity suppliers which shall include, among other requirements,
a demonstration of their technical capability, financial capability, and
creditworthiness: Provided, That the ERC shall have authority to require electricity
suppliers to furnish a bond or other evidence of the ability of a supplier to withstand
market disturbances or other events that may increase the cost of providing service.
Any law to the contrary notwithstanding, supply of electricity to the contestable

market shall not be considered a public utility operation. For this purpose, any
person or entity which shall engage in the supply of electricity to the contestable
market shall not be required to secure a national franchise.
The prices to be charged by suppliers for the supply of electricity to the contestable
market shall not be subject to regulation by the ERC.
Electricity suppliers shall be subject to the rules and regulations concerning abuse of
market power, cartelization, and other anti-competitive or discriminatory behavior to
be promulgated by the ERC.
In its billings to end-users, every supplier shall identify and segregate the
components of its supplier’s charge, as defined herein.
Sec. 30. Wholesale Electricity Spot Market. – Within one (1) year from the
effectivity of this Act, the DOE shall establish a wholesale electricity spot market
composed of the wholesale electricity spot market participants. The market shall
provide the mechanism for identifying and setting the price of actual variations from
the quantities transacted under contracts between sellers and purchasers of
electricity.
Jointly with the electric power industry participants, the DOE shall formulate the
detailed rules for the wholesale electricity spot market. Said rules shall provide the
mechanism for determining the price of electricity not covered by bilateral contracts

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between sellers and purchasers of electricity users. The price determination

methodology contained in said rules shall be subject to the approval of ERC. Said
rules shall also reflect accepted economic principles and provide a level playing field
to all electric power industry participants. The rules shall provide, among others,
producers for:
a. Establishing the merit order dispatch instructions for each time period;
b. Determining the market-clearing price for each time period;
c. Administering the market, including criteria for admission to and

termination from the market which includes security or performance bond
requirements, voting rights of the participants, surveillance and assurance of
compliance of the participants with the rules and the formation of the
wholesale electricity spot market governing body;
d. Prescribing guidelines for the market operation in system emergencies;

and
e. Amending the rules.
The wholesale electricity spot market shall be implemented by market operator in

accordance with the wholesale electricity spot market rules. The market operator
shall be an autonomous group, to be constituted by DOE, with equitable
representation from electric power industry participants, initially under the
administrative supervision of the TRANSCO. The market operator shall undertake
the preparatory work and initial operation of the wholesale electricity spot market.
Not later than one (1) year after the implementation of the wholesale electricity spot
market, an independent entity shall be formed and the functions, assets and
liabilities of the market operator shall be transferred to such entity with the joint
endorsement of the DOE and the electric power industry participants. Thereafter,
the administrative supervision of the TRANSCO over such entity shall cease.
Subject to the compliance with the membership criteria, all generating companies,
distribution utilities, suppliers, bulk consumers/end-users and other similar entities
authorized by the ERC shall be eligible to become members of the wholesale
electricity spot market.
The ERC may authorize other similar entities to become eligible as members, either
directly or indirectly, of the wholesale electricity spot market. All generating
companies, distribution utilities, suppliers, bulk consumers/end-users and other
similar entities authorized by the ERC, whether direct or indirect members of the
wholesale electricity spot market, shall be bound by the wholesale electricity spot
market, shall be bound by the wholesale electricity spot market rules with the
respect to transactions in that market.
NEA may, in exchange for adequate security and a guarantee fee, act as a guarantor
for purchases of electricity in the wholesale electricity spot market by any electric
cooperative or small distribution utility to support their credit standing consistent
with the provisions hereof. For this purpose, the authorized capital stock of NEA is
hereby increased to Fifteen billion pesos (P 15,000,000,000.00)

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All electric cooperatives which have outstanding uncollected billings to any local
government unit shall report such billings to NEA which shall, in turn, report the
same to the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) for collection pursuant to
Executive Order 190 issued on December 21, 1999.
The cost of administering and operating the wholesale electricity spot market shall be
recovered by the market operator through a charge imposed to all market members:
Provided, That such charge shall be filed with and approved by the ERC.
In cases of national and international security emergencies or natural calamities, the

ERC is hereby empowered to suspend the operation of the wholesale electricity spot
market or declare a temporary wholesale electricity spot market failure.
Sec. 31. Retail Competition and Open Access. – Any law to the contrary
notwithstanding, retail competition and open access on distribution wires shall be
implemented not later than three (3) years upon the effectivity of this Act, subject to
the following conditions:
a. Establishment of the wholesale electricity spot market;
b. Approval of unbundled transmission and distribution wheeling charges;
c. Initial implementation of the cross subsidy removal scheme;
d. Privatization of at least seventy (70%) percent of the total capacity of

generating assets of NPC Luzon and Visayas; and
e. Transfer of the management and control of at least seventy percent (70%)

of the total energy output of power plants under contract with NPC to the IPP
Administrators.
Upon the initial implementation of open access, the ERC shall allow all electricity
end-users with a monthly average peak demand of at least one megawatt (1MW) for
the preceding twelve (12) months to be the contestable market. Two (2) years
thereafter, the threshold level for the contestable market shall be reduced to seven
hundred fifty kilowatts (750KW). At this level, aggregators shall be allowed to
supply electricity to end-users whose aggregate demand within a contiguous area is
at least seven hundred fifty kilowatts (750KW). Subsequently and every year
thereafter, the ERC shall evaluate the performance of the market. On the basis of
such evaluation, it shall gradually reduce threshold level until it reaches the
household demand level. In the case of electric cooperatives, retail competition and
open access shall be implemented not earlier than five (5) years upon the effectivity
of this Act.
Sec. 32. NPC Stranded Debt and Contract Cost Recovery. – Stranded debt of
NPC shall refer to any unpaid financial obligations of NPC.
Stranded contract costs of NPC shall refer to the excess of the contracted cost of
electricity under eligible IPP contracts of NPC over the actual selling price of the
contracted energy output of such contracts in the market. Such contracts shall have
been approved by the ERB as of December 31, 2000.

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The national government shall directly assume a portion of the financial obligations
of NPC in an amount not to exceed Two hundred billion pesos (P
200,000,000,000,00)
The ERC shall verify the reasonable amounts and determine the manner and duration
for the full recovery of stranded debt and stranded contract costs as defined herein:
Provided, That the duration for such recovery shall not be shorter than fifteen (15)
years nor longer than twenty-five (25) years. The ERC shall, at the end of the first
year of the implementation of stranded cost recovery and every year thereafter,
conducts a review to determine whether there is under-recovery charge accordingly.
Any amount to be included for stranded cost recovery shall be reflected as a
separate item in the consumer billing statement.
Sec. 33. Distribution Utilities Stranded Contract Costs Recovery. – Stranded

contract costs of distribution utilities shall refer to the excess of the contracted cost
of electricity under eligible contracts of such utilities over the actual selling price of
such contracts in the market. Such contracts shall have been approved by the ERB
as of December 31, 2000.
A distribution utility shall recover stranded contract costs: Provided, however, That
such costs of the IPPs of distribution utilities are subject to review by ERC in order to
determine fairness and reasonableness in relation to the average price of land-based
IPP projects entered into by NPC at the time they were contracted. The ERC shall
take into consideration all factors that affect the total cost of NPC IPP generation
projects, including direct or indirect subsidies or incentives provided by the
Government.
Within one (1) year from the start of open access, any distribution utility that seeks
recovery of stranded contract costs shall file with the ERC notice of such intent
together with an estimate of such obligations, including the present value thereof
and such other supporting data as may be required by the ERC. Any distribution
utility that does not file within the date specified shall not be eligible for such
recovery.
Any distribution utility which seeks to recover stranded cost shall have a duty to
mitigate its potential stranded contract costs by making reasonable best efforts to:
a. Reduce the costs of its existing contracts with IPPs to a level not
exceeding the average buying price of other land-based electric power
generators; and
b. Submit to an annual earnings review by the ERC and use its earnings
above its authorized rate of return to reduce the book value of contracts until
the end of the stranded cost recovery period.
Other mitigating measures which are reasonably known and generally accepted
within the electric power industry shall be utilized. The ERC shall not require the
distribution utility to take a loss to reduce stranded contract costs or divest assets,
unless the divestiture is imposed as a penalty as provided herein.

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The relevant distribution utility shall submit to the ERC quarterly reports showing the
amount of stranded costs recovered and the balance remaining to be recovered.
Within three (3) months from the submission of the application for stranded cost
recovery by the relevant distribution utilities, the ERC shall verify the reasonable
amounts and determine the manner and duration for the full recovery of stranded
contract costs as defined herein: Provided, That the duration for such recovery shall
not be shorter than fifteen (15) years nor longer than twenty-five (25) years. Any
amount to be included for stranded cost recovery shall be reflected as a separate
item in the consumer billing statement
The ERC shall, at the end of the first year of the implementation of stranded cost
recovery and every year thereafter, conduct a review to determine whether there is
under-recovery or over recovery and adjust (true-up) the level of stranded cost
recovery charge accordingly. In case of an over-recovery, the ERC shall ensure that
any excess amount shall be remitted to the Special Trust Fund created under Section
34 hereof. A separate account shall be created for these amounts which shall be
held in trust for any future claims of distribution utilities for stranded cost recovery.
At the end of the stranded cost recovery period, any remaining amount in this
account shall be used to reduce the electricity rates to the end-users;
Sec. 34. Universal Charge. – Within one (1) year from the effectivity of this Act,
a universal charge to be determined, fixed and approved by the ERC, shall be
imposed on all electricity end-users for the following purposes:
a. Payment for the stranded debts in excess of the amount assumed by the
National Government and stranded contract costs of NPC as well as qualified
stranded contract costs of distribution utilities resulting from the restructuring
of the industry;
b. Missionary electrification;
c. The equalization of the taxes and royalties applied to indigenous or

renewable sources of energy vis-a-vis imported energy fuels;
d. An environmental charge equivalent to one-fourth of one centavo per

kilowatt-hour (P 0.0025/kWh), which shall accrue to an environmental fund to
be used solely for watershed rehabilitation and management. Said fund shall
be managed by NPC under existing arrangements; and
e. A charge to account for all forms of cross-subsidies for a period not

exceeding three (3) years.
The universal charge shall be non-bypassable charge which shall be passed on and
collected from all end-users on a monthly basis by the distribution utilities.
Collections by the distribution utilities and the TRANSCO in any given month shall be
remitted to the PSALM Corp. on or before the fifteenth (15th) of the succeeding
month, net of any amount due to the distribution utility. Any end-user or self-
generating entity not connected to a distribution utility shall remit its corresponding
universal charge directly to the TRANSCO.

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The PSALM Corp., as administrator of the fund, shall create a Special Trust Fund
which shall be disbursed only for the purposes specified herein in an open and
transparent manner. All amounts collected for the universal charge shall be
distributed to the respective beneficiaries within a reasonable period to be provided
by the ERC.
Sec. 35. Royalties, Returns and Tax Rates for Indigenous Energy
Resources. – The provisions of Section 79 of Commonwealth Act No. 137 (C.A. No.
137) and any law to the contrary notwithstanding, the President of the Philippines
shall reduce the royalties, returns and taxes collected for the exploitation of all
indigenous sources of energy, including but not limited to, natural gas and
geothermal steam, so as to effect parity of tax treatment with the existing rated for
imported coal, crude oil, bunker fuel and other imported fuels.
To ensure lower rates for end-users, the ERC shall forthwith reduce the rates of
power from all indigenous sources of energy.
Sec. 36. Unbundling of Rates and Functions. – Within six (6) months from the
effectivity of this Act, NPC shall file with the ERC its revised rates. The rates of NPC
shall be unbundled between transmission and generation rates and the rates shall
reflect the respective costs of providing each service. Inter-grid and intra-grid cross
subsidies for both the transmission and the generation rates shall be removed in
accordance with this Act.
Within six (6) months from the effectivity of this Act, each distribution utility shall file
its revised rates for the approval by the ERC. The distribution wheeling charge shall
be unbundled from the retail rate and the rates shall reflect the respective costs of
providing each service. For both the distribution retail wheeling and supplier’s
charges, inter-class subsidies shall be removed in accordance with this Act.
Within six (6) months from the date of submission of revised rates by NPC and each
distribution utility, the ERC shall notify the entities of their approval.
Any electric power industry participant shall functionally and structurally unbundle its
business activities and rates in accordance with the sectors as identified in Section 5
hereof. The ERC shall ensure full compliance with this provision.
CHAPTER III
Role of the Department of Energy
Sec. 37. Powers and Functions of the DOE. - In addition to its existing powers
and functions, the DOE is hereby mandated to supervise the restructuring of the
electricity industry. In pursuance thereof, Section 5 of R. A. 7638 otherwise known
as "The Department of Energy Act of 1992" is hereby amended to read as follows:
a. Formulate policies for the planning and implementation of a

comprehensive program for the efficient supply and economical use of energy
consistent with the approved national economic plan and with the policies on
environmental protection and conservation and maintenance of ecological
balance, and provide a mechanism for the integration, rationalization, and

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coordination of the various energy programs of the Government;chan robles

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b. Develop and update annually the existing Philippine Energy Plan,

hereinafter referred to as "The Plan", which shall provide for an integrated
and comprehensive exploration, development, utilization, distribution, and
conservation of energy resources, with preferential bias for environment-
friendly, indigenous, and low-cost sources of energy. The plan shall include a
policy direction towards the privatization of government agencies related to
energy, deregulation of the power and energy industry, and reduction of
dependency on oil-fired plants. Said Plan shall be submitted to Congress not
later than the fifteenth day of September and every year thereafter;
c. Prepare and update annually a Power Development Program (PDP) and

integrate the same into the Philippine Energy Plan. The PDP shall consider
and integrate the individual or joint development plans of the transmission,
generation, and distribution sectors of the electric power industry, which are
submitted to the Department: Provided, however, That the ERC shall have
exclusive authority covering the Grid Code and the pertinent rules and
regulations it may issue;
d. Ensure the reliability, quality and security of supply of electric power;
e. Following the restructuring of the electricity sector, the DOE shall, among
others:
1. Encourage private sector investments in the electricity sector and

promote development of indigenous and renewable energy sources;
2. Facilitate and encourage reforms in the structure and operations of

distribution utilities for greater efficiency and lower costs;
In consultation with other government agencies, promote a system of
incentives to encourage industry participants, including new
generating companies and end-users to provide adequate and reliable
electric supply; and
3. Undertake; in coordination with the ERC, NPC, NEA and the

Philippine Information Agency (PIA), information campaign to educate
the public on the restructuring of the electricity sector and
privatization of NPC assets.
f. Jointly with the electric power industry participants, establish the wholesale
electricity spot market and formulate the detailed rules governing the
operations thereof;
g. Establish and administer programs for the exploration, transportation,

marketing, distribution, utilization, conservation, stockpiling, and storage of
energy resources of all forms, whether conventional or non-conventional;

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h. Exercise supervision and control over all government activities relative to

energy projects in order to attain the goals embodied in Section 2 of R. A.
7638;
i. Develop policies and procedures and, as appropriate, promote a system of

energy development incentives to enable and encourage electric power
industry participants to provide adequate capacity to meet demand including,
among others, reserve requirements;
j. Monitor private sector activities relative to energy projects in order to

attain the goals of the restructuring , privatization, and modernization of the
electric power sector as provided for under existing laws: Provided, That the
Department shall endeavor to provide for an environment conducive to free
and active private sector participation and investment in all energy activities;
k. Assess the requirements of, determine priorities for, provide direction to,
and disseminate information resulting from energy research and development
programs for the optimal development of various forms of energy production
and utilization technologies;
Formulate and implement programs, including a system of providing
incentives and penalties, for the judicious and efficient use of energy in all
energy-consuming sectors of the economy;
l. Formulate and implement a program for the accelerated development of

non-conventional energy systems and the promotion and commercialization of
its applications;
m. Devise ways and means of giving direct benefit to the province, city, or
municipality, especially the community and people affected, and equitable
preferential benefit to the region that hosts the energy resource and/or the
energy-generating facility: Provided, however, That the other provinces,
cities, municipalities, or regions shall not be deprived of energy-oriented
corporations;
o. Encourage private enterprises engaged in energy projects, including

corporations, cooperatives, and similar collective organizations, to broaden
the base of their ownership and thereby encourage the widest public
ownership of energy-oriented corporations;
p. Formulate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to implement

the objectives of this Act; and
q. Exercise such other powers as may be necessary or incidental to attain the

objectives of this Act."
CHAPTER IV
Regulation of the Electric Power Industry
Sec. 38. Creation of the Energy Regulatory Commission. – There is hereby

created an independent, quasi-judicial regulatory body to be named the Energy

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Regulatory Commissions (ERC). For this purpose, the existing Energy Regulatory
Board (ERB) created under Executive Order No. 172, as amended, is hereby
abolished.
The Commission shall be composed of a Chairman and hour (4) members to be

appointed by the President of the Philippines. The Chairman and the members of the
Commission shall be natural-born citizens and residents of the Philippines, persons of
good moral character, at least thirty-five (35) years of age, and of recognized
competence in any of the following fields: energy, law, economics, finance,
commerce, or engineering, with at least three (3) years actual and distinguished
experience in their respective fields of expertise: Provided, That out of the four (4)
members of the Commission, at least one (1) shall be a member of the Philippine Bar
with at least ten (10) years experience in the active practice of law, and one (1) shall
be a certified public accountant with at least ten (10) years experience in active
practice.
Within three (3) months from the creation of the ERC, the Chairman shall submit for
the approval by the Republic of the Philippines the new organization structure and
plantilla positions necessary to carry out the powers and functions of the ERC.
The Chairman of the Commission, who shall be a member of the Philippine Bar, shall
act as the Chief Executive Officer of the Commission.
All members of the Commission shall have a term of seven (7) years: Provided, That
for the first appointees, the Chairman shall hold office for seven (7) years, two (2)
members shall hold office for five (5) years and the other two (2) members shall
hold office for three (3) years: Provided, further, That appointment to any future
vacancy shall only be for the unexpired term of the predecessor: Provided, finally,
That there shall be no reappointment and in no case shall any member serve for
more than seven (7) years in the Commission.
The Chairman and members of the Commission shall assume office of the beginning
of their terms: Provided, That, if upon the effectivity of this Act, the Commission has
not been constituted and the new staffing pattern and plantilla positions have not
been approved and filled-up, the current board and existing personnel of ERB shall
continue to hold office.
Members of the Commission shall enjoy security of tenure and shall not be
suspended or removed from office except for just cause as specified by law.
The Chairman and members of the Commission or any of their relatives within the
fourth civil degree of consanguinity or affinity, legitimate or common law, shall be
prohibited from holding any interest whatsoever, either as investor, stockholder,
officer or director, in any company or entity engaged in the business of transmitting,
generating, supplying or distributing any form of energy and must, therefore, divest
through sale or legal disposition of any and all interest in the energy sector upon
assumption of office.
The presence of at least three (3) members of the Commission shall constitute a
quorum and the majority vote of two (2) members in a meeting where a quorum is
present shall be necessary for the adoption of any rules, ruling, order, resolution,
decision, or other act of the Commission in the exercise of its quasi-judicial

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functions: Provided, That in fixing rates and tariffs, an affirmative vote of three (3)
members shall be required.
Sec. 39. Compensation and Other Emoluments for ERC Personnel. – The
compensation and other emoluments for the Chairman and members of the
Commission and the ERDC personnel shall be exempted from the coverage of
Republic Act No. 6758, otherwise known as the "Salary Standardization Act". For
this purpose, the schedule of compensation of the ERC personnel, except for the
initial salaries and compensation of the Chairman and members of the Commission,
shall be submitted for approval by the President of the Philippines. The new
schedule of compensation shall be implemented within six (6) months from the
effectivity of this Act and may be upgraded by the President of the Philippines as the
need arises: Provided, That in no case shall the rate be upgraded more than once a
year.
The Chairman and members of the Commission shall initially be entitled to the same
salaries, allowances and benefits as those of the Presiding Justice and Associate
Justices of the Commission shall, upon completion of their term or upon becoming
eligible for retirement under existing laws, be entitled to the same retirement
benefits and the privileges provided for the Presiding Justice and Associate Justices
of the Supreme Court, respectively.
Sec. 40. Enhancement of Technical Competence. – The ERC shall establish

rigorous training programs for its staff for the purpose of enhancing the technical
competence of the ERC in the following areas: evaluation of technical performance
and monitoring of compliance with service and performance standards, and such
other areas as will enable the ERC to adequately perform its duties and functions.
Sec. 41. Promotion of Consumer Interests. – The ERC shall handle consumer
complaints and ensure the adequate promotion of consumer interests.
Sec. 42. Budget of the ERC. – The amount of One hundred fifty million pesos
(P150,000,000.00) is hereby allocated from the existing budget of the ERB for initial
operation of the ERC. Any balance shall initially be sourced from the Office of the
President of the Philippines. Thereafter, the annual budge of the ERC shall be
included in the regular or special appropriations.
Sec. 43. Functions of the ERC. –The ERC shall promote competition, encourage
market development, ensure customer choice and penalize abuse of market power in
the restructured electricity industry. In appropriate cases, the ERC is authorized to
issue cease and desist order after due notice and hearing. Towards this end, it shall
be responsible for the following key functions in the restricted industry:
a. Enforce the implementing rules and regulations of this Act;
b. Within six (6) months from the effectivity of this Act, promulgate and
enforce, in accordance with law, a National Grid Code and Distribution Code
which shall include, but not limited to, the following:
1. Performance standards for TRANSCO O & M Concessionaire,

distribution utilities and suppliers: Provided, That in the establishment

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of the performance standards, the nature and function of the entities

shall be considered; and
2. Financial capability standards for the generating companies, the

TRANSCO, distribution utilities and suppliers: Provided, further, That
such standards are set to ensure that the electric power industry
participants meet the minimum financial standards to protect the
public interest. Determine, fix, and approve, after due notice and
public hearings the universal charge, to be imposed on all electricity e
nd-users pursuant to Section 34 hereof;
c. Enforce the rules and regulations governing the operations of the

electricity spot market and the activities of the spot market operator and
other participants in the spot market, for the purpose of ensuring a greater
supply and rational pricing of electricity;
d. Determine the level of cross subsidies in the existing retail rate until the
same is removed pursuant to Section 74 hereof;
e. Amend or revoke, after due notice and hearing, the authority to operate of
any person or entity which fails to comply with the provisions hereof, the IRR
or any order or resolution of the ERC. In the event a divestment is required,
the ERC shall allow the affected party sufficient time to remedy the infraction
or for an orderly disposal, but in no case exceed twelve (12) months from the
issuance of the order;
f. In the public interest, establish and enforce a methodology for setting

transmission and distribution wheeling rates and retail rates for the captive
market of a distribution utility, taking intro account all relevant
considerations, including the efficiency or inefficiency of the regulated
entities. The rates must be such as to allow the recovery of just and
reasonable costs and a reasonable return on rate base (RORB) to enable the
entity to operate viably. The ERC may adopt alternative forms of
internationally-accepted rate-setting methodology as it may deem
appropriate. The rate-setting methodology so adopted and applied shall be
non-discriminatory. To achieve this objective and to ensure the complete
removal of cross subsidies, the cap on the recoverable rate of system losses
prescribed in Section 10 of Republic Act No. 7832, is hereby amended and
shall be replaced by caps which shall be determined by the ERC based on load
density, sales mix, cost of service, delivery voltage and other technical
considerations it may promulgate. The ERC shall determine such form or
rate-setting methodology, which shall promote efficiency. In case the rate
setting methodology used is RORB, it shall be subject to the following
guidelines:
1. For purposes of determining the rate base, the TRANSCO or any

distribution utility may be allowed to revalue its eligible assets not
more than once every three (3) years by an independent appraisal
company: Provided, however, That ERC may give an exemption in
case of unusual devaluation: Provided, further, That the ERC shall
exert efforts to minimize price shocks in order to protect the
consumers;

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2. Interest expenses are not allowable deductions from permissible

return on rate base;
3. In determining eligible cost of services that will be passed on to the

end-users, the ERC shall establish minimum efficiency performance
standards for the TRANSCO and distribution utilities including systems
losses, interruption frequency rates, and collection efficiency;
4. Further, in determining rate base, the TRANSCO or any distribution

utility shall not be allowed to include management inefficiencies like
cost of project delays not excused by force majeure, penalties and
related interest during construction applicable to these unexcused
delays; and
5. Any significant operating costs or project investments of the

TRANSCO and distribution utilities which shall become part of the rate
base shall be subject to verification by the ERC to ensure that the
contracting and procurement of the equipment, assets and services
have been subjected to transparent and accepted industry
procurement and purchasing practices to protect the public interest.
g. Three (3) years after the imposition of the universal charge, ensure that
the charges of the TRANSCO or any distribution utility shall bear no cross
subsidies between grids, within grids, or between classes of customers,
except as provided herein;
h. Review and approve any changes on the terms and conditions of service of
the TRANSCO or any distribution utility;
i. Allow the TRANSCO to charge use fees for ancillary services to all electric
power industry participants or self-generating entities connected to the grid.
Such fees shall be fixed by the ERC after due notice and public hearing;
j. Set a lifeline rate for the marginalized end-users;
k. Monitor and take measures in accordance with this Act to penalize abuse
of this Act, to penalize abuse of market power, cartelization, and anti-
competitive or discriminatory behavior by any electric power industry
participant;
l. Impose fines or penalties for any non-compliance with or breach of this

Act, the IRR of this Act and the rules and regulations which it promulgates or
administers;
m. Take any other action delegated to it pursuant to this Act;
n. Before the end of April of each year, submit to the Office of the President
of the Philippines and Congress, copy furnished the DOE, an annual report
containing such matters or cases which have been filed before or referred to it
during the preceding year, the actions and proceedings undertaken and its
decision or resolution in each case. The ERC shall make copies of such

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reports available to any interested party upon payment of a charge which

reflects the printing costs. The ERC shall publish all its decisions involving
rates and anti-competitive case in at least one (1) newspaper of general
circulation, and/or post electronically and circulate to all interested electric
power industry participants copies of its resolutions to ensure fair and
impartial treatment;
o. Monitor the activities in the generation and supply of the electric power
industry with the end in view of promoting free market competition and
ensuring that the allocation or pass through of bulk purchase cost by
distributors is transparent, non-discriminatory and that any existing subsidies
shall be divided pro-rate among all retail suppliers;
p. Act on applications for or modifications of certificates of public convenience

and/or necessity, licenses or permits of franchised electric utilities in
accordance with law and revoke, review and modify such certificates, licenses
or permits in appropriate cases, such as in cases of violations of the Grid
Code, Distribution Code and other rules and regulations issued by the ERC in
accordance with law;
q. Act on applications for cost recovery and return on demand side

management projects;
r. In the exercise of its investigative and quasi-judicial powers, act against

any participant or player in the energy sector for violations of any law, rule
and regulation governing the same, including the rules on cross-ownership,
anti-competitive practices, abuse of market positions and similar or related
acts by any participant in the energy sector or by any person, as may be
provided by law, and require any person or entity to submit any report or
data relative to any investigation or hearing conducted pursuant to this Act;
s. Inspect, on its own or through duly authorized representatives, the

premises, books of accounts and records of any person or entity at any time,
in the exercise of its quasi-judicial power for purposes of determining the
existence of any anti-competitive behavior and/or market power abuse and
any violation of rules and regulations issued by the ERC;
t. Perform such other regulatory functions as are appropriate and necessary

in order to ensure the successful restructuring and modernization of the
electric power industry, such as, but not limited to, the rules and guidelines
under which generation companies, distribution utilities which are not publicly
listed shall offer and sell to the public a portion not less than fifteen percent
(15%) of their common shares of stocks: Provided, however, That generation
companies, distribution utilities or their respective holding companies that are
already listed in the PSE are deemed in compliance. For existing companies,
such public offering shall be implemented not later than five (5) years from
the issuance of their certificate of compliance; and
u. The ERC shall have the original and exclusive jurisdiction over all cases
contesting rates, fees, fines and penalties imposed by the ERC in the exercise
of the abovementioned powers, functions and responsibilities and over all

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cases involving disputes between and among participants or players in the

energy sector.
All notices of hearings to be conducted by the ERC for the purpose of fixing rates or
fees shall be published at least twice for two successive weeks in two (2) newspapers
of nationwide circulation.
Sec. 44. Transfer of Powers and Functions. – The powers and functions of the
Energy Regulatory Board not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby
transferred to the ERC. The foregoing transfer of powers and functions shall include
all applicable funds and appropriations, records, equipment, property and personnel
as may be necessary.
Sec. 45. Cross Ownership, Market power Abuse and Anti-Competitive

Behavior. – No participant in the electricity industry or any other person may
engage in any anti-competitive behavior including, but not limited to, cross-
subsidization, price or market manipulation, or other unfair trade practices
detrimental to the encouragement and protection of contestable markets.
No generation company, distribution utility, or its respective subsidiary or affiliate or

stockholder or official of a generation company or distribution utility, or other entity
engaged in generating and supplying electricity specified by ERC within the fourth
civil degree of consanguinity or affinity, shall be allowed to hold any interest, directly
or indirectly, in TRANSCO or its concessionaire. Likewise, the TRANSCO, or its
concessionaire or any of its stockholders or officials or any of their relatives within
the fourth civil degree of consanguinity or affinity, shall not hold any interest,
whether directly or indirectly, in any generation company or distribution utility.
Except for ex officio government-appointed representatives, no person who is an
officer or director of the TRANSCO or its concessionaire shall be an officer or director
of any generation company, distribution utility or supplier.
An "affiliate" means any person which, alone or together with any other person,
directly or indirectly, through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by,
or is under common control with another person As used herein, "control" shall
mean the power to direct or cause the direction of the management policies of a
person by contract, agency or otherwise.
To promote true market competition and prevent harmful monopoly and market
power abuse, the ERC shall enforce the following safeguards:
a. No company or related group can own, operate or control more than thirty
percent (30%) of the installed generating capacity of a grid and/or twenty-
five percent (25%) of the national installed generating capacity. "Related
group" includes a person’s business interests, including its subsidiaries,
affiliates, directors or officers or any of their relatives by consanguinity or
affinity, legitimate or common law, within the fourth civil degree;
b. Distribution utilities may enter into bilateral power supply contracts

subject to review by the ERC: Provided, That such review shall only be
required for distribution utilities whose markets have not reached household
demand level. For the purpose engaged in generation and distribution, no
distribution utility shall be allowed to source from bilateral power supply

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contracts more than fifty percent (50%) of its total demand from an
associated firm engaged in generation but such limitation, however, shall not
prejudice contracts entered into prior to the effectivity of this Act. An
associated firm with respect to another entity refers to any person which,
through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by, or is under
common control with, such entity; and
c. For the first five (5) years from the establishment of the wholesale
electricity spot market, no distribution utility shall source more than ninety
percent (90%) of its total demand from bilateral power supply contracts.
For purposes of this Section, the grid basis shall consist of three (3) separate grids,
namely Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. The ERC shall have the authority to modify or
amend this definition of a grid when two or more of the three separate grids become
sufficiently interconnected to constitute a single grid or as conditions may otherwise
permit.
Exceptions from these limitations shall be allowed for isolated grids that are not
connected to the high voltage transmission system. Except as otherwise provided
for in this Section, any restriction on ownership and/or control between or within
sectors of the electricity industry may be imposed by ERC only insofar as the
enforcement of the provisions of this Section is concerned.
The ERC shall, within one (1) year from the effectivity of this Act, promulgate rules
and regulations to ensure and promote competition, encourage market development
and customer choice and discourage/penalize abuse of market power, cartelization
and any anti-competitive or discriminatory behavior; in order to further the intent of
this Act and protect the public interest. Such rules and regulations shall define the
following:
a. The relevant markets for purpose of establishing abuse or misuse of

monopoly or market position;
b. Areas of isolated grids; and
c. The periodic reportorial requirements of electric power industry

participants as may be necessary to enforce the provisions of this Section.
The ERC shall, motu proprio, monitor and penalize any market power abuse or anti-
competitive or discriminatory act or behavior by any participant in the electric power
industry. Upon finding that a market participant has engaged in such act or behavior,
the ERC shall stop and redress the same. Such remedies shall, without limitation,
include the imposition of price controls, issuance of injunctions, requirement of
divestment or disgorgement of excess profits and imposition of fines and penalties
pursuant to this Act.
The ERC shall, within one (1) year from the effectivity of this Act, promulgate rules
and regulations providing for a complaint procedure that, without limitation, provides
the accused party with notice and an opportunity to be heard.

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Sec. 46. Fines and Penalties. – The fines and penalties that shall be imposed by
the ERC for any violation of or non-compliance with this Act or the IRR shall range
from a minimum of fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) to a maximum of Fifty million
pesos (P50,000,000.00).
Any person who is found guilty of any of the prohibited acts pursuant to Section 45
hereof shall suffer the penalty of prison mayor and fine ranging from Ten thousand
pesos (P10,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00), or both, at the discretion
of the court.
The members of the Board of Directors of the juridical companies participating in or

covered in the generation companies, the distribution utilities, the TRANSCO or its
concessionaire or supplier who violate the provisions of this Act may be fined by an
amount not exceeding double the amount of damages caused by the offender or by
imprisonment of one (1) year or two (2) years or both at the discretion of the court.
This rule shall apply to the members of the Board who knowingly or by neglect
allows the commission or omission under the law.
If the offender is a government official or employee, he shall, in addition, be

dismissed from the government service with prejudice to reinstatement and with
perpetual or temporary disqualification from holding any elective or appointive office.
If the offender is an alien, he may, in addition to the penalties prescribed, be

deported without further proceedings after service of sentence.
Any case which involves question of fact shall be appealable to the Court of Appeals
and those which involve question of law shall be directly appealable to the Supreme
Court.
The administrative sanction that may be imposed by the ERC shall be without
prejudice to the filing of a criminal action, if warranted.
To ensure compliance with this Act, the penalty of prison correctional or a fine
ranging from Five thousand pesos (P5,000.00) to Five million pesos (P5,000,000.00),
or both, at the discretion of the court, shall be imposed on any person, including but
not limited to the president, member of the Board, Chief Executive, Officer or Chief
Operating Officer of the corporation, partnership, or any other entity involved, found
guilty of violating or refusing to comply with any provision of this Act or its IRR,
other than those provided herein.
Any party to an administrative proceeding may, at any time, make an offer to the
ERC, conditionally or otherwise, for a consented decree, voluntary compliance or
desistance and other settlement of the case. The offer and any or all of the ultimate
facts upon which the offer is based shall be considered for settlement purposes only
and shall not be used as evidence against any party for any other purpose and shall
not constitute an admission by the party making the offer of any violation of the
laws, rules, regulations, orders and resolutions of the ERC, nor as a waiver to file any
warranted criminal actions.

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In addition, Congress may, upon recommendation of the DOE and/or ERC, revoke
such franchise or privilege granted to the party who violated the provisions of this
Act.
CHAPTER V
PRIVATIZATION OF THE ASSETS OF THE NATIONAL POWER CORPORATION
Sec. 47. NPC Privatization. – Except for the assets of SPUG, the generation
assets, real estate, and other disposable assets as well as IPP contracts of NPC shall
be privatized in accordance with this Act. Within six (6) months from the effectivity
of this Act, PSALM Corp. shall submit a plan for the endorsement by the Joint
Congressional Power Commission and the approval of the President of the
Philippines, on the total privatization of the generation assets, real estate, other
disposable assets as well as existing IPP contracts of NPC and thereafter, implement
the same, in accordance with the following guidelines, except as provided for in
Paragraph (f) herein:
a. The privatization value of the National Government of the NPC generation

assets, real estate, other disposable assets as well as IPP contracts shall be
optimized;
b. The participation by Filipino citizens and corporations in the purchase of

NPC assets shall be encouraged:
In the case of foreign investors, at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the funds
used in NPC-generation assets and IPP contracts shall be inwardly remitted and
registered with the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.
a. The NPC plants and/or IPP contracts assigned to IPP Administrators, its
related assets and assigned liabilities, if any, shall be grouped in a manner
which shall promote the viability of the resulting generation companies
(gencos), ensure economic efficiency, encourage competition, foster
reasonable electricity rates and create market appeal to optimize returns to
the government from the sale and disposition of such assets in a manner
consistent with the objectives of this Act. In the grouping of the generation
assets and IPP contracts of NPC, the following criteria shall be considered:
1. A sufficient scale of operations and balance sheet strength to
promote the financial viability of the restructured units;
2. Broad geographical groupings to ensure efficiency of operations but

without the formation of regional companies or consolidation of market
power;
3. Portfolio of plants and IPP contracts to achieve management and

operational synergy without dominating any part of the market or of
the load curve; and
4. Such other factors as may be deemed beneficial to the best interest

of the National Government while ensuring attractiveness to potential
investors.

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b. All assets of NPC shall be sold in an open and transparent manner through
public bidding, and the same shall apply to the disposition of IPP contracts;
c. In cases of transfer of possession, control, operation or privatization of

multi-purpose hydro facilities, safeguards shall be prescribed to ensure that
the national government may direct water usage in cases of shortage to
protect potable water, irrigation, and all other requirements imbued with
public interest;
d. The Agus and the Pulangui complexes in Mindanao shall be excluded from
among the generation companies that will be initially privatized. Their
ownership shall be transferred to the PSALM Corp. and both shall continue to
be operated by the NPC. Said complexes may be privatized not earlier than
ten (10) years from the effectivity of this Act, and except for Agus III, shall
not be subject to Build-Operate-Transfer (B-O-T), Built-Rehabilitate-Operate-
Transfer (B-R-O-T) and other variations thereof pursuant to Republic Act No.
6957, as amended by Republic Act No. 7718. The privatization of Agus and
Pulangui complexes shall be left to the discretion of PSALM Corp. in
consultation with Congress;
e. The steamfield assets and generating plants of each geothermal complex

shall not be sold separately. They shall be combined and each geothermal
complex shall be sold as one package through public bidding. The geothermal
complexes covered by this requirement included, but are not limited to, Tiwi-
Makban, Leyte A and B (Tongonan), Palinpinon, and Mt. Apo;
f. The ownership of the Caliraya-Botokan-Kalayaan (CBK) pump storage

complex shall be transferred to the PSALM Corporation;
g. Not later than three (3) years from the effectivity of this Act, and in no
case later than the initial implementation of open access, at least seventy
percent (70%) of the total capacity of generating assets of NPC and of the
total capacity of the power plants under contract with NPC located in Luzon
and Visayas shall have been privatized: Provided, That any unsold capacity
shall be privatized not later than eight (8) years from the effectivity of this
Act; and
h. NPC may generate and sell electricity only from the undisposed generating
assets and IPP contracts of PSALM Corp. and shall not incur any new
obligations to purchase power through bilateral contracts with generation
companies or other suppliers.
Sec. 48. National Power Board of Directors. – Upon the passage of this Act,
Section 6 of R. A. 6395, as amended, and Section 13 of R. A. 7638, as amended,
referring to the composition of the National Power Board of Directors, are hereby
repealed and a new Board shall be immediately organized. The new Board shall be
composed of the Secretary of Finance as Chairman, with the following as members:
the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of Budget and Management, the Secretary of
Agriculture, the Director-General of the National Economic and Development
Authority, the Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources, the Secretary of
Interior and Local Government, the Secretary of the Department of Trade and
Industry, and the President of the National Power Corporation.

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CHAPTER VI
POWER SECTOR ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MANAGEMENT
Sec. 49. Creation of Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management

Corporation. – There is hereby created a government-owned and -controlled
corporation to be known as the "Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management
Corporation", hereinafter referred to as the "PSALM Corp.", which shall take
ownership of all existing NPC generation assets, liabilities, IPP contracts, real estate
and all other disposable assets. All outstanding obligations of the National Power
Corporation arising from loans, issuances of bonds, securities and other instruments
of indebtedness shall be transferred to and assumed by the PSALM Corp. within one
hundred eighty (180) days from the approval of this Act.
Sec. 50. Purpose and Objective, Domicile and Term of Existence. – The
principal purpose of the PSALM Corp. is to manage the orderly sale, disposition, and
privatization of NPC generation assets, real estate and other disposable assets, and
IPP contracts with the objective of liquidating all NPC financial obligations and
stranded contract costs in an optimal manner.
The PSALM Corp. shall have its principal office and place of business within Metro
Manila.
The PSALM Corp. shall exist for a period of twenty five (25) years from the effectivity
of this Act, unless otherwise provided by law, and all assets held by it, all moneys
and properties belonging to it, and all its liabilities outstanding upon the expiration of
its term of existence shall revert to and be assumed by the National Government.
Sec. 51. Powers. – The Corporation shall, in the performance of its functions
and for the attainment of its objective, have the following powers:
a. To formulate and implement a program for the sale and privatization of

the NPC assets and IPP contracts and the liquidation of NPC debts and
stranded contract costs, such liquidation to be completed within the term of
existence of the PSALM Corp.;
b. To take title to and possession of, administer and conserve the assets
transferred to it; to sell or dispose of the same at such price and under such
terms and conditions as it may deem necessary or proper, subject to
applicable laws, rules and regulations;
c. To take title to and possession of the NPC IPP contracts and to appoint,
after public bidding in transparent and open manner, qualified independent
entities who shall act as the IPP Administrators in accordance with this Act;
d. To calculate the amount of the stranded debts and stranded contract costs
of NPC which shall form the basis for ERC in the determination of the
universal charge;

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e. To liquidate the NPC stranded contract costs utilizing proceeds from sales
and other property contributed to it, including the proceeds from the universal
charge;
f. To adopt rules and regulations as may be necessary or proper for the

orderly conduct of its business or operations;
g. To sue and be sued in its name;
h. To appoint or hire, transfer, remove and fix the compensation of its

personnel: Provided, however, That the Corporation shall hire its own
personnel only if absolutely necessary, and as far as practicable, shall avail
itself of the services of personnel detailed from other government agencies;
i. To own, hold, acquire, or lease real and personal properties as may be

necessary or required in the discharge of its functions;
j. To borrow money and incur such liabilities, including the issuance of bonds,
securities or other evidences of indebtedness utilizing its assets as collateral
and/or through the guarantees of the National Government: Provided,
however, That all such debts or borrowings shall have been paid off before
the end of its corporate life;
k. To restructure existing loans of NPC;
l. To collect, administer, and apply NPC’s portion of the universal charge; and
m. To restructure the sale, privatization or disposition of NPC assets and IPP

contracts and/or their energy output based on such terms and conditions
which shall optimize the value and sale prices of said assets.
Sec. 52. Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation,

Meetings, Quorum and Voting. – The Corporation shall be administered, and its
powers and functions exercised, by a Board of Directors which shall be composed of
the Secretary of Finance as the Chairman, the Secretary of Budget and Management,
the Secretary of the Department of Energy, the Director-General of the National
Economic and Development Authority, the Secretary of the Department of Justice,
the Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry and the President of the
PSALM Corp. as ex officio members thereof.
The Board of Directors shall meet regularly and as frequently as may be necessary to
enable it to discharge its functions and responsibilities. The presence at a meeting of
four (4) members shall constitute a quorum, and the decision of the majority of
three members present at a meeting where there is quorum shall be the decision of
the Board of Directors.
Sec. 53. Powers of the President of PSALM Corp. – The President of PSALM
Corp. shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines. In the absence of the
Chairman, the President shall preside over Board meetings.

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The PSALM Corp. President shall be the Chief Executive Officer of PSALM Corp. and
shall have the following powers and duties:
a. To execute and administer the policies and measures approved by

the Board, and take responsibility for the efficient discharge of
management functions;
b. To oversee the preparation of the budget of PSALM Corp.;
c. To direct and supervise the operation and internal administration of

PSALM Corp. and, for this purpose, may delegate some or any of his
administrative responsibilities and duties to other officers of PSALM
Corp;
d. Subject to the guidelines and policies set up by the Board, to

appoint and fix the number and compensation of subordinate officials
and employees of PSALM Corp; and for cause, to remove, suspend, or
otherwise discipline any subordinate employee of PSALM Corp;
e. To submit an annual report to the Board on the activities and

achievements of PSALM Corp. at the close of each fiscal year and upon
approval thereof, submit a copy to the President of the Philippines and
to such other agencies as may be required by law;
f. To represent PSALM Corp. in all dealings and transactions with

other offices, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government and
with all persons and other entities, private or public, domestic or
foreign; and
g. To exercise such other powers and duties as may be vested in him

by the Board from time to time.
Sec. 54. Exemption from the Salary Standardization Law. – The salaries and
benefits of employees in the PSALM Corp. shall be exempt from Republic Act No.
6758 and shall be fixed by the PSALM Corp. Board.
Sec. 55. Property of the PSALM Corp. – The following funds, assets,
contributions and other property shall constitute the property of the PSALM Corp.:
a. The generation assets, real estate, IPP contracts, other disposable assets
of NPC, proceeds from the sale or disposition of such assets and the residual
assets from B-O-T, R-O-T, and other variations thereof;
b. Transfers from the National Government;
c. Proceeds from loans incurred to restructure or refinance NPC’s transferred
liabilities: Provided, however, That all borrowings shall be fully paid for by the
end of the life of the PSALM Corp.;
d. Proceeds from the universal charge allocated for stranded contract costs
and the stranded debts of NPC;
e. Net profit of NPC;
f. Net profit of TRANSCO;
g. Official assistance, grants, and donations from external sources; and
h. Other sources of funds as may be determined by PSALM Corp. necessary
for the above-mentioned purposes.

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Sec. 56. Claims Against the PSALM Corp. – The following shall constitute the
claims against the PSALM Corp.:
a. NPC liabilities transferred to the PSALM Corp.;
b. Transfers from the national government;
c. New loans; and
e. NPC stranded contract costs.
CHAPTER VII
PROMOTION OF RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
Sec. 57. Conversion of Electric Cooperatives. – Electric cooperatives are

hereby given the option to convert into either stock cooperative under the
Cooperatives Development Act or stock corporation under the Corporation Code.
Nothing contained in this Act shall deprive electric cooperatives of any privilege or
right granted to them under Presidential Decree No. 269, as amended, and other
existing laws.
Sec. 58. Additional Mandate of the National Electrification Administration

(NEA). – NEA shall develop and implement programs:
a. To prepare electric cooperatives in operating and competing under the
deregulated electric market within five (5) years from the effectivity of this
Act, specifically in an environment of open access and retail wheeling;
b. To strengthen the technical capability and financial viability of rural electric
cooperatives; and
c. To review and upgrade regulatory policies with a view to enhancing the
viability of rural electric cooperatives as electric utilities.
NEA shall continue to be under the supervision of the DOE and shall exercise its
functions under Presidential Decree No. 269, as amended by Presidential Decree No.
1645 insofar as they are consistent with this Act. chan robles virtual law library
Sec. 59. Alternative Electric Service for Isolated Villages. – The provision of electric
service in remote and unviable villages that the franchised utility is unable to service
for any reason shall be opened to other qualified third parties.
Sec. 60. Debts of Electric Cooperatives. – Upon the effectivity of this Act, all
outstanding financial obligations of electric cooperatives to NEA and other
government agencies incurred for the purpose of financing the rural electrification
program shall be assumed by the PSALM Corp. in accordance with the program
approved by the President of the Philippines within one (1) year from the effectivity
of this Act which shall be implemented and completed within three (3) years from
the effectivity of this Act. The ERC shall ensure a reduction in the rates of electric
cooperatives commensurate with the resulting savings due to the removal of the
amortization payments of their loans. Within five (5) years from the condonation of
debt, any electric cooperative which shall transfer ownership or control of its assets,
franchise or operations thereof shall repay PSALM Corp. the total debts including
accrued interests thereon.
CHAPTER VIII
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Sec. 61. Reportorial Requirements. – The DOE shall take the necessary
measures to ensure that the provisions of this Act are properly implemented, and

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shall submit to the Power Commission a semi-annual report on the implementation

of this Act, on or before the last week of April and October of each year.
Sec. 62. Joint Congressional Power Commission. – Upon the effectivity of this
Act, a congressional commission, hereinafter referred to as the Power Commission, is
hereby constituted. The Power Commission shall be composed of fourteen (14)
members with the chairmen of the Committee on Energy of the Senate and the
House of Representatives and six (6) additional members from each House, to be
designated by the Senate President and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, respectively. The minority shall be entitled to pro rata
representation but shall have at least one (1) representative in the Power
Commission.
The Commission shall, in aid of legislation, perform the following functions, among
others:
a. Set the guidelines and overall framework to monitor and ensure the proper
implementation of this Act;
b. Endorse the initial privatization plan within one (1) month from submission
of such plan to the Power Commission by PSALM Corp. for approval by the
President of the Philippines;
c. To ensure transparency, require the submission of reports from
government agencies concerned on the conduct of public bidding procedures
regarding privatization of NPC generation and transmission assets;
d. Review and evaluate the performance of the industry participants in
relation to the objectives and timelines set forth in this Act;
e. Approve the budget for the programs of the Power Commission and all
disbursements therefrom, including compensation of all personnel;
f. Submit periodic reports to the President of the Philippines and Congress;
g. Determine inherent weaknesses in the law and recommend necessary
remedial legislation or executive measures; and
h. Perform such other duties and functions as may be necessary to attain its
objectives.
In furtherance hereof, the Power Commission is hereby empowered to require the
DOE, ERC, NEA, TRANSCO, generation companies, distribution utilities, suppliers and
other electric power industry participants to submit reports and all pertinent data and
information relating to the performance of their respective functions in the industry.
Any person who willfully and deliberately refuses without just cause to extend the
support and assistance required by the Power Commission to effectively attain its
objectives shall, upon conviction, be punished by imprisonment of not less than one
(1) year but not more than six (6) years or a fine of not less than Fifty thousand
pesos (P 50,000.00) but not more than Five hundred thousand pesos (P 500,000.00)
or both at the discretion of the court.
The Power Commission shall adopt its internal rules of procedures; conduct hearings
and receive testimonies, reports and technical advice; invite or summon by
subpoena ad testificandum any public official, private citizen or any other person to
testify before it, or require any person by subpoena duces tecum to produce before it
such records, reports, documents or other materials as it may require; and generally
require all the powers necessary to attain the purposes for which it is created. The
Power Commission shall be assisted by a secretariat to be composed of personnel
who may be seconded from the Senate and the House of Representatives and may
retain consultants. The secretariat shall be headed by an executive director who has
sufficient background and competence on the policies and issues relating to
electricity industry reforms as provided in this Act. To carry out its powers and
functions, the initial sum of twenty- five million pesos (P 25,000,000.00) shall be

lOMoARcPSD|25737205
charged against the current appropriations of the Senate. Thereafter, such amount
necessary for its continued operation shall be included in the annual General
Appropriations Act.
The Power Commission shall exist for period of ten (10) years from the effectivity of
this Act and may be extended by a joint concurrent resolution.
Sec. 63. Separation Benefits of Officials and Employees of Affected

Agencies. – National government employees displaced or separated from the
service as a result of the restructuring of the electricity industry and privatization of
NPC assets pursuant to this Act, shall be entitled to either a separation pay and other
benefits in accordance with existing laws, rules or regulations or be entitled to avail
of the privileges provided under a separation plan which shall be one and one-half
month salary for every year of service in the government: Provided, however, That
those who avail of such privilege shall start their government service anew if
absorbed by any government-owned successor company. In no case shall there be
any diminution of benefits under the separation plan until the full implementation of
the restructuring and privatization.
Displaced or separated personnel as a result of the privatization, if qualified, shall be

given preference in the hiring of the manpower requirements of the privatized
companies.
The salaries of employees of NPC shall continue to be exempt from the coverage of
Republic Act No. 6758, otherwise known as "The Salary Standardization Act".
With respect to employees who are not retained by NPC, the government, through
the Department of Labor and Employment, shall endeavor to implement re-training,
job counseling, and job placement programs.
Sec. 64. Fiscal Prudence. – To promote the prudent management of

government resources, the creation of new positions and the levels of or increase in
salaries and all other emoluments and benefits of TRANSCO and PSALM Corp.
personnel shall be subject to the approval of the President of the Philippines. The
compensation and all other emoluments and benefits of the officials and members of
the Board of the TRANSCO and PSALM Corp. shall be subject to the approval of the
President of the Philippines.
Sec. 65. Environmental Protection. – Participants in the generation,

distribution and transmission sub-sectors of the industry shall comply with all
environmental laws, rules, regulations and standards promulgated by the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources including, in appropriate cases,
the establishment of an environmental guarantee fund.
Sec. 66. Benefits to Host Communities. – The obligations of generation

companies and energy resource developers to communities hosting energy
generating facilities and/or energy resource developers as defined under Chapter II,
Sections 289 to 294 of the Local Government Code and Section 5(i) of Republic Act
No. 7638 and their implementing rules and regulations and applicable orders and
circulars consistent with this Act shall continue: Provided, That the obligations
mandated under Chapter II, Section 291 of Republic Act No. 7160, shall apply to
privately-owned corporations or entities utilizing the national wealth of the locality.

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To ensure the effective implementation of the reduction in cost of electricity in the

communities where the source of energy is located, the mechanics and procedures
prescribed in the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)-DOE
Circulars No. 95-01 and 98-01 dated October 31, 1995 and September 30, 1998,
respectively and other issuances related thereto shall be pursued.
Towards this end, the fund generated from the eighty percent (80%) of the national
wealth tax shall, in no case, be used by any local government unit for any purpose
other than those for which it was intended.
In case of any violation or noncompliance by any local government official of any
provision thereof, the DILG shall, upon prior notice and hearing, order the project
operator, through the DOE, to withhold the remittance of the royalty payment to the
host community concerned pending completion of the investigation. The unremitted
funds shall be deposited in a government bank under a trust fund.
Sec. 67. NPC Offer of Transition Supply Contracts. – Within six (6) months
from the effectivity of this Act, NPC shall file with the ERC for its approval a transition
supply contract duly negotiated with the distribution utilities containing the terms
and conditions of supply and a corresponding schedule of rates, consistent with the
provisions hereof, including adjustments and/or indexation formulas which shall
apply to the term of such contracts. The term of the transition supply contracts shall
not extend beyond one (1) year from the introduction of open access. Such
contracts shall be based on the projected demand of such utilities less any of their
currently committed quantities under eligible IPP contracts as defined in Section 33
hereof: Provided, That the total generation capacity of such signed transition supply
contracts shall not exceed the level of NPC owned, controlled or committed capacity
as of the effectivity of this Act. Such transition supply contracts shall be assignable
to the NPC successor generating companies.
Within six (6) months from the date of submission of the transition supply contract
by NPC, the ERC shall notify NPC of their approval of the rates contained therein.
The ERC shall maintain a record of the contract terms and rates offered by NPC.
Likewise, the ERC shall update monthly, the rates using the appropriate adjustment
and/or indexation formula.
Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 25 hereof, the rates charged by a

distribution utility for the generation component of the supply of electricity in their
distribution retail supply rate shall, for the term of the transition supply contracts,
not exceed the transition supply contract rates, as updated monthly. The recovery of
costs incurred by a distribution utility for any generation component in excess of the
transition supply contract rates shall be disallowed by the ERC, except for eligible
contracts as defined under Section 33 hereof: Provided, That such limitation on the
recovery of generation component costs by a distribution utility shall apply only to
the equivalent quality and quantity of electricity still available to the distribution
utility from NPC.
Sec. 68. Review of IPP Contracts. – An inter-agency committee chaired by the

Secretary of Finance, with the Secretary of the Department of Justice and the
Director General of the National Economic Development Authority as members
thereof is hereby created upon the effectivity of this Act. The Committee shall
immediately undertake a thorough review of all IPP contracts. In cases where such
contracts are found to have provisions which are grossly disadvantageous, or
onerous to the Government, the Committee shall cause the appropriate government

lOMoARcPSD|25737205
agency to file an action under the arbitration clauses provided in said contracts or
initiate any appropriate action under Philippine laws. The PSALM Corporation shall
diligently seek to reduce stranded costs, if any.
Sec. 69. Renegotiation of Power Purchase and Energy Conversion

Agreements between Government Entities. – Within three (3) months from the
effectivity of this Act, all power purchase and energy conversion agreements
between the PNOC-Energy Development Corporation (PNOC-EDC) and NPC, including
but not limited to the Palimpinon, Tongonan and Mt. Apo Geothermal complexes,
shall be reviewed by the ERC and the terms thereof amended to remove any hidden
costs or extraordinary mark-ups in the cost of power or steam above their true
costs. All amended contracts shall be submitted to the Joint Congressional Power
Commission for approval. The ERC shall ensure that all savings realized from the
reduction of said mark-ups shall be passed on to all end-users.
Sec. 70. Missionary Electrification. – Notwithstanding the divestment and/or
privatization of NPC assets, IPP contracts and spun-off corporations, NPC shall
remain as a National Government-owned and -controlled corporation to perform the
missionary electrification function through the Small Power Utilities Group (SPUG)
and shall be responsible for providing power generation and its associated power
delivery systems in areas that are not connected to the transmission system. The
missionary electrification function shall be funded from the revenues from sales in
missionary areas and from the universal charge to be collected from all electricity
end-users as determined by the ERC.
Sec. 71. Electric Power Crisis Provision. – Upon the determination by the
President of the Philippines of an imminent shortage of the supply of electricity,
Congress may authorize, through a joint resolution, the establishment of additional
generating capacity under such terms and conditions as it may approve.
Sec. 72. Mandated Rate Reduction. – Upon the effectivity of this Act, residential
end-users shall be granted a rate reduction from NPC rates of thirty centavos per
kilowatt-hour (P 0.30/kWh). Such reduction shall be reflected as a separate item in
the consumer billing statement.
Sec. 73. Lifeline Rate. – A socialized pricing mechanism called a lifeline rate for
the marginalized end-users shall be set by the ERC, which shall be exempted from
the cross subsidy phase-out under this Act for a period often (10) years, unless
extended by law. The level of consumption and the rate shall be determined by the
ERC after due notice and hearing.
Sec. 74. Cross Subsidies. – Cross subsidies within a grid between grids and / or
classes of customers shall be phased out in a period not exceeding three (3) years
from the establishment by the ERC of a universal charge which shall be collected
form all electricity end-users. Such level of cross subsidies shall be made transparent
and identified separately in the billing statements provided to end-users by the
suppliers.
The ERC may extend the period for the removal of cross subsidies for a maximum
period of one (1) year upon finding that cessation of such mechanism would have a
material adverse effect upon the public interest, particularly the residential end-user;
or would have an immediate, irreparable, and adverse financial effect on distribution
utility.

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CHAPTER IX
FINAL PROVISIONS
Sec. 75. Statutory Construction. – This Act shall, unless the context indicates
otherwise, be construed in favor of the establishment, promotion, preservation of
competition and people empowerment so that the widest participation of the people,
whether directly or indirectly, is ensured. With respect to NPC’s debts and IPP and
related contracts, nothing in this Act shall be construed as: (1) an implied waiver of
any right, action or claim, against any person or entity, of NPC or the Philippine
Government arising from or relating to any such contracts; or (2) a conferment of
new or better rights to creditors and IPP contractors in addition to subsisting rights
granted by the NPC or the Philippine Government under existing contracts.
Sec. 76. Education and Protection of End Users. – End-users shall be

educated about the implementation of retail access and its impact on end-users and
on the proper use of electric power. Such education shall include, but not limited to,
the existence of competitive electricity suppliers, choice of competitive electricity
services, regulated transmission and distribution services, systems reliability,
aggregation, market, itemized billing, stranded cost, uniform disclosure
requirements, low-income bill payment, energy conservation and safety measures.
The DOE, in coordination with the NPC, NEA, ERC and the Office of Press Secretary-
Philippine Information Agency (OPS-PIA), shall undertake an information campaign
to educate the public on the restructuring of the electric power industry and
privatization of NPC.
Sec. 77. Implementing Rules and Regulations. – The DOE shall, in
consultation with relevant government agencies, the electric power industry
participants, non-government organization and end-users, promulgate the
Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the Act within six (6) months from the
effectivity of this Act, subject to the approval by the Power Commission.
Sec. 78. Injunction and Restraining Order. – The implementation of the

provisions of the Act shall not be restrained or enjoined except by an order issued by
the Supreme Court of the Philippines.
Sec. 79. Separability Clause. – If, for any reason, any provision of this Act is
declared unconstitutional or invalid, the other parts or provisions hereof which are
not affected thereby shall continue to be in full force and effect.
Sec. 80. Applicability and Repealing Clause. – The applicability provisions of

Commonwealth Act No. 146, as amended, otherwise known as the "Public Service
Act"; Republic Act 6395, as amended, revising the charter of NPC; Presidential
Decree 269, as amended, referred to as the National Electrification Decree; Republic
Act 7638, otherwise known as the "Department of Energy Act of 1992"; Executive
Order 172, as amended, creating the ERB; Republic Act 7832 otherwise known as
the "Anti-Electricity and Electric Transmission Lines/Materials Pilferage Act of 1994",
shall continue to have full force and effect except insofar as they are inconsistent
with this Act.
The provision with respect to electric power of Section 11(c) of Republic Act 7916, as
amended, and Section 5(f) of Republic Act 7227, are hereby repealed or modified
accordingly.

lOMoARcPSD|25737205
Presidential Decree No. 40 and all laws, decrees, rules and regulations, or portion
thereof, inconsistent with this Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.
Sec. 81. Effectivity Clause .- This Act shall take effect on the fifteenth day
following its publication in at least two (2) national newspapers of general circulation.
Approved: June 8, 2001

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RA-9136 The Epira Law of 2001

BS Electrical Engineering (Rizal Technological University)

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REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9136

AN ACT ORDAINING REFORMS IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY,

TITLE AND DECLARATION OF POLICY

Sec. 2. Declaration of Policy. – It is hereby declared the policy of the State:

a. To ensure and accelerate the total electrification of the country;

b. To ensure the quality, reliability, security and affordability of the

c. To ensure transparent and reasonable prices of electricity in a

d. To enhance the inflow of private capital and broaden the ownership

e. To ensure fair and non-discriminatory treatment of public and

f. To protect the public interest as it is affected by the rates and

g. To assure socially and environmentally compatible energy sources

h. To promote the utilization of indigenous and new and renewable

i. To establish a strong and purely independent regulatory body and

j. To encourage the efficient use of energy and other modalities of

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Sec. 4. Definition of Terms. –

a. "Aggregator" refers to a person or entity, engaged in consolidating electric

b. "Ancillary Services" refer to those services that are necessary to support

d. "Central Dispatch" refers to the process of issuing direct instructions to

e. "Co-Generation Facility" refers to a facility which produces electrical an/or

f. "Commission" refers to the decision-making body of the ERC composed of

g. "Concession Contract" refers to the award by the government to a

h. "Contestable Market" refers to the electricity end-users who have a choice

i. "Consumer Service charge" refers to the component in the retail rate

j. "Demand Side Management" refers to measures undertaken by distribution

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k. "Department of Energy" or "DOE" refers to the government agency

l. "Department of Finance" or "DOF" refers to the government agency created

m. "Distribution Code" refers to a compilation of rules and regulations

n. "Distribution of Electricity" refers to the conveyance of electric power by a

o. "Distribution System" refers to the system of wires and associated

p. "Distribution Wheeling Charge" refers to any electric cooperative, private

q. "Distribution Utility" refers to any electric cooperative, private corporation,

r. "Electric cooperative" refers to a distribution utility organized pursuant to

s. "Electric Power Industry Participant" refers to any person or entity

u. "Energy Regulatory Board" or "ERB" refers to the independent, quasi-

v. "Energy Regulatory Commission" or "ERC" refers to the regulatory agency

w. "Franchise Area" refers to a geographical area exclusively assigned or

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x. "Generation Company" refers to any person or entity authorized by the

y. "Generation of Electricity" refers to the production of electricity by a

z. "Grid" refers to the high voltage backbone system of interconnected

bb. "Independent Power Producer" or "IPP" refers to an existing power

cc. "Inter-Class Cross Subsidy" refers to an amount charged by distribution

dd. "Inter-Regional Grid Cross Subsidy" refers to an amount embedded in the

ee. "Intra- Regional Grid Cross Subsidy" refers to an amount embedded in

ff. "IPP Administrator" refers to qualified independent entities appointed by

gg. "Isolated Distribution System" refers to the backbone system of wires

ii. "National Electrification Administration " or "NEA" refers to the government

jj. "National Power Corporation" or "NPC" refers to the government

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kk. "National Transmission Corporation or "TRANSCO" refers to the

oo. "Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation" or

pp. "Privatization" refers to the sale, disposition, change and transfer of