7

Force, Motion
and Energy
Quarter 3: Module 5-8

1
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
N a t i o n a l C a pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Pi ñ a s C i t y

DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

WRITERS: RIZALINA P. DELA CRUZ, Master Teacher I

NOREEN L. SAN GABRIEL, Teacher III
MARIE JOY P. AGCAOILI, Teacher I
PIA O. ALMERIA, Teacher I
CATHLEEN JANE J. CASIMERO, Teacher I
ARIANE JUNE A. HABING, Teacher I
CHRISTINE LOMERIO, Teacher 1

CONSOLIDATOR: AMALIA T. VICTORIA, Head Teacher II

LANGUAGE EDITOR: LESTER JOHN A. CAJES, Master Teacher I

CONTENT DUREZA D. DANCAL, Master Teacher I

VALIDATORS: MYLA JEANNIE G. TAN, Master Teacher I
MARITES T. TUDIO, Teacher III

COVER PAGE AIRA MARI CON M. AUSTERO

ILLUSTRATOR:

TEAM LEADER: DR. RAQUEL M. AUSTERO

Education Program Supervisor

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 Module 5 Characteristics of Sound

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Describe the characteristics of sound using the concepts of wavelength, velocity,
and amplitude. ( S7FE-IIId-7 )

What’s In

A world without light would mean a world of darkness. Likewise, a world without
sound is a world of silence, it is deafening. What makes the world and life meaningful
is based on what we experience through our senses. Sense of hearing is noted to be
the highest and the most powerful of all senses.
This module was designed and written to help you understand the concept of
how sound waves are produced and propagated using different
media.
All sound waves are produced by vibrations. The
vibrations generated by your vocal cords produce waves that
travel through the air. When sound waves reach your ear, the
waves cause your eardrums to vibrate. Auditory nerves send
messages to your brain and your brain interprets these
messages as sounds.

Sound waves require a medium (a solid, liquid, or gas) to transfer

energy. A sound wave is produced when an object vibrates rapidly
in a medium like air. As the vibrating object moves forward, it
pushes the air around it and compresses it. Thus, a compression
region is formed. As the object moves backward, it creates a
region of low pressure called rarefaction. As the surface vibrates
to and from, a series of these compressions and rarefactions is set
up in the air and these make up sound waves.

Matter must be present to transmit the vibration from one place to another;
however, sounds do not travel in matter at the same rate. If particles are closer to one
another, sound waves transmit energy faster. In general, sounds travel fastest in solids
and slowest in gases. Temperature of the medium also affects the speed of sound. The
higher the temperature of the medium, the faster the sound travels because the
molecules move fast and bump with one another frequently.

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Characteristics of Sound
➢ Pitch. It refers to highness or lowness of sound; it depends on the frequency of
the sound waves. High pitched sound has shorter wavelength, while low-pitched
sound have longer wavelength.
Frequency refers to the number of waves that pass in a given point in a
certain period of time; frequency is directly proportional to pitch; unit for
frequency is the Hertz (Hz) or per second.
Sounds having frequency higher than 20,000 Hz are known as
ultrasonic sounds. Some animals like bats, dogs and dolphins can hear
ultrasonic sounds. Infrasonic sounds are sounds having frequency lower than
20 Hz are known as infrasonic sounds.
➢ Intensity or Loudness. Sound intensity is the amount of energy flowing each
second through a unit area perpendicular to the direction of propagation. It can
measure it in units called decibels (dB). Loudness refers to human perception
of sound intensity.
Amplitude determines the loudness or volume of a sound. A larger
amplitude means a louder sound, and a smaller amplitude means a softer sound.
➢ Quality or Timbre. It describes the difference among the sounds of the same
pitch and loudness.

Relationship of Wavelength, Speed and Frequency of Sound

The relationship of the speed of sound, its frequency, and wavelength can be
expressed by these equations: v = f λ, where v is the speed of sound, f is its frequency,
and λ is its wavelength. The wavelength of a sound is the distance between adjacent
identical parts of a wave.

A sound wave originates from A bat uses sound echoes to Lower frequency sounds are emitted by the
source vibrating at a frequency (f) navigate and find food. The time large speaker called the woofer, while the high
propagates a wave speed (v) and for the echo to return is directly frequency sound are emitted by the small
has a wavelength (λ) proportional to the distance. speaker called the tweeter.

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 The formula to solve for wave speed, wavelength and Quantity Quantity Unit Unit
frequency:
Wave speed = wavelength * frequency
Symbol Term Symbol
V= λ ƒ V Wave speed Meter/second m/s

Wavelength= wave speed/ frequency λ Wavelength Meter m

𝑣
𝜆=
𝑓 f Frequency Hertz Hz
Frequency= wave speed/wavelength
𝑣
𝑓=
𝜆

REMEMBER:
Frequency: Number of complete waves passing a point
in each time.

Sample Problem
ƒ = number of cycles
1. A wave has a frequency of 90 Hz and a wavelength of 5m. What is the speed
of thet wave?
ƒ=90Hz v=?
λ=5m v= λ. ƒ (5m). (90Hz) = 450m/s
If 10waves pass in 1 second, the frequency is
102.Hz.A wave has a frequency of 25 Hz and a speed of 50 m/s. What is the
wavelength
If 6 waves pass in 2ofseconds,
the wave?
the frequency is
3 Hz. ƒ=25Hz λ=?
v=50m/s λ= _v_ = 50m/s = 2m
ƒ=25 Hz

What’s More

Activity 1: Picture Perfect!

Direction: Put a () inside the box if the sound travels faster and (x) if the
sound travels slower.

vs

The man is tapping the table with his finger Clanging of metal spoons
Www.physicscentral.com www.scientificamerican.com

vs

Boys talking through tin cans and a wire A man playing an acoustic guitar
myscienceschool.org Bitmoji

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Activity 2: Arrange Me!

Direction: Arrange the jumble letters to form a word inside the box. Use the given
definition as your guide. Write your answer on the space provided.
_______________ 1. It refers to the highness or lowness of sounds.

PCHIT

_______________ 2. It is a repeated motion and produced by the movement of the

particles of an object.
NOITVIBAR
_______________ 3. It refers to a substance or materials that carries wave.

IUDMEM

_______________ 4. It is the number of waves passing through a given point in a given

time
ENCYEQUERF
_______________ 5. It is a periodic disturbance travels away from its source in
which energy is transmitted with or without a medium.

WVEA
Activity 3: Fill me up!

Directions: Fill in the blanks. Choose your answers from the word bank below.

Wavelength Frequency Lower

Pitch Ultrasonic Higher

1. The perception of the highness or lowness of a sound is called _______.

2. Waves that have longer wavelength have ________ frequency.

3. Sounds having frequency higher than 20,000 Hz are known as

_______________ sounds.

4. A high pitch sound corresponds to a high ____________ sound wave.

5. The distance between two corresponding points in a wave is called _________.

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Activity 4: I got the Rhythm!

A. Direction: Read the comic strip below. Put a  in the box if the instrument in
the picture produces a shorter wavelength, and X if the instrument in the
picture produces a longer wavelength. REMEMBER: High pitched sound have
shorter wavelength, while low-pitched sound have longer wavelength.

Prepared by Ariane June A. Habing using canva.com

B. Direction: Give a short explanation for the questions below.

1. What is the relationship between pitch and frequency?

_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. What is the relationship between the amplitude and the loudness and softness
of a sound?
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

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Activity 5: Problem Solver!

Direction: Solve for the speed of sound, wavelength, and frequency. Show your
solution.
1. A wave has a frequency of 75 Hz and a wavelength of 10m. What is the speed
of the wave?

2. The speed of a wave is 80 m/sec. If the wavelength is 1.5 meters, what is the
frequency of the wave?

3. A wave has a frequency of 400 Hz is traveling at a speed of 100 m/s. What is

the wavelength?

What I Have Learned

Fact or Bluff!

Directions: Read the statements below. Write Fact on the space provided if the
statement is correct and Bluff if it is wrong.
_______________ 1. The distance from one compression to the nearest rarefaction

is called amplitude.

_______________ 2. Sounds begin with vibrations in any form of matter.

_______________ 3. The pitch of the sound depends on amplitude..

_______________ 4. Sound waves travel most quikly/fast through gasses.

_______________ 5. Decibel is the unit of intensity level for sound.

_______________ 6. Sound wave can travel through solid and liquid but not through

air.
_______________ 7. Sound waves travel faster in warm air than cold air.

_______________ 8. Sounds that are too low in frequency for human to hear are

called infrasound.

_______________ 9. The quality of the sound depends on the frequency of wave.

________________ 10. Some animals can detect frequencies as high as 100, 000 Hz.

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 What I Can Do

DIY Tuned Bottles Musical Instrument

Materials:
5 empty glass bottles (any size or shape), spoon, a pitcher of tap water and 5
different color of food colouring
Procedures:
1. Place the empty bottles in a straight surface.
2. Fill up the bottle with water, add a little bit water to the remaining four bottles.
3. Pour the food coloring to the filled bottles
4. Now try hitting the bottles with a spoon.

Guide Questions:
1. While hitting the bottles with spoon, what did you notice?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Is there a difference in the sounds produced by different bottles? Explain your

answer briefly.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
References:

https://www.physicsclassroom.com
www.scientificamerican.com
myscienceschool.org
E.V., Evangelista, G.L., Follosco, A.S., Pili, R.L., Sotto. Science in Today’s World pp.184-199.

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 Module 6 LIGHT

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Explain the color and intensity of light in terms of its wave characteristics. (no LC
Code)

What’s In

LIGHT
Light is a form of energy, like heat and sound. Light travels through space
as electromagnetic waves but can also be described as a stream of particles which
Einstein called photons. Light is the only source of color. The subject of color
perception can be simplified if we think in terms of primary colors of light. White is not
considered a color at all, but rather the presence of all the frequencies of visible light.
Visible light or also known as white light consists of a collection of component colors
known as ROY.G.BIV (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet). These
colors are often observed as light passes through a triangular prism. Upon passage
through the prism, the white light is separated into its component colors - red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, and violet. The separation of visible light into its different colors is
known as dispersion.

Figure 1: Wave by a Prism

https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/350524main_Optics_Light_Color_and_Their_Uses.pdf

Figure 2: Additive and Subtractive Colors

https://www.google.com/search?q=PRIMARY+ADDITIVE+AND+SUBTRACTIVE+COLOR

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INTENSITY, FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT

We can think of light traveling in waves with properties of wavelength and

frequency. Wavelength is the distance between identical locations on adjacent
waves. Frequency is the number of complete waves, or wavelengths, that pass a given
point each second. All light travels at the same speed, but each color has a different
wavelength and frequency.
Amplitude of light waves is associated with our experience of brightness or
intensity of color. It is very important to note that while amplitude gives you information
about the intensity of the light, it is the wavelength, not the amplitude that tells you what
kind of light it is. Intensity of light is directly proportional to the energy and frequency
of light and inversely proportional to wavelength if other variables are held constant.

Colors of Light Frequency, Wavelength and Speed

Table 1: Comparison of Colors of Light in terms of Wavelength, Frequency and

Speed.
(Note: Speed of light is constant.)

Color of Energy Frequency Wavelength Frequency x

Spectrum (eV) (THz) (nm) Wavelength
Speed (m/s)
Red 1.65-2.00 422 700 299,860
Orange 2.00-2.10 484 620 299,860
Yellow 2.10-2.17 517 580 299,860
Green 2.17-2.50 566 530 299,860
Blue 2.50-2.75 638 470 299,860
Violet 2.75-3.26 744 400 299,860

The table shows that in term of colors, violet has the highest frequency and
shortest wavelength. While red register as the lowest frequency and has the longest
wavelength. As the frequency increases the energy increases however, the
wavelength decreases. The product of frequency and wavelength for all spectrum
regions is constant. It means that this is equal to the speed of light in a vacuum.

Why Objects Appeared in Different Colors?

Objects appear different colors because they absorb some colors (wavelengths)
and reflected or transmit other colors. The colors we see are the wavelengths that are
reflected or transmitted. White objects appear white because they reflect all colors.
Black objects absorb all colors, so no light is reflected.

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An object appears white An object appears red when it An object appears
when it does not absorb absorbs all wavelength of visible black when it absorbs
any wavelength of visible light except for red. So red light all wavelength of
light, so all colors are scattered to our eye, the objects visible light therefore,
reflected. look red. no light is scattered to
our eyes.

What’s More

Activity 1: Mix my Color!

Direction: Fill in the table below. Write the resulting colors produced in the following
color combination.

Color Combination Resulting Colors

Red + blue
Orange + yellow

Yellow + green
Green + blue
Red + yellow + blue

Activity 2: Color my Spectrum Wheel!

Directions: Use the spectrum wheel to answer the questions inside the box.

1. Use the color spectrum wheel to identify

the following:
a. Primary Colors
_______________________________
_______________________________

b. Secondary Colors
________________________________
________________________________

c. Tertiary Colors
12 ___________________________________
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/3832986182 1 ___________________________________

_____________________________
Activity 3: Which is which?
Directions: Choose which one in the table has the correct characteristics. Use the color
spectrum as your guide.

Highest Highest Longer Shorter

Energy Frequency Wavelength Wavelength
Colors of light
(Blue, Red) Blue Blue Red Blue
(Yellow, Green)
(Red, Orange)
(Violet, Blue)
(Yellow, Green)

Activity 4: Can you explain my Colors?

Directions: Complete the sentence below. Explain why the following objects appear in
different colors.

A. The apple appears red because it

_______________________________________________________

Red Apple except red.

https://www.netclipart.com/isee/hJwm_apples-clipart-black-and-white-apple-black-white/

B. The shirt appears white because

______________________________________
White Shirt ______________________________________

https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/gallery/white-t-shirt-every-man-needs-one

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 C. The hat appears black because
__________________________________________________
Black hat
__________________________________________________
https://wikiclipart.com/hat-clipart-black-and-white_29401/

Activity 5: Fill Me!

Directions: Fill in the blanks. Choose your answers from the word bank below.
Write only the letter on the blank provided.

A. Violet B. Red C. decreases

D. Green E. Yellow F. increases

________1. Which color has the longest wavelength?

________2. What happen to the frequency when the wavelength decreases?
________3. Which color has the lowest frequency?
________4. What happen to the wavelength when the frequency increases?
________5. Which color has a shortest wavelength?

What I Have Learned

Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is not
correct. Write your answer on the space provided.
___________ 1. Red, orange and blue are primary colors.
___________ 2. The objects appear black because they reflect all colors.
___________ 3. Our cones in the eye work only when the light is bright enough
but not when light is very dim.
___________4. When we combine red, yellow, and blue the resulting color is
white.
___________5. When all the light absorbs all colors, the objects appear black.

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 What I Can Do

Proper lighting plays a significant role in our lives. List down at least five (5) activities
you do that needs proper lighting.
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________

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 Module 7 Heat

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Infer the conditions necessary for heat transfer to occur. (S7FE-IIIh-i12)

What’s In

This module aims to reinforce understanding of heat which is the energy that
travels through moving particles such as in conduction and convection, or through an
empty space such as in radiation. You will determine the conditions necessary for
heat to transfer and the direction by which the energy transfers by examining the
changes in the temperature of the objects involved. You will observe the different
methods of heat transfer and investigate some factors that affect these methods. The
results will help you explain why objects get hot or cold and why some objects are
seemingly colder or warmer that the others even if they have the same temperature.

The lessons covered in this module are relevant to life because they help
explain some of our everyday experiences with heat. You are expected to infer the
conditions necessary for heat transfer to occur.

WHAT IS IT
Heat is the thermal energy that is in the process of being transferred, say
between objects due to the difference in their temperature. In other words, heat is
energy “in transit”. It transfers from an object of higher temperature to an object of
lower temperature. In this process, heat travels in the forms of waves that are given
off by hot object. When two systems are in contact with each other, heat transfers
directly from the system with a higher temperature to the system with a lower
temperature.
Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one object to another or
even created at the expense of the loss of other forms of energy while temperature
is the sensation of the hotness or coldness of an object.
When heat is added to a substance, the molecules and atoms vibrate faster.
As atoms vibrate faster, the space between atoms increases. The motion and spacing
of the particles determine the state of matter of the substance. The end results of
increased molecular motion, the object expands and takes up more space.
Heat can flow from one place to another, like all kinds of energy. That happens
because the molecules hit each other, and the faster moving molecules in the hot
object spread that energy into the cooler object.

Heat transfer is the movement of heat from one substance or material to

another. Heat transfer takes place through three principal mechanisms: conduction,
radiation, and convection.

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Three Types of Heat Transfer

1. Conduction – involves the direct contact of matter or molecules. It takes

place when the particles between objects or places that are in contact
vibrate and collide at different speeds due to the difference in their
temperature.
Conduction is the transfer of heat between substances that are in
direct contact with each other. It occurs when a substance is heated,
particles will gain more energy, and vibrate more. These molecules then
bump into nearby particles and transfer some of their energy to them. This
then continues and passes the energy from the hot end down to the colder
end of the substance.

2. Convection – involves the motion of molecules in currents, in liquids and

gases. Heated molecules speed up and spread out causing the warmer part
of the liquid/gas to become less dense than the cooler part. It occurs when
heat is transferred through a gas or liquid by the hotter material moving into
a cooler area. It is the transfer of heat and other atmospheric properties by
the movement of masses of air, particularly in an upward direction.

3. Radiation - is in the form of invisible infrared rays. It also refers to the

emission of electromagnetic waves which carry energy away from the
surface of the emitting body or object. It is energy given off by matter in the
form of rays or high-speed particles. The waves are emitted from the sun
and travel through space and hit the earth and other planets. Once the light
waves hit the atmosphere and ground, the energy stored in the wave’s heats
up the soil and air, allowing conduction and convection to occur and move
energy around the earth/atmosphere system. Heat energy can also travel in
empty space without contacts between the heat source and heated object.

Modes of Heat Transfer

Science Struck & Buzzle.com, Inc. https://sciencestruck.com/3modes-of-heat-transfer- conduction-convection-
radiation

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 What’s More

Activity 1: A Moth at the Concert!

Directions: Read the story of the journey of Myron the Moth. Determine which heat
was transferred in each case. Write Conduction, Convection, or Radiation.
Myron the moth found himself flying through a concert hall while a rock-and-
roll band performed. The sounds of the concert didn’t matter to Myron, but he was
amazed at the temperature differences he noticed over the hall. (Copyright Holt,
Rinehart and Wilson: Earth’s Systems and Cycles)

_______________1. Myron first flew from the dark night into the dressing room at the
back of the concert hall. The band wanted a cup of tea before the
show. On a small electric stove, Myron saw a clear teapot. The
water inside the pot was bubbling. As he flew closer, he saw little
tea leaves rising from the bottom. Myron had never seen
anything like it.
_______________2. One of the band members poured a cup of tea. She left her
spoon in the cup as she turned to tune her guitar. Myron, was
curious, flapped across the room. He landed on the spoon’s
handle. If Myron had vocal cords, he would have screamed! His
feet felt like he had landed in a fire. Myron fluttered away as fast
as his wings would carry him.
_______________3. As the band ran from the room, Myron flew along behind them.
They danced onto the stage, but Myron flew toward the huge
lights. After all, that’s what moths like to do. But when he was still
many feet away, he began to feel very hot. He wanted to get
closer to the beautiful, bright light, but he was afraid his wings
would catch fire!
_______________4. Myron flew down around, and above the light. As he skittered
into the space above the bulb, a strong, warm wind suddenly
caught his wings! He was carried higher and higher above the
light until the warm breeze cooled. Then, he swept back down to
one side of the light, riding a gentle, cool breeze. It was so much
fun, Myron to do it all night.

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Activity 2: Transfer Up!
Direction: Write the word Contact if it is Conduction, Space for Radiation, Circular for
Convection. Please write your answer on the line provided below the image.

Copyright 2021 Worksheet Smart https://worksheetsmart.com/conduction-convection-radiation-worksheet-pdf-with-answers/

Activity 3: Cooled Down!

Direction: Study the picture. Circle the correct answer in the parenthesis.
1. Which has higher temperature? (water, ice)
2. Which has lower temperature? (water, ice)
3. What happened to the ice (solid) when water
(liquid) poured into it? (It will change from solid
to liquid, It will change from liquid to solid)
4. Why did it happen? (The ice lost heat to the
water, The ice gains heat from the water.)
water Ice 5. What will happen when an object gains heat?
The temperature of the object (increases, decreases)
6. When water freezes, heat is (gain, loss).
7. Heat gain may cause matter to (expand, contract).
8. Railways tracks and bridges have gaps between them to deal with expansion
during (cold, hot) days.
9. Mercury is (solid, liquid) in a glass thermometer that expands when it absorbs
heat.
10. A metal ball will (expands, contracts) when heated.

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 Activity 4. Word up!

Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters to form the term being described. Write the
terms on the blanks.

1. The transfer of energy from one body to another due to the difference in
temperature. T A H E _________________________
2. The quantity that indicates the hotness or coldness of a substance.
M E P E R A T T U E R _________________________
3. A device used to determine the temperature of a substance.
H E E E M M O T T R R _________________________
4. A material that permits heat transfer.
CODNRTOUC _________________________
5. The process of heat transfer through electromagnetic waves.
DAANTIIOR _________________________

Activity 5. Hot or cold

Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. What happens to an object

being heated?
______________________________
____________________________
2. What happens to an object when
heat is transferred to another object?
_________________________________________________
_____________________________________
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/image 1
Teacher Background: Specifics of Heat Transfers
Activity 6. Word up!
Directions: Fill in each blank with the correct word to complete each sentence.
Choose from the words in the box.

heat temperature conduction conductor insulators

1. Any material that transfers heat easily is called a ____________________.

20
 2. The materials that do not allow heat to transfer are called
____________________.

3. The transfer of energy from one body to another due to the difference in
temperature is called ____________________.
4. ____________________ is defined as the quantity that indicates the hotness
or coldness of a substance.
5. The process of heat transfer from one system to another when the two systems
are in direct contact is known as ____________________.

Activity 7: Find Me!

Heat transfer is evident everywhere around us. Refer to the figure. It depicts
several situations of heat transfer. Encircle three situations in the figure which
involves any method of heat transfer.

Heat Transfer Occurring in Our Environment

Science 7Learner’s Material-Department of Education. Republic of the Philippines

List down at least 5 examples that involve heat transfer through radiation.

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

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 What I Have Learned

Directions: Fill in the blanks. Complete the following sentences by writing the correct
answer.

WORD BANK CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION WAVES

HEAT TEMPERATURE

There are three types of heat transfer,1. _________________, 2.

_________________, and 3. ______________. (Answers from 1-3 may be written in
any order). Radiation is in the form of 4. ___________________________________.
As for Convection it involves the motion of 5. _________________ in currents, in
liquids and gases.

What I Can Do

The Dancing Coin Experiment!

Safety Precaution: (Please ask assistance from your teacher or parent before
doing the experiment). You may use a separate sheet of paper to answer the guide
questions.
Materials:
4 pcs Same size container
Food coloring (yellow and blue)
Hot water
Cold water
index or playing cards, bowl
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCO90hvE 1

Step 1: Add blue food coloring to the 2 of empty containers, then add cold water.
Step 2: Add yellow food coloring to the other 2 of empty containers then add hot water
Step 3: Cover the container of the hot water to transfer it on top of the cold water.
Step 4: Slowly pull away the card.

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 Step 5: Use another card to cover the cold container to transfer it on top of the hot
water
Step 6: Then again, slowly pull away the card.
Step 7: Observe the movement the water in both containers.

Guide Question: 1. How do you explain the heat transfer in this set-up?
___________________________________________________
2. How is that happening? _________________________________
3. Explain what heat process is taking place? __________________

Module 8

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Describe the different types of charging processes. (S7FE- IIIj-13)

What’s In

Everything we see around us are made

of atoms. It is the building block of
matter. A single atom is so small that it
is impossible to see with the naked
eye. Let us try to know more about the
atom and its particles, how atoms
become electrically charged and how
charging by friction and induction
happens. Refer to figure 1 below.

Fig. 1 Structure of an atom

https://www.ck12.org/c/chemistry/atomicnucleus/?by=communit
y
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WHAT IS IT
Terminology: The Atom and its particles
Atom comes from a Greek word which means “indivisible’’. It is the smallest
unit of matter. Atoms are composed of three particles called Proton, Neutron and
Electron. Protons carry a positive charge which can be found inside the nucleus.
Neutron is uncharged particle which can also found inside the nucleus. The electron
orbit around the nucleus, carry a negative charge.
Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter. It is intrinsic characteristics
associated with atomic particles, the electron and proton. There are two types of
charges: positive charge and negative charge. Like charges repel; unlike charges
attract.
Electron Theory
This theory states that electricity is the movement of electrons through a
conductor. Electrons are attracted to protons. Since we have excess electrons on the
other end of the conductor, we have many electrons being attracted to the protons.
This attraction sort of pushes the electrons toward the protons. This push is normally
called electrical pressure. The amount of electrical pressure is determined by the
number of electrons that are attracted to protons.
The electron theory depends on the atomic structure of the materials. The
number of protons and electron in object are equal making a neutrally charged atom.
There are circumstances where atom turns negative if the atom gains electron; on the
other hand, atom turns positive if the atom loses electron.
Law of Conservation of Electric Charge
The charge of an object determines whether it will be
attracted to another object or not. Liked-charges objects
tend to repel one another while unlike-charged objects tend
to attract. When two objects are rubbed together, the
electrons of one object will be transferred to the other
object. One body acquires a positive charge and the other
body acquires an equal amount but negative in charge.
Charging by Friction
Law of Conservation of Electric Charge explains that
during this reaction, no electron was created nor destroyed,
therefore, we can say that the sum of the positive and
negative charge during the rubbing process is equal to zero.

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 Now let us discuss first charging by friction. From
its name charging by friction happens when you rub one
material to another material. It is said that you charged
them by friction. When you rub the two materials, the one
that lose electrons will be positively charged and the one
that gained electrons will be negatively charged.

https://www.toppr.com/content/concept/charging-by-induction-209363/

Charging by Induction
Now let us discuss charging by induction. This is more complicated than
charging by friction but it is another form of charging an object. If in charging by friction,
the materials are being rubbed to each other, in charging by induction, the materials are
charged without contact.

https://www.vippng.com/preview/TRwhxhR_ac-adapter-electromagnetic-induction-inductive-charging-charging-by/

In this process, a charged object is brought near but not touched to a neutral
conducting object. The presence of a charged object near a neutral conductor will induce
(force) electrons within the conductor to move. The movement of electrons leaves an
imbalance of charge on opposite sides of the neutral conductor. While the overall object is
neutral (i.e., has the same number of electrons as protons), there is an excess of positive
charge on one side of the object and an excess of negative charge on the opposite side of
the object.

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 What’s More

Activity 1: An Atom Apart

Direction: Crossword Puzzle: Complete the crossword by filling in a word that fits each
clue.
Across
1.The term ______ comes from the Greek
word for indivisible.
3. Protons and neutrons are found in this
part of an atom.
4. Negatively charged parts of an atom
Down
2. Positively charged parts of an atom.
http://www.thesciencezone.org/uploads/1/0/7/2/10722737/atoms_4th.pdf
5. Neutrally charged parts of an atom.
Activity 2. Describe the Particles
Directions: List down important information about the Proton, Neutron and Electron
in the table below. Choose your answer from the list of items found inside the box.

Inside the nucleus Positive (1+) None (Neutral)

Around the nucleus Negative (1-)

Particle Location Mass Charge

Proton 1.______________________ 1.67252 4.
X10-27 kg. ______________________
Neutron 2.______________________ 1.67495 5.
X10-27 kg. ______________________
Electron 3.______________________ 9.1095 X 6.
10-31 kg. _______________________

Activity 3: Complete Me!

Direction: Complete the following sentences using words from the list below.
Word Bank: Equal negative positive opposite zero

1. A neutron has ____________________ charge.

26
 2. An electron has ___________________ charge.
3. A proton and an electron have ____________ and ____________ charge.
4. A proton has _______________ charge.

Activity 4: Electric Charges

Direction: Count the positive and negative charges in each picture. Write positive
charge, negative charge, or no charge on the space provided.

1. 3.

Electrical charge: _______________ Electric charge: _________________

2. 4.

Electric charge: _______________ Electric charge: __________________

5.

Electric charge: _________________

Activity 5: Get that word!

Direction: Choose the best word from the word box to complete each sentence.
10Atoms Protons Negative Positive

Charges Neutral Neutrons Electric

Lose Gain Electrons Static

1. Matter is made up of tiny particles called ____________

2. _____________ and _______________ are found at the center of an atom.

3. ________________ are small particles that orbit the nucleus.
4. Protons have a _________________ charge.

5. Electrons have a _____________ charge.

27
 6. Neutrons have a ______________ charge.
7. When you rub two objects together, they can ______ or ________ electrons.

8. When electrons move from one object to another they become

______________ with static electricity.

Activity 6: Charge It Up!

Direction: Tell whether each pair of objects will Attract or Repel each other. Write
your answer on the blank space.
____________ 1. Positive – Positive
__________ 2. Negative – Negative
__________ 3. Negative – Positive
__________ 4. Positive – Negative
__________ 5. Negative - Negative

Activity 7. Complete the Process!

Direction: Supply the missing words in the paragraph describing the process of
charging by friction. Choose the answer in the box provided below.

rubbed electrons positively negatively removed

Charging by friction is one way of charging matter. In charging by friction,
the materials are being 1. _______________________ to each other. There
will be transfer of 2.________________________ from one material to
another. When the material loses electron it is said to be
3.___________________________________ charged while the material that
gains electron becomes
4.__________________________________________ charged. Like for
example, when a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, glass acquires a positive
charge and silk cloth acquires a negative charge. Electrons are
5._______________________ from glass rod and are added to silk cloth.

Activity 8. What’s Going On?!

Below are pictures showing the process of charging by induction. Choose the
letter which describes each process.

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 1.______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______
Images from: https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-2/Charging-by-
Induction#:~:text=Induction%20charging%20is%20a%20method,understanding%20of%20the%20polarization%20process.

A. The presence of a +charge induces electron to move from sphere B to A,

the two-sphere system is polarized.
B. Two metal spheres are mounted on the insulating stands.
C. The excess charge distributes itself uniformly over the surface of the
spheres.
D. Sphere B is separated from sphere A using the insulating stand. The two
spheres have opposite charges.

What I Have Learned

Direction: Complete the concept map below using the following terms.
Word Bank: Charging conduction induction spray painting
Positive charge laser printer negative charge

29
 What I Can Do
Activity 1. Label the particles!

Directions: Label the parts of an atom on the diagram below.

1. ___________________
2. ___________________

3. ___________________

4. ___________________

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-an-atom-definition-parts-
measurement.html

Answer the question:

1. Which two subatomic particles are located in the nucleus of an atom?
__________________________________________________________________
Activity 2. Moving Towards, Moving Away!
Direction: Determine the charge on the object. Explain why it has this charge.
Object Charge Explanation

1.

2.

3.
1.

2. An atom that has 16 electrons

and 15 protons

30
 31
MODULE 6 MODULE 5
Activity 1 Activity 1
1. 
1. Violet 2. 
2. Yellow orange 3. 
3. Yellow green 4. x
4. Blue green
5. White Activity 2
1. Pitch
2. Vibration
Activity 2 3. Medium
A. Primary Colors 4. Frequency
Red, Yellow, Blue 5. Wave
B. Secondary Colors
Green, Orange, Violet
Activity 3
C. Tertiary Colors
1. Pitch
blue green, yellow green, yellow orange, red orange,
red violet, blue violet 2. Lower
3. Ultrasonic
Activity 3 4. Frequency
5. Amplitude
Highest Highest Longer Shorter
Colors Energy Frequency Wavelength Wavelength Activity 4
of A.
light
Blue or blue blue red blue 1. 
red 2. 
Yellow green green yellow green
or 3. 
green 4. X
Red or orange orange red orange 5. X
orange
6. 
Violet violet violet blue violet B.
or blue
Indigo indigo indigo green indigo
or 1. High pitched sound have high frequency while a low
green pitched sound have low frequency.
2. Larger amplitude means a louder sound, and smaller
amplitude means a softer sound.
Activity 4 Activity 5
1. ƒ=75Hz v=?
A. It absorbs all wavelength of visible light except for λ=10m v= λ. ƒ (10m). (75Hz)
red. = 450m/s
B. It does not absorb any wavelength of visible light.
C. It absorbs all wavelength of visible light. 2. λ =10m f=?
v=80m/s λ = v/ ƒ 10m / 80m/s
= 53 Hz
Activity 5 3. f =400Hz λ =?
v=150m/s λ = v/ ƒ 150m /s / 400Hz
1. A = 4m
2. F
3. B
What I Have Learned
4. C
1. Bluff
5. D
2. Fact
What I have learned 3. Bluff
4. Bluff
1. False 5. Fact
2. False 6. Bluff
3. True 7. Fact
4. True 8. Fact
5. True 9. Fact
10. Fact
What can I do?
1. reading books, magazines, newspapers, etc.
2. using computers, cellphones, and other gadgets
3. lighting bulbs at night to see the surroundings
4. lamp posts outside the house, streets, etc. to avoid
accidents
5. using flashlights
Answer Key
 32
MODULE 8 MODULE 7
ACTIVITY 1 Activity 1
1. Atom 1. CONVECTION
2. Proton 2. CONDUCTION
3. Nucleus 3. RADIATION
4. Electron 4. CONVECTION
5. Neutron
ACTIVITY 2: TRANSFER UP!
ACTIVITY 2: Locate the Particles
1. CONVECTION
2. CONDUCTION
1.Inside the nucleus
3. CONDUCTION
2. Inside the nucleus 4. RADIATION
3. Around the nucleus 5. CONVECTION
4. Positive (1+) 6. RADIATION
5.None (Neutral)
6. Negative (1-) ACTIVITY 3: COOLED DOWN!
1. B. Water
ACTIVITY 3: Complete Me! 2. A. Ice
1. Positive 3. A. It will change from solid to liquid
2. Equal 4. B. The ice gains heat from water.
3. negatively 5. A. increases
4. positive charge and negative 6. B. loss
7. A. expand
5. positive
8. B. hot
9. B. liquid
ACTIVITY 4: . Electric charges 10. A. The metal ball expands when it gains heat.
1. negative charges
ACTIVITY 4:
2. Positive charges
1. HEAT
3. Neutral /No charge
2. TEMPERATURE
4. Positive charges
3. THERMOMETER
5. Neutral/No charge
4. CONDUCTOR
ACTIVITY 5: Get that Word! 5. RADIATION
ACTIVITY 5:
1. Atoms 6. Neutral
2. Protons and Neutrons 7. Lose or gain
3. Electrons 8. Electric
4. Positive
5. Negative
ACTIVITY 6: Charge It Up!
1. repel
2. repel
3. Attract
4. Attract
5. Repel
ACTIVITY 7: Complete the Process!
1. Rub
2. Electrons
3. Positively
4. Negatively
5. Removed
What’s Going On?! ACTIVITY 6:
1. CONDUCTOR
1. B
2. A 2. INSULATORS
3. D
4. C 3. HEAT
4. TEMPERATURE
5. CONDUCTION
ACTIVITY 7:
1. Reheating of food using microwave
2. Warming of the earth by the sun
3. Light from the candle
4. Heat from the stove burner
5. X-ray from x-ray machine
.
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED:
ANSWERS MAY BE WRITTEN IN ANY ORDER
1. CONDUCTION
2. CONVECTION
3. RADIATION
4. INVISIBLE INFRARED RAYS
5. MOLECULES
WHAT I CAN DO
THE DANCING COIN EXPERMENT:
Student’s answer may vary but may consider the following answer as their guide.