z

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

MAINTEZNANCE AND
OPERATION MANUAL

ASSAM ELECTRICITY GRID CORPORATION LIMITED

Email: corporate@aegcl.co.in Tel: 0361-2739520

Website: www.aegcl.co.in BIJULI BAWAN PALTAN BAZAR
GUWAHATI

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 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION _________________________________________

CHAPTER 2: PROTECTION SYSTEM IN AEGCL NETWORK ______________________________

CHAPTER 3: TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION _____________________________________

CHAPTER 4: TRANSFORMER PROTECTION __________________________________________

CHAPTER 5: REACTOR PROTECTION

CHAPTER 6: OVERCURRENT AND EARTH FAULT COORDINATION __________

CHAPTER 7: BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT AND PROTECTION __________________

CHAPTER 8: COMMUNICATION WITH RELAYS ___________________________

CHAPTER 9: OPERATION OF SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA) _

CHAPTER 10: AIS & GIS SUBSTATION MAINTENANCE & OPERATION ___________________ 1

APPENDIX 1: ANSI & IEC RELAY SYMBOL ___________________________________________

APPENDIX 2: STANDARD DISTURBANCE RECORDER(DR) SIGNAL & SOE SIGNAL FOR SAS __

APPENDIX 3: PRE COMMISSIONING CHECKLIST FOR SUBSTATION

APPENDIX 4: CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY AND THERMAL LOADING OF CONDUCTOR__

APPENDIX 5: CONVENTIONAL FERRULE USED IN CONTROL PANELS ___

APPENDIX 6: FAULT ANALYSIS ____________________________________________________

APPENDIX 7: TESTING OF RELAYS

APPENDIX 8: NEW ELEMENT CHARGING PROCEDURE

APPENDIX 9: POWER MAP OF AEGCL

BIBILOGRAPHY

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 From the Desk of Managing Director

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 COMPANY PROFILE:
Assam Electricity Grid Corporation Limited, a vibrant growth oriented Public Sector Company registered under
‘Company Act, 1956’. It was formed out of restructured Assam State Electricity Board in 2003 and was notified
as the State Transmission Utility (STU). Its core business is to efficiently transport electrical power from
electrical power bulk heads to the distribution company networks in the state of Assam.

Assam Electricity Grid Corporation Limited inherited 3862 circuit kms. of EHV lines above 66 kV voltage class
and 38 numbers of EHV sub-stations having a total transformation capacity of 1636.50 MVA at its birth in
2003. Since its inception, it has added 1584 circuit kms of EHV lines and has added 4125 MVA transformation
capacity by way of commissioning 17 new EHV sub-stations and augmenting existing sub-stations. It has also
added Reactive Power Compensation at 33 kV bus to the tune of 285 MVAR.

Assam Electricity Grid Corporation Limted had also added one 400/220 kV Grid Substation and One 220/33 kV
GIS Sub Station during the preceding years. As on 21.07.2018, AEGCL has 65 nos. of EHV Grid Substations
(400 kV-1 no., 220 kV- 11 nos. and 132 kV - 53 nos.) with total Transformation capacity of 6158 MVA.

Assam Electricity Grid Corporation Limited is playing a strategic role as it is the largest ‘STU’ in NE region. It
also understands its responsibility towards the entire North East India and is always extending a helping hand by
way of transporting a fair share of power to the other sister states of the region.

Assam Electricity Grid Corporation Limited has consistently maintained the transmission system availability
over 99% which is at par with other National Transmission Utilities.

...........................................................................................................TOWARD EXCELENCE

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 1.2 NEED OF PROTECTION SYSTEM

The main objective of power system protection is to isolate a faulty section of electrical power system from rest
of the live system so that the rest portion can function satisfactorily without any severe damage due to fault
current. The circuit breaker isolates the faulty system from rest of the healthy system and these circuit breakers
automatically open during fault condition due to its trip signal which comes from protection relay Figure 1(a).
The main philosophy about protection is that no protection of power system can prevent the flow of fault current
through the system, it only can prevent the continuation of flowing of fault current by quickly disconnect the
short circuit path from the system.

The purpose of an electrical power system is to generate and supply electrical energy to consumers. The system
should be designed and managed to deliver this energy to the utilisation points with both reliability and
economy. Severe disruption to the normal routine of modern society is likely if power outages are frequent or
prolonged, placing an increasing emphasis on reliability and security of supply. As the requirements of
reliability and economy are largely opposed, power system protection is inevitably a compromise.

The role of protective relaying in electric-power-system design and operation is to assure normal operation,
prevention of electrical failure and mitigation of the effects of electrical failure. The protection is needed to
remove as speedily as possible any element of the power system in which a fault has developed. So long as the
fault remains connected, the whole system may be in danger from three main effects of the fault, namely:

 it is likely to cause the individual generators in a power station or groups of generators in different stations,
to lose synchronism and fall out of step with a consequent splitting of the system
 a risk of damage to the affected plant
 a risk of damage to the healthy plant.

There is another effect, not necessarily dangerous to the system, but important from the consumer's viewpoint,
namely, a risk of synchronous motors in large industrial premises falling out of step and tripping out; with the
serious consequences that entails loss of production and interruption of vital processes. It is the function of the
protective equipment, in association with the Circuit Breaker, to avert these effects.

Figure 1(a): Basic Protection Circuit

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 The Protection system is categories in to two part namely “Primary” and “Backup” protection relay. The
Primary relays are the first line of defense whereas the backup relay operates in case the primary relays fail to
isolate the faulty section in time.

It is also very important that the protective relay isolate the faulty section as fast as it could without disturbing
the healthy section.

Figure 1 (b): Accurate selection of faulty section by Relay

In the above diagram (Figure 1.b) for a fault in the 132kV Narengi-Sonapur circuit, the Circuit Breaker at
location 1 and 2 should get tripped by their respective relay and isolate the fault (assuming the power flow
from both Sonapur and kahilipara end). The relay at location 4 should not operate for a fault in other section.
However the relay at location 4 would detect the fault and would trip only if the circuit breaker at location 1
failed to operate. In this way selecting and isolating the faulty section is very important for grid stability as
well as maintaining the power flow in the healthy section to provide uninterrupted power supply.
The ultimate goal of protective relaying is to disconnect a faulty system element as quickly as possible.
Sensitivity and selectivity are essential to assure that the proper circuit breakers will be tripped.

In case of transmission line the fault are generally line-line (L-L), line to ground (L-G) and double line to
ground (L-L-G) or three phase fault. The L-G fault is most common and 65-70 % of the faults are of this type
whereas 15-20% faults are of L-L-G type. The L-L fault is of 5-10% and the three phase faults are very rare in
nature.
In case of Transformers the type of faults are as mentioned below:
 Phase-ground faults - from winding to core or winding to tank
 Phase-phase faults - between windings
 Interturn faults - between single turns or adjacent layers of the same winding
 Arcing contacts
 Local hotspots caused by shorted laminations
 External faults causing thermal or mechanical damage
 Overloads
 Low level internal partial discharges (moisture ingress or design problems)
 Bushing faults (internal to the tank)
 Tap changer faults (often housed in a separate tank)
 Terminal faults (external to the tank, but inside the transformer zone)

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 The protective relay should have the following characteristic:
i. Dependability
A relay is said to be dependable if it trips only when it is expected to trip. This happens either when the
fault is in its primary jurisdiction or when it is called upon to provide the back-up protection. However,
false tripping of relays or tripping for faults that is either not within its jurisdiction, or within its
purview, compromises system operation.
ii. Sensitivity
For simplicity, consider the case of overcurrent protection. The protective system must have ability to
detect the smallest possible fault current. The smaller the current that it can detect, the more sensitive it
is. One way to improve sensitivity is to determine characteristic signature of a fault. It is unique to the
fault type and it does not occur in the normal operation. For example, earth faults involve zero sequence
current. This provides a very sensitive method to detect earth faults. Once, this signature is seen
abnormality is rightly classified and hence appropriate action is initialized.

iii. Selectivity
Like sensitivity, selectivity also implies an ability to discriminate. A relay should not confuse some
peculiarities of an apparatus with a fault. For example, transformer when energized can draw up to 20
times rated current (inrush current) which can confuse, both overcurrent and transformer differential
protection. Typically, inrush currents are characterized by large second harmonic content.

iv. Reliability
A relaying system has to be reliable. Reliability can be achieved by redundancy i.e. duplicating the
relaying system. Obviously redundancy can be a costly proposition. Another way to improve reliability
is to ask an existing relay say, protecting an apparatus A to backup protection of apparatus B. Both the
approaches are used (simultaneously) in practice. However, it is important to realize that back-up
protection must be provided for safe operation of relaying system. Redundancy in protection also
depends upon the criticality of the power apparatus.

v. Speed
To maximize safety, and minimize equipment damage and system instability, a fault should be cleared
as quickly as possible. This implies that relay should quickly arrive at a decision and circuit breaker
operation should be fast enough.

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 CHAPTER 2: PROTECTION SYSTEM IN AEGCL NETWORK
2.1 GENERAL

The AEGCL have one (1) 400kV, eleven numbers (11) of 220kV and fifty three (53) of 132kV substations. All
the substations have numerical relays as primary and backup protection with few exceptional where backup
protection is electromechanical relay. However it will be replaced by numerical relay in the upcoming
augmentation project. The numerical relay of different manufacturer like ABB, Siemens, ERL, GE, Schneider
Micom, Alstom Micom, Toshiba etc are being used in AEGCL.

In 400kV and 220kV transmission lines two independent High Speed Main protection schemes called Main-I
and Main-II with at least one of them being carrier aided four zone distance protection are used. The other
protection may be a phase segregated current differential (this may require digital communication), phase
comparison, directional comparison type or a carrier aided non-switched distance protection. If Main-I and
Main-II are both distance protection schemes, then they should be preferably of different types (eg. REL670 &
REL650). They need not necessarily of different make.

The numerical relays referred as IED (Intelligent electronic device) contain apart from main protection functions
several other protection & supervision functions which may or may not be used for a particular application. List
of Protection used in transmission lines at different voltage level is shown below.

2.2 LIST OF PROTECTION IN 33KV BAY

Figure 2(a): List of Protection Function for 33kV bay

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 2.3 LIST OF PROTECTION IN TRANSMISSION LINE

Figure 2(b): List of Protection Function for Transmission line

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 2.4 LIST OF PROTECTION FUNCTION USED IN TRANSFORMER IS SHOWN BELOW.

Figure 2(c): List of Protection Function for Transformers

2.5 PROTECTION OF BUSBAR

The Busbar protection relay is provided for protection against any fault in busbar. For main-I and main-II cum
trannfer bus scheme, the main –I bus is considered as zone 1 and main-II bus as zone 2 for busbar protection
relay. The busbar protection relays have the following function:

 Bus differential Protection

 LBB (Circuit Breaker failure protection)

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 2.6 TYPE OF RELAYS
The following are the list of relays from different manufacturer in AEGCL network.
SL
Manufacturer Relay Name Purpose Relay Software Name
NO
1 REL670 Distance Protection
2 REL650 Distance Protection
3 RET670 Transformer Protection
4 RET650 Transformer Protection
ABB PCM600
5 REC670 Bay Control Unit
6 REF615 O/C & E/F Relay
7 REB670 Busbar Protection Relay
8 RED670 Line Differential
9 B90 Busbar Protection Relay
10 D60 Distance Protection ENERVISTA UR
11 GE T60 Transformer Protection
12 F650 O/C & E/F Relay 650PC
13 L90 Line Differential ENERVISTA UR
14 L-Pro Distance Protection
RELAY CONTROL
15 T-Pro Transformer Protection PANEL, L-PRO
16 B-Pro Busbar Protection Relay OFFLINER, T-PRO
ERL OFFLINER
17 F-Pro O/C & E/F Relay
18 SEL487B Busbar Protection Relay
19 SEL321 Distance Protection
20 7UT Transformer Protection
21 7SA Distance Protection
22 7SS522 Busbar Protection Main Unit
23 7SS525 Busbar Protection Bay Unit
24 7SJ85 Bay Control Unit
Siemens DIGSI 4/DIGSI 5
25 7SJ6 Bay Control Unit
26 7SJ8 O/C & E/F Relay
27 7SS85 Busbar Protection Relay
28 7SD Line Differential
29 7SR11 O/C & E/F Relay
30 P141
O/C & E/F Relay
31 P122
32 P441
33 P442 Distance Protection
34 P444
35 Micom P631 MICOM AGILE
36 P632 Transformer Protection
37 P634
38 P746 Busbar Protection Relay
39 C246 Bay Control Unit
40 P54 Line Differential

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 CHAPTER 3: TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
3.1 GENERAL

The basic principle of distance protection involves the division of the voltage at the relaying point by the
measured current. The apparent impedance so calculated is compared with the reach (set) point impedance. If
the measured impedance is less than the reach point impedance, it is assumed that a fault exists on the line
between the relay and the reach point.

There is one voltage element from potential transformer and a current element fed from current transformer of
the system. The deflecting torque is produced by secondary current of CT and restoring torque is produced by
voltage of potential transformer. In normal operating condition, restoring torque is more than deflecting torque.
Hence relay will not operate. But in faulty condition, the current becomes quite large whereas voltage becomes
less. Consequently, deflecting torque becomes more than restoring torque and dynamic parts of the relay starts
moving which ultimately close the “NO” contact of relay. Hence clearly operation or working principle of
distance relay depends upon the ratio of system voltage and current (V/I). As the ratio of voltage to current is
nothing but impedance (Z=V/I) so a distance relay is also known as impedance relay. In present day numerical
relay the operation of the relay depend on the distance relay inbuilt logical algorithm, but the basic concept
remains the same.

Distance relays are one of the most important protection elements in a transmission line. These relays are set
as percentages of the line impedances. Distance relays characteristic may be Mho, Quadrilateral, offset Mho
etc. In the case of the quadrilateral characteristic or long reaching mho reaching, additional care may be
required to remain secure to remain secure during heavy load. For heavily loaded transmission line load
encroachment are used so that the locus of value of Z do not enter into the zone of protection.

Any fault in the transmission line should be immediately cleared by the respective circuit breaker and in doing
so the Distance Protection Relay plays its vital role. The distance characteristic mostly used is quadrilateral with
four (4) numbers of Zones. Out of the four (4) zones three (3) are used in forward direction (i.e toward line) and
one (1) is used in reverse direction (i.e toward bus). The directionality and quadrilateral characteristic is shown
below.

Figure 3(a): Zones directionality

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 In the above diagram if a fault occur in zone 1 for substation B and if the distance relay at substation B failed to
operate in zone 1, then the line will tripped in zone 2 at substation A. In other word the Zone 2 or higher zone
acts as a backup protection in such cases.

Firgure 3(b): Distance Quadrilateral Characteristic

3.2 REACH SETTINGS OF DISTANCE PROTECTION

1. Zone 1 should be kept at 80-85% of the Protected Line. It doesn’t cover the whole 100% line as
sufficient margin should be provided for instrument transformer (CT & PT) and relay error.
2. For single circuit Line the Zone 2 should be 120% of the Protected Line. And for all double circuit line
the Zone 2 reach should be 150% of the Protected Line. In case of LILO of one circuit of double circuit
line, all line should be considered as double circuit line. Parallel line on single circuit tower shall not be
considered as double circuit line.
3. The Zone 3 reach should be 120% of (Protected Line+ longest line from next substation)
4. The Zone 4 (Reverse) reach should be 20% of the protected line if the length of the protected line is less
than equal to 100kM, else 10% of the protected line.
3.3 TIME SETTING OF DISTANCE PROTECTION
1. The Zone 1 should be instantaneous.
2. In case of single circuit line, If 0.2 x ZL (Protected Line) < 0.6 x Impedance of next shortest line, the
Zone 2 timing should be 350 milliseconds. Else the Zone 2 timing should be kept as 500 milliseconds.
And in case of double circuit line (or double circuit tower) if 0.5 x ZL < 0.6 x Impedance of next
shortest line, the Zone 2 timing should be 350 milliseconds. Else the Zone 2 timing should be kept as
500 milliseconds.
3. The Zone 3 timing should be 800 milli-seconds for 220kV & 132kV lines and for 400kV and above it
should be 1 second if the Zone 3 reach doesn’t encroach into lower voltage level. If Zone 3 reach
encroach into lower voltage level the Zone 3 timing should be kept as 1.5 Second.
4. Zone-4 time delay would only need to co-ordinate with bus bar main protection fault clearance and with
Zone-1 fault clearance for lines out of the same substation. For this reason, Zone-4 time is set as 500
milliseconds.

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 3.4 DISTANCE CALCULATION
Considering the single line diagram of the 220kV Sonapur GIS, the distance relay calculation considering the
220kV Sonapur-Samaguri line is carried out below.

Figure 3(c): Single line diagram

3.4.1 LINE PARAMETERS

Protected line Name: 220kV Sonapur-Samaguri.

Protected line distances: 117kM.
Line data: R1+jX1=0.06997+j0.3971; Z1=√(0.06997 2 +0.3971 2)= 0.4032 angle 80 deg.
Ro+jXo=0.2904+j1.36670

Shortest Line at local bus: 29.14kM (220kV Samaguri-Sarusajai)

Longest Line at remote bus: 168kM (220kV Samaguri-Mariani)
Shortest Line at remote bus: 35kM (220kV Samaguri-Misa)

CT Ratio: 800/1
PT Ratio: 220000/110= 2000; CT/PT Ratio= 0.4.

3.4.2 REL 670 QUADRILATERAL CHARACTERISTIC

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 Figure 3(d): Phase- Earth Quadrilateral characteristic of REL670 ABB

Figure 3(e): Phase- Phase Quadrilateral Chracteristic of REL 670 ABB

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 3.4.3 SETTINGS CALCULATION

Considering REL670 distance protection relay, the following calculation are carried out. Unlike Siemens
distance relay (7SA522) the setting inputs in REL670 is in primary value.

Zone 1: 80% of Protected line.

Positive sequence reactance, X1 = 0.3971X117X0.8 = 37.17 Ω

Positive sequence resistance, R1 = 0.06997X117X0.8 = 6.55 Ω
Zero sequence reactance, X0= 1.36670 X117X0.8 = 127.92 Ω
Zero sequence resistance, R0= 0.2904X117X0.8 = 27.181 Ω

Arc resistance, Rarc = 28707* L/(I1.4), where L is the arc length = 15 meters.
and I is the fault current = 1500A (considering the minimum phase to
phase fault current)

= 28707* 15 / (15001.4)
= 15.4 ≈ 15 Ω.
Tower footing resistance (maximum) = 10 Ω
Remote end infeed effect for zone 1 (considering equal fault feed from both end) = 25 Ω
Therefore the fault resistive reach phase to earth, RFPE= (10+25+15) = 50 Ω
And the fault resistive reach phase to phase, RFPP = 15X2= 30 Ω (considering the arc resistance in loop)

Setting Range
Parameter Recommended Unit Description
Min Max Step
ZMCPDIS1 Zone 1 Setting (PDIS, 21)
Operation On/Off On Operation Off / On
IBase 1 99999 1 800 A Base current i.e rated current
Ubase 0.05 2000.00 0.05 220 kV Base voltage i.e.rated voltage
OperationDir Forward Operation mode of directionality
Operation PP On/Off On Operation mode Off/On of Ph-Ph loops
X1FwPP 0.50 3000.00 0.01 37.17 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach
R1PP 0.10 1000.00 0.01 6.55 ohm/p Positive sequence resistance reach
RFFwPP 1.00 3000.00 0.01 30.000 ohm/l Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop , Ph-Ph
X1RvPP 0.50 3000.00 0.01 37.17 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach
RFRvPP 1.00 3000.00 0.01 30.000 ohm/l Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop , Ph-Ph
Operation mode Off/On of Zone timer, Ph-
Timer tPP Off,On On
Ph
tPP 0.000 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Time delay of trip,Ph-Ph
Operation PE On,Off On Operation mode Off/On of Ph-E loops
X1FwPE 0.50 3000.00 0.01 37.17 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach
R1PE 0.10 1000.00 0.01 6.55 ohm/p Positive sequence resistance reach
X0PE 0.5 9000.00 0.01 127.92 ohm/p Zero sequence reactance reach
Zero sequence resistance for zone
R0PE 0.5 3000.00 0.01 27.18 ohm/p
characteristic angle
RFFwPE 1.00 3000.00 0.01 50.000 ohm/l Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop , Ph-E
X1RvPE 0.10 3000.00 0.01 37.17 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach
RFRv)PE 1.00 9000.00 0.01 50.000 ohm/l Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop , Ph-E
Timer tPE Off,On On Operation mode Off/On of Zone timer, Ph-E

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 tPE 0.000 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Time delay of trip,Ph-E
Minimum operate delta current for Phase-
IMinOpPP 10 30 1 10 %IB
Phase loops
Minimum operate delta current for Phase-
IMinOpPE 10 30 1 10 %IB
Earth loops
Minimum operate residual current for Phase-
IMinOpIN 5 30 1 5 %IB
Earth loops
Figure 3(f): Zone 1 setting for REL670 ABB

The fault resistance reach in Zone 1 for phase to earth and phase to phase should follow the criteria
RFPE≤4.5*X1 and RFPP≤3*X1

Zone 2: 150% of the Protected line

Positive sequence reactance, X1 = 0.3971X117X1.5= 69.7Ω
Positive sequence resistance, R1 = 0.06997X117X1.5 = 12.28 Ω
Zero sequence reactance, X0= 1.36670 X117X1.5 = 239.86 Ω
Zero sequence resistance, R0= 0.2904X117X1.5 = 50.96 Ω
Considering a factor of 2 for zone 1 resistive reach value to take care of infeed effects for zone 2 following
setting are adopted
Tower footing resistance (maximum) = 10 Ω
Remote end infeed effect for zone 2 (considering equal fault feed from both end) = 25X2 = 50 Ω
Therefore the fault resistive reach phase to earth, RFPE= (10+2X25+15) =75 Ω
And the fault resistive reach phase to phase, RFPP = 30X2 = 60Ω (considering the arc resistance in loop)

Setting Range
Parameter Recommended Unit Description
Min Max Step
ZMCAPDIS2 Zone 2 Setting (PDIS, 21)
Operation On/Off On Operation Off / On
IBase 1 99999 1 800 A Base current i.e rated current
Ubase 0.05 2000.00 0.05 220 kV Base voltage i.e.rated voltage
OperationDir Forward Operation mode of directionality
Operation PP On/Off On Operation mode Off/On of Ph-Ph loops
X1FwPP 0.50 3000.00 0.01 60.76 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach
R1PP 0.10 1000.00 0.01 10.71 ohm/p Positive sequence resistance reach
RFFwPP 1.00 3000.00 0.01 60.000 ohm/l Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop , Ph-Ph
X1RvPP 0.50 3000.00 0.01 60.76 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach
RFFwPP 1.00 3000.00 0.01 60.000 ohm/l Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop , Ph-Ph
Operation mode Off/On of Zone timer, Ph-
Timer tPP Off,On On
Ph
tPP 0.000 60.000 0.001 0.500 s Time delay of trip,Ph-Ph
Operation PE On,Off On Operation mode Off/On of Ph-E loops
X1FwPE 0.50 3000.00 0.01 60.76 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach
R1PE 0.10 1000.00 0.01 10.71 ohm/p Positive sequence resistance reach
X0PE 0.5 9000.00 0.01 209.11 ohm/p Zero sequence reactance reach
Zero sequence resistance for zone
R0PE 0.5 3000.00 0.01 44.43 ohm/p
characteristic angle

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 RFFwPE 1.00 9000.00 0.01 75.000 ohm/l Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop , Ph-E
X1RvPE 0.50 3000.00 0.01 60.76 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach
RFRvPE 1.00 9000.00 0.01 75.000 ohm/l Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop , Ph-E
Operation mode Off/On of Zone timer, Ph-
Timer tPE Off,On On
E
tPE 0.000 60.000 0.001 0.500 s Time delay of trip,Ph-E
Minimum operate delta current for Phase-
IMinOpPP 10 30 1 10 %IB
Phase loops
Minimum operate delta current for Phase-
IMinOpPE 10 30 1 10 %IB
Earth loops

Figure 3(g): Zone 2 settings for REL670 ABB

Zone 2 timing
0.5 X 0.06997 X117 = 4.093 Ω
0.6 X 0.0699 X 35 = 1.468 Ω
Therefore, Zone 2 tripping = 500 ms.
Zone 3: (100% of Protected line+100% of next longest line)*1.2
Positive sequence reactance, X1 = 0.3971X (117+168) X1.2= 135.81Ω
Positive sequence resistance, R1 = 0.06997X (117+168) X1.2 = 23.93 Ω
Zero sequence reactance, X0= 1.36670 X (117+168) X1.2 = 46.4114 Ω
Zero sequence resistance, R0= 0.2904X (117+168) X1.2 = 99.32 Ω
The resistive reach is set considering in-feed factor of 2.5 over Zone-1 resistive reach of 15.0Ω for
Ph-Ph fault and 50Ω for Ph-E fault)
Therefore the fault resistive reach phase to earth, RFPE= 50 X 2.5 =75 Ω
And the fault resistive reach phase to phase, RFPP = 15 X 2.5 X 2 = 75 Ω (considering the arc resistance in
loop)

Setting Range
Parameter Recommended Unit Description
Min Max Step
ZMCAPDIS3 Zone 3 Setting (PDIS, 21)
Operation On/Off On Operation Off / On
IBase 1 99999 1 800 A Base current i.e rated current
Ubase 0.05 2000.00 0.05 220 kV Base voltage i.e.rated voltage
OperationDir Forward Operation mode of directionality
Operation PP On/Off On Operation mode Off/On of Ph-Ph loops
X1FwPP 0.50 3000.00 0.01 135.80 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach
R1PP 0.10 1000.00 0.01 23.93 ohm/p Positive sequence resistance reach
RFFwPP 1.00 3000.00 0.01 75.000 ohm/l Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop , Ph-Ph
X1RvPP 0.50 3000.00 0.01 135.80 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach
RFRvPP 1.00 3000.00 0.01 75.000 ohm/l Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop , Ph-Ph
Operation mode Off/On of Zone timer,
Timer tPP Off,On On
Ph-Ph
tPP 0.000 60.000 0.001 0.800 s Time delay of trip,Ph-Ph
Operation PE On,Off On Operation mode Off/On of Ph-E loops
X1FwPE 0.50 3000.00 0.01 135.80 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach

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 R1PE 0.10 1000.00 0.01 23.93 ohm/p Positive sequence resistance reach
X0PE 0.5 9000.00 0.01 467.40 ohm/p Zero sequence reactance reach
Zero sequence resistance for zone
R0PE 0.5 3000.00 0.01 99.31 ohm/p
characteristic angle
RFFwPE 1.00 9000.00 0.01 125.000 ohm/l Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop , Ph-E
X1RvPE 0.50 3000.00 0.01 135.80 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach
RFRvPE 1.00 9000.00 0.01 125.000 ohm/l Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop , Ph-E
Operation mode Off/On of Zone timer,
Timer tPE Off,On On
Ph-E
tPE 0.000 60.000 0.001 0.800 s Time delay of trip,Ph-E
Minimum operate delta current for Phase-
IMinOpPP 10 30 1 10 %IB
Phase loops
Minimum operate delta current for Phase-
IMinOpPE 10 30 1 10 %IB
Earth loops
Figure 3(h): Zone 3 settings for REL670 ABB

Zone 3 timing = 800 ms.

Zone 4(Reverse): 10% of the Protected line (>100kM)
Positive sequence reactance, X1 = 0.3971X 117 X 0.1= 4.646Ω
Positive sequence resistance, R1 = 0.06997X 117 X 0.1 = 0.8186 Ω
Zero sequence reactance, X0= 1.36670 X 117 X 0.1 = 15.99 Ω
Zero sequence resistance, R0= 0.2904X 117 X 0.1 = 3.397 Ω

Setting Range
Parameter Recommended Unit Description
Min Max Step
ZMCAPDIS5 Zone 5 Setting (PDIS, 21)
Operation On/Off On Operation Off / On
IBase 1 99999 1 800 A Base current i.e rated current
Ubase 0.05 2000.00 0.05 220 kV Base voltage i.e.rated voltage
OperationDir Reverse Operation mode of directionality
Operation PP On/Off On Operation mode Off/On of Ph-Ph loops
X1FwPP 0.50 3000.00 0.01 4.65 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach
R1PP 0.10 1000.00 0.01 0.82 ohm/p Positive sequence resistance reach
RFFwPP 1.00 3000.00 0.01 60.00 ohm/l Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop , Ph-Ph
X1RvPP 0.50 3000.00 0.01 4.65 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach
Operation mode Off/On of Zone timer, Ph-
Timer tPP Off,On On
Ph
tPP 0.000 60.000 0.001 0.500 s Time delay of trip,Ph-Ph
Operation PE On,Off On Operation mode Off/On of Ph-E loops
X1FwPE 0.50 3000.00 0.01 4.65 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach
R1PE 0.10 1000.00 0.01 0.82 ohm/p Positive sequence resistance reach
X0PE 0.5 9000.00 0.01 15.99 ohm/p Zero sequence reactance reach
Zero sequence resistance for zone
R0PE 0.5 3000.00 0.01 3.40 ohm/p
characteristic angle
RFFwPE 1.00 9000.00 0.01 75.00 ohm/l Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop , Ph-E

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 X1RvPE 0.50 3000.00 0.01 4.65 ohm/p Positive sequence reactance reach
RFRvPE 1.00 9000.00 0.01 75.00 ohm/l Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop , Ph-E
Operation mode Off/On of Zone timer, Ph-
Timer tPE Off,On On
E
tPE 0.000 60.000 0.001 0.500 s Time delay of trip,Ph-E
Minimum operate delta current for Phase-
IMinOpPP 10 30 1 10 %IB
Phase loops
Minimum operate delta current for Phase-
IMinOpPE 10 30 1 10 %IB
Earth loops
Figure 3(i): Zone 4 settings for REL670 ABB

Zone 4 timing = 500ms

3.5 CARRIER AIDED INTER TRIPPING
Three types of carrier aided inter tripping is mostly used in AEGCL transmission line protection. These are
Permissive Under Reach Transfer Tripped (PUTT), Permissive Over Reach Transfer Tripped (POTT) and Direct
Tripped (DT). If the transmission line length is less than 30 kM POTT scheme is adopted or else PUTT.
3.5.1 FUNDAMENTAL CARRIER AIDED INTER TRIPPED
If a fault occurs anywhere within a zone, the system components within the zone will be isolated. A zone is
defined as the area from the current transformer (CT) connected to the line distance relay, until the defined reach
of the zone.

Figure 3(j): Zone of Protection

The light gray area in figure 3(j) represents the first zone of protection, Zone 1, and the dark gray area the
second zone of protection, Zone 2. Similarly for relay 2 but the zones direction is toward bus A.

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 Figure 3(k): Fundamental of carrier aided protection

In figure 3(k) as shown for the fault 1, both the relay 1 & 2 will tripped the CB instantaneously as both these
relay detect the fault in zone 1. However for the fault 2, the relay 1 will tripped its CB in zone 2 timing where as
the relay 2 will tripped its CB at zone 1 timing i.e. instantaneously. Therefore in this case the fault 2 will be feed
by Bus A until the relay 1 tripped in zone 2 timing (i.e. after 350ms or 500ms). To counter this carrier aided
protection schemes has been implemented.
3.5.2 PERMISSIVE UNDER REACH TRANSFER TRIPPED (PUTT)
In PUTT schemes whenever the distance relay tripped in zone 1 it will send a signal to the other end through
Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) or OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) . The other end relay upon
receiving the signal and with detection of zone 2 will trip instantaneously.

Consider a fault 3 is close to end A in figure 3(k), there may be negligible infeed from end B. The protection at
B may detect a Zone 2 fault only after the breaker at end A has tripped. It is possible for the Zone 1 element at A
to reset, thus removing the permissive signal to B and causing the 'signal received' element at B to reset before
the Zone 2 unit at end B operates. It is therefore necessary to delay the resetting of the 'signal received' element
to ensure high speed tripping at end B. This PUTT scheme is not suitable for short line as Zone 1 operation is
essential and Zone 1 setting in R and X will be small in short lines.

The logic gate is shown below in figure 3(l).

Figure 3(l): Logic Gate PUTT

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 Figure 3(m): PUTT scheme Function

3.5.3 PERMISSIVE OVER REACH TRANSFER TRIPPED (POTT)

Figure 3(n): Permissive Overreach transfer tripped function

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 Considering a double circuit parallel line if a fault occur close to relay 1, all the forward zone 1, 2 & 3 will pick
up in relay 1 and it will clear the fault instantaneously in zone 1 and will not wait for its delayed zone 2 & 3. The
relay 2 will detect this fault in zone 2 and wait to trip the circuit breaker in zone 2 timing.

Unlike in PUTT where the relays send the carrier signal whenever zone 1 pickup, in POTT the relay will send
the carrier signal when zone 2 pickup. Therefore in the above fault the relay 1 will trip instantaneously and will
also send permissive signal to relay 2. The relay 2 on receiving the permissive signal from relay 1 will tripped
immediately as it had already detected the fault in zone 2. Thus both relay 1 & 2 isolated the faulty section.

This POTT signal from the other relay gives Relay-2 PERMISSION to trip faster if it also detects a Zone-2
pickup. The POTT scheme work satisfactorily in case of single circuit transmission lines and in case of double
circuit parallel line it may result in tripping of both the lines for a fault in one of the line.

This case is illustrated below.

Figure 3(m): POTT in parallel lines

For the fault close to relay 1 as shown in figure 3 (m) and considering the fault can be fed from both direction,
the following are the sequence of events that might occur.
a. The relay 1 will tripped the CB in zone 1 and will send carrier signal to relay 2 as its zone 2 had also
picked up.
b. The relay 2 will detect the fault in zone 2 and wait for tripping in zone 2 timing (350 or 500 ms) unless
it received any carrier signals to trip faster.
c. The relay 3 & 4 will detect the fault in zone 4 (reverse) and would consider the fault to be in other line.
Therefore will not.
d. Before the relay 1 trip its CB, the relay 5 will detect the fault in both zone 4 (reverse) as the fault would
be feed in the direction from 4 6 5 1. And the relay 6 would detect the fault in zone 2 and
send carrier signal to relay 5.
e. However the moment the relay 1 tripped its CB in zone 1, the relay 5 would detect the fault in zone 2 as
now the fault would be feed in the direction 5 6 2 1 and its has also received carrier signal
from relay 6 resulting in tripping of CB. The zone 2 pickup of relay 6 would eventually reset with relay
1 tripping but the carrier signal would be send to relay 5.

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 And therefore we might loss both the line for a fault in only one circuit. This is the major disadvantage of POTT
scheme in double circuit parallel lines. However the tripping of relay 5 can be block by using the zone 4
(reverse) signal as shown below.

Figure 3(o): Logic gate of POTT in double circuit parallel lines

Considering one more example, as shown in the figure 3(p) below for a fault close to relay 2 where its CB is
open (idle charge line) any fault between beyond 80% of the protected line and CB, would result in zone 2
pickup in the relay 1. And therefore the fault will be fed continuously till zone 2 timing.

Figure 3 (p): POTT in idle charge line

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 To tripped the relay 1 faster hybrid POTT scheme is used where the relay 1 with zone 2 pickup will send
permissive/carrier signal to relay 2 and the relay 2 would echoed back the signal to relay 1 when it detect that its
CB is open. Thus faster tripping can be achieved.
3.5.4 DIRECT TRIPPED (DT)
The direct tripped permissive signal will be send from one relay to the other end relay to trip the CB if the
following protection function operates as shown.

Figure 3 (q): DT logic in 400kV Kukumara-Silchar Transmission line

The logic block diagram from REL670 ABB relay is shown below.

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 Figure 3(r): DT logic from REL670 relay
Similarly in case of 220kV Transmission line the direct tripped signal will be send if the relay tripped in
overvoltage, directional earth fault, SOTF, Busbar/LBB operation, manual tripping and any three phase tripping
(delayed zone). In case of one & half breaker scheme if Busbar protection operates and Tie CB is close no DT is
send and if Tie CB is open DT will be send to other end. DT is send only with 3-phase tripping. Also in one &
half breaker scheme manual trip of main CB with Tie CB closed will not send DT signal.
3.6 AUTORECLOSURE
Majority of the faults on overhead lines are transient in nature and caused by lightning or temporary contact with
natural objects like a bird, tree branch, etc. Successful re-energization of the line is achieved using auto-
reclosing scheme as transient faults are going to clear after some time. In case of permanent fault there will be
three phase trip. The Autoreclosure function (79) is intended to operate only in Zone 1 and carrier aided
protection and not in Zone 2 or 3 & 4.
3.6.1 FAULTS ARE THREE TYPES

1. TRANSIENT FAULT: These are cleared by the immediate tripping of Circuit Breakers and do not reoccur
when the line is re-energized.
2. SEMI-PERMANENT FAULTS: These require a time interval to disappear before a line is charged again.
3. PERMANENT FAULTS: These are to be located and repaired before the line is re-energized.

About 80-90% of the faults occurring are transient in nature. Hence the Automatic Reclosure of breaker (after
tripping on Fault) will result in the line being successfully re-energized. The advantages are
a. Decreasing outage time.
b. Improving Reliability.
c. Improving system stability.
d. Reduce fault damage and Maintenance Time.

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 3.6.2 DEFINATION OF DEAD AND RECLAIM TIME

DEAD TIME: The time between the Auto-reclosing Scheme being energized and the operation of the contacts
which energize the Circuit Breaker closing circuit. This time is normally set at 1 or 1.2 second.

RECLAIM TIME: The Time Following a successful closing operation measured from the instant the Auto-
Reclosing relay closing contacts make which must elapse before the Auto-Reclosing relay initiates another
reclosing attempt. In other words, it may be said to be the time between 1st and 2nd Auto-Reclosure. This time is
normally set at 25 to 30 Second. If the fault persists during the reclaim time 3-phase tripping of the CB will
occur. Below is the representation of the sequence of event from instant of fault to reclosing the CB on fault
during the reclaim time.

3.6.3 TYPES OF AUTO-RECLOSING SCHEMES:

3.6.3.1 BASED ON PHASE

a. THREE PHASE AUTO-RECLOSING: This type of Auto-Reclosing causes an immediate drift part of
the two systems and hence no interchange of synchronizing power can take place during the dead time.
b. SINGLE PHASE AUTO-RECLOSING: In this, only the faulty phase (only SLG Faults) is reclosed
without causing interruption in interchange synchronizing power between two systems through other
two healthy phases.

3.6.3.2 BASED ON ATTEMPTS OF RECLOSURE

a. SINGLE SHOT AUTO-RECLOSING: In this scheme, Breaker is reclosed only once on a given fault
before lockout of Circuit Breaker occurs.
b. MULTI-SHOT AUTO-RECLOSING: In this scheme, more than one reclosing attempts made for a
given fault before lockout of Circuit Breaker occurs.

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 3.6.4 AUTORECLOSURE IN 220kV or 132kV SYSTEM

Considering single phase Autoreclosing is used and say a fault in a transmission line occurs as shown below.

The circuit breakers in 220kV line are single pole operated i.e. separate operating mechanism for each pole. But
all the transformer circuit breakers in all voltage level are 3-pole operated i.e. all the 3 poles will close at the
same time. The Autoreclosing function is only used in case of transmission lines and not in transformers.

Let us consider R-phase to ground fault occur at location F1. For the above fault both the relay A & B will
detect the fault in Zone 1. At both the end (A&B), the relay will send trip signal to R-phase only and the R-
phase will open at both end keeping the other healthy phases ON. The relay will then send the closing command
after the dead time (1sec) expired. The R-phase at both the end will get close again and the reclaim time start as
soon as closing coil is energised. If the fault persist during the reclaim time (25sec) there will be 3–phase
tripping or else if transient in nature the power flow will continue and after reclaim time get expired, the
Autoreclosing function get reset.

But if the fault occurs at location F2, the relay B will detect the fault in zone 1 and relay A will detect the fault
in zone 2. The relay B will immediately trip the CB and Autoreclosing function start. For immediate tripping
and starting of Autoreclosure at location “A” permissive transfer trip scheme must be implemented. If such
permissive scheme is enabled and the carrier switch is in IN position at both ends, the relay B will send
permissive signal to relay A for instantaneous tripping and Autoreclosing function start as mentioned above. If
no permissive scheme is used /Carrier switch is in OUT position, the Autoreclosure will be blocked, and it will
go for 3-phase tripping. For the above situation to make the Autoreclosing function successful, carrier inter
tripping scheme should be implemented. Mostly single phase Autoreclosing is used in our network. However 2
or 3-phase Autoreclosing can be implemented with check synchronisation facility.

For successful Autoreclosing following condition is to be satisfied

1. Carrier Switch should be in IN position.
2. The CB status is very essential for the Autoreclosure function to initiate. Autoreclosure is initiated for
single phase and multi-phase fault in Zone 1 only if the CB close status is available. If the CB close
status is not provided to the relay, AutoReclosure will not initiate & for any fault (single or multi-phase)
in Zone1, 3-Ø tripping will occur.
3. For 3-pole Autoreclosing with synchrocheck, AR is successful only if Angle, frequency & magnitude of
voltage are within the allowable limit (as per setting).

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 The CB of 132kV transmission line are 3 pole operated (gang operated). In such case 3-phase Autoreclosing
with Synchro-check should be implemented. And Zone 1 and permissive tripping from relay should be directly
to the trip coil of the CB and all delayed zone tripping should be through Master trip relay (86).

3.6.5 METHOD OF ADOPTION IN ONE AND HALF BREAKER SYSTEM:

The Auto-Reclosure Functions used for one & half breaker scheme are set as Masters (Mian CB) and one for the
Center Breaker CB(TIE) as Follower. Co-ordination is required between the Auto-Reclosure Functions. A
Synchrocheck function is also loaded in each Relay to permit 3 poles Auto-Reclosing. Each Line Protection
relays starts both MAIN & TIE Circuit Breakers to trip for the concerned line. After a Successful reclosure of
the Main Breaker, the Tie Breaker will be reclosed after a supplementary time delay (about 2 Second). If
the Main CB Auto- Reclosure is not successful in its reclosing attempts, the Tie CB Auto-Reclosure is blocked.
If the Main CB is Open or its Auto-Reclosure Relay is not ready or Out of service, the TIE CB Auto-Reclosure
will reclose the TIE Breaker after its own dead time without any supplementary time delay.

Figure 3(s): AutoReclosure in One and Half Breaker Scheme

3.7 CIRCUIT BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION (CBF)/LOCAL BREAKER BACKUP

PROTECTION (96)

The basic principle of this protection is that if a CB failed to operate after the trip command from the relay due
to some electrical or mechanical problem in the CB, this protection operates and tripped all the CB connected to
that bus to which this problematic CB is connected.

The Breaker Failure Protection (LBB/BFR) can operate single-stage/two-stage. When used as single-stage
protection, the Bus trip command is given to the adjacent Circuit Breakers if the protected feeder Breaker fails.
When used as two-stage protection, the first stage can be used to repeat the trip command to the relevant feeder
Breaker, normally on a different trip coil, if the initial trip command from the feeder protection is not successful.
The second stage will result in a Bus trip to the adjacent Breakers, if the command of the first stage is not
successful.

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 Figure 3(t): LBB Logic
The LBB function is initiated when master trip relay (86A & 86 B) operates or single phase trip relays operates.
If the CB fails to operate, the LBB protection function wait for the set time delay (i.e. 200ms) and tripped all
the CB connected to the bus to which the failed CB was connected. In case of one & half breaker scheme both
main CB 1 & 2 will trip if Tie CB LBB operates otherwise if main CB LBB operates will only isolate all the CB
connected to that bus.
3.8 STUB PROTECTION
When a line is supplied via two circuit breakers in a one & half circuit breaker arrangement, the line protection
includes the area between the two ct’s. However, when the line isolator is open, the line CVT’s for the distance
protection are connected to the line and cannot provide the correct voltage for the stub end (i.e the area between
the line isolator and ct’s). To provide protection for a fault in this area, the distance relay is provided with a stub
protection which gives a bus over current trip if the line isolator is open and the current exceeds the set value in
any phase.

Figure 3(u): Stub protection operating zone

The stub overcurrent setting is set at 200% with instantaneous trip.

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 3.9 POWER SWING BLOCK

Power swings are variations in power flow that occur when the internal voltages of generators at different
locations of the power system slip relative to each other. The change in power flow that occurs after clearing of
a system fault is one form of a power swing. Power swings can cause the impedance presented to a distance
relay to fall within its operating characteristics, away from the preexisting steady-state load condition, and cause
an undesired tripping of a transmission line. Distance relays should not trip during power swings, so that the
power system can obtain a new equilibrium and return to a stable condition.
The philosophy of power-swing protection is simple and straight forward; avoid tripping of any power system
element during stable power swings. Protect the power system during unstable power swings or out of step
(OOS) conditions. Traditionally, two basic types of functions are available to deal with power-swing detection
and system separation during unstable power swings or OOS conditions. The PSB function is designed to detect
power swings, differentiate power swings from faults, and block distance relay elements from tripping during
power swings. The PSB function prevents system elements from tripping at random and at unwanted source-
voltage phase-angle difference between systems that are in the process of losing synchronism with each other.
The difference in the rate of change of the impedance vector has been used traditionally to detect a stable power
swing or an OOS condition and block the operation of distance protection elements before the impedance enters
the protective relay operating characteristics. This detection method is based on the fact that it takes a certain
time for the rotor angle to advance because of system inertias. In other words, the rate of change of the
impedance vector is slow during stable or unstable power swings, because it takes a finite time for the generator
rotors to change position with respect to each other because of their large inertias. On the contrary, the rate of
change of the impedance vector is very fast during a system fault. Actual implementation of measuring the
impedance rate of change is normally performed though the use of two impedance measurement elements
together with a timing device. If the measured impedance stays between the two impedance measurement
elements for a predetermined time, the relay declares a power-swing blocking condition and issues a power-
swing blocking signal to block the distance relay element operation. During PSW All zone block is used in our
grid network.

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 3.10 Overvoltage Protection

FOR 400kV LINES: Low set stage (Stage-I) may be set in the range of 110% - 112% (typically 110%) with a
time delay of 5 seconds. High set stage (Stage-II) may be set in the range 140% - 150% with a time delay of
100milliseconds.

However, for over voltage Stage-I protection, a time grading of 1 to 3 seconds may be provided between
overvoltage relays of double circuit lines. Grading on overvoltage tripping for various lines emanating from a
station may be considered and same can be achieved using voltage as well as time grading. Longest timed delay
should be checked with expected operating time of Over-fluxing relay of the transformer to ensure
disconnection of line before tripping of transformer. It is desirable to have Drop-off to pick-up ratio of
overvoltage relay better than 97%.

3.11 Broken Conductor

The majority of faults on a power system occur between one phase and ground or two phases and ground. Such
fault arises from lightning discharges and other over voltages which initiate flashovers. Alternatively, they may
arise from other causes such as birds on overhead lines or mechanical damage to cables etc. Such faults result in
an appreciable increase in current and hence in the majority of applications are easily detectable. In Broken
Conductor Protection, it is assumed that broken conductor do not touch the ground that is why, it is also known
as the Open Jumper Protection.

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 During broken jumper it will produce an unbalance and a resultant level of negative phase sequence current,
which can be detected. The Broken Conductor Protection relay incorporates an element which measures the
ratio of negative to positive phase sequence current (I2/I1). Normally 5 second time-delay is provided for
Broken Conductor Protection and it is normally configured for alarm with LED/Annuciator indication.

3.12 Switch On To Fault (SOTF)

The main purpose of the SOTF switch-on-tofault function is to provide high-speed tripping when energizing a
power line on to a short-circuit fault on the line. The SOTF function is a logical function builtup from logical
elements. It is enabled for operation either by the close command to the circuit breaker (CB), by a normally
closed auxiliary contacts of the circuit breaker, or automatically by the dead line detection. Once enabled, this
remains active until one second after the enabling signal has reset. During closing of the CB if the current I>2.0
times (or 2.5 times normal set value) it will result in an immediate 3-phase trip output from the SOTF function.

3.13 PT Fuse Fail

Fuses are provided in all the phases which are responsible for protection of the secondary circuit of the Potential
transformer (PT) connected to the numerical relays. If the fuse blow out the secondary voltage of PT supplied to
the relay will reduce to zero and the relay might operate in distance or undervoltage protection. To avoid such
tripping during fuse blown out the protection should be blocked from operation. This function is normally
configured for alarm with LED/Annuciator indication.

3.14 NON SWITCHED VS SWITCHED SCHEMES

In an ideal NON switched scheme, there will be 6 starter, 3 for phase faults and 3 for ground faults. There will
be independent measuring units for both phase faults and earth fault for each phase, for all three zone, totalling
to 18 unit. This scheme is faster and more accurate but is costly.
In the switched schemes, only one measuring unit will be used for all types of faults. This single measuring unit
is switched to the correct fault loop impedance by switching in the respective voltage and current by the starter.

3.15 LOAD ENCROACHMENT

While protecting long lines the necessary reach may be so large that the minimum service impedance (or load
Impedance) falls within the zone of protection in R/X diagram. This would result in tripping without there being
any fault. The two condition i.e. operation at heavy load and short circuit differ by virtue of phase angle between
voltage and current. For the load impedance, the phase angle will be within +30 to -30 deg. While during short
circuits, the fault impedance has a phase angle of 60 to 80 deg (i.e. line angle).

Relays with suitable characteristic o R-X diagram have to be carefully chosen to protect long and heavily loaded
lines.

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 3.16 Trip Matrix

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 CHAPTER 4: TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
4.1 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

Differential protection works on Kirchoff’s current law that states that the currents flowing into a node of the
power system must sum to zero. The differential zone of protection is defined by the location of HV & LV
current transformers (CTs). If the currents sum to zero, all is well. If they do not, there is a fault.

The differential protection relay should be able to discriminate whether a fault is within its zone of protection or
outside the zone. Under ideal condition, a differential relay protection scheme is expected to respond only to
internal fault and restrain from tripping under normal condition or external (through) fault. The main
application concern with differential protection is to make it secure from operating on spill current due to
 any departure from the nominal tap position of the transformer or
 during heavy through fault conditions due to dissimilar magnetisation characteristic of
CTs as they are often of different make & types.

4.1.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF A TRANSFORMER

Figure 4(a): Differential Protection

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 Figure 4(b): Basic principle of differential protection.

When a fault occurs in the zone limited by the current transformers, a current I1 + I2 which are proportional to
the fault currents i1 + i2 flowing in from both sides is fed to the measuring element. As a result, the simple
circuit shown above ensures a reliable tripping of the protection if the fault current flowing into the protected
zone during a fault is high enough for the measuring element M to respond.

In differential protection systems for protected objects with two terminals, a restraining quantity is normally
derived from the current difference |I1 – I2| or from the arithmetical sum |I1| + |I2|. And the differential current
is derived from IDiff = |I1 + I2|.

Now let us consider different types of faults.

Figure 4(C): Current direction

(A) Through-flowing current under healthy conditions or on an external fault: I1 flows into the protected zone,
I2 leaves the protected zone, i.e. thus has opposite sign, i.e. I2 = –I1, and consequently |I2| = |I1|
IDiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 – I1| = 0
IRest = |I1| + |I2| = |I1| + |I1| = 2·|I1|
No tripping effect (IDiff = 0); restraint (IRest) corresponds to twice the through-flowing current.

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 (B) Internal fault, fed from each end e.g. with equal currents:
In this case, I2 = I1, and consequently |I2| = |I1|
IDiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 + I1| = 2·|I1|
IRest = |I1| + |I2| = |I1| + |I1| = 2·|I1|
Tripping effect (IDiff) and restraining (IRest) quantities are equal and correspond to the total fault current.

(C) Internal fault, fed from one side only: In this case, I2 = 0
IDiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 + 0| = |I1|
IRest = |I1| + |I2| = |I1| + 0 = |I1|
Tripping effect (IDiff) and restraining (IRest) quantities are equal and correspond to the fault current fed from
one side. This result shows that for internal fault IDiff = IRest. Thus, the characteristic of internal faults is a
straight line with the slope 1 (45°) in the operation diagram as illustrated in Figure 4(d). Further details are
available in Siemens manual.

Figure 4(d): Operating characteristic

The other primary equipment in this differential zone is the lightening arrestor (LA) and if some cases if station
service transformer is used from the tertiary winding of the Transformer. Other then the Transformer if any
abnormality occurs in the LA and station service transformer, the differential protection will operate.

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 4.1.2 DIFFERENTIAL CURVE AND RELAY SETTINGS

4.1.2.1 DIFFERENTIAL CURVE

Figure 4(e): Differential Curve

To avoid the unwanted differential tripping under the above mentioned two conditions ( refer to para 4.1), the
percentage bias differential characteristic (figure 4(e)) is adopted.

The Blue Region:

The impedance of the magnetizing characteristic of the transformer is nonlinear, and under abnormal operating
conditions such as energization (inrush) or overexcitation, the differential current that flows contains high levels
of harmonics resulting operation of differential protection because it is actually flowing in the primary circuits.
However, we do not want the differential protection to operate for these conditions. For this reason, harmonic
restraint or harmonic blocking functions are added to most relays intended for transformer applications.

The Yellow Region

Under normal operating condition this region will take care of the CT accuracy, on load tap changing and relay
measuring error.

The Orange/Violet Region

This region in addition to the above takes care of the CT saturation during heavy fault outside the protected
zone.

4.1.2.2 DIFFERENTIAL SETTINGS

The differential curve setting from Siemens (7UT613) relay is shown below.

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 Figure 4(f): Seimens relay differential curve settings 1

Figure 4(g): Seimens relay differential curve settings 2

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 Figure 4(h): Seimens relay differential curve settings 3

Figure 4(i): Seimens relay differential curve settings 4

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 4.2 RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION.

Restricted earth fault protection (REF) means the protection function will work only within a specified zone that
is pre-determined. It will detect earth fault only within that range. Earth fault outside the boundary will not be
detected by the REF scheme.

The most occurred and severe earth fault in the Transformer happens when insulation of winding gets damaged,
and it touches the core. Since the core is kept earthed, this situation causes an earth fault.
It is also a high resistance earth fault as the core is a high resistance element. Therefore fault current is generally
low due to the high fault resistance and may not be detected by differential protection. This is also the case if the
fault occurs close to the Transformer neutral.

We need the REF schemes because of the two reasons.

1. Low magnitude of earth fault current is difficult to detect by the differential protection relay.
2. If the earth fault current is beyond tolerable range of the core then it can cause damage of the core.

4.2.1 REF OPERATING PRINCIPLE

Figure 4(j): Low Impedance REF Scheme

The restricted earth fault protection compares the fundamental wave of the current flowing in the starpoint
connection, which is designated as 3I0’ in the following, with the fundamental wave of the sum of the phase
currents, which should be designated in the following as 3I0". Thus, the following applies Figure 4(j):
3I0' = ISP
3I0" = IL1 + IL2 + IL3
Only 3I0' acts as the tripping effect quantity, during a fault within the protected zone this current is always
present.

When an earth fault occurs outside the protected zone, another earth current 3I0" flows though the phase current
transformers. This is in counter-phase with the starpoint 3I0' current and has equal magnitude. The maximum
information of the currents is evaluated for stabilization: the magnitude of the currents and their phase position.
The following is defined:
A tripping effect current

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 IREF = |3I0'|
and the stabilization or restraining current
IRest = k · (|3I0' – 3I0"| – |3I0' + 3I0"|)
where k is a stabilization factor which will be explained below, at first we assume k = 1. IREF is derived from
the fundamental wave and produces the tripping effect quantity, IRest counteracts this effect.
To clarify the situation, three important operating conditions should be examined:

(A) Through-fault current on an external earth fault:

3I0" is in phase opposition with 3I0' and of equal magnitude i.e. 3I0" = –3I0'
IREF = |3I0'|
IRest = |3I0' + 3I0"| – |3I0' – 3I0"| = 2·|3I0'|
The tripping effect current (IREF) equals the starpoint current; restraint (IRest) corresponds to twice the tripping
effect current.

(B) Internal earth fault, fed only from the starpoint:

In this case, 3I0" = 0
IREF = |3I0'|
IRest = |3I0' – 0| – |3I0' + 0| = 0
The tripping effect current (IREF) equals the starpoint current; restraint (IRest) is zero, i.e. full sensitivity during
internal earth fault.

(C) Internal earth fault, fed from the starpoint and from the system, e.g. with equal earth current magnitude:
In this case, 3I0" = 3I0'
IREF = |3I0'|
IRest = |3I0' – 3I0'| – |3I0' + 3I0'| = –2 · |3I0'|
The tripping effect current (IREF) equals the starpoint current; the restraining quantity (IRest) is negative and,
therefore, set to zero, i.e. full sensitivity during internal earth fault.

This result shows that for internal fault no stabilization is effective since the restraint quantity is either zero or
negative. Thus, small earth current can cause tripping. In contrast, strong restraint becomes effective for external
earth faults. Figure 4(k) shows that the restraint is the strongest when the residual current from the phase current
transformers is high (area with negative 3I0"/3I0'). With ideal current transformers, 3I0"/3I0' would be –1.
If the starpoint current transformer is calculated weaker than the phase current transformers (e.g. by selection of
a smaller accuracy limit factor or by higher secondary burden), no trip will be possible under through-fault
condition even in case of severe saturation, as the magnitude of 3I0" is always higher than that of 3I0'.

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 Figure 4(k): Tripping characteristic of the restricted earth fault protection
depending on the earth current ratio 3I0"/3I0' (both currents in phase + or
counter-phase –); IREF = tripping effect current; IREF> = setting value

It was assumed in the above examples that the currents 3I0" and 3I0' are in counterphase for external earth faults
which is only true for the primary measured quantities. Current transformer saturation may cause phase shifting
between the fundamental waves of the secondary currents which reduces the restraint quantity. If the phase
displacement _(3I0"; 3I0') = 90° then the restraint quantity is zero. This corresponds to the conventional method
of direction determination by use of the vectorial sum and difference comparison Figure 4(l).

Figure 4(l): Phasor diagram of the restraint quantity during external fault

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 The restraint quantity can be influenced by means of a factor k. This factor has a certain relationship to the limit
angle _limit. This limit angle determines, for which phase displacement between 3I0" and 3I0' the pickup value
grows to infinity when 3I0" = 3I0', i.e. no pickup occurs. In 7UT6 is k = 4, i.e. the restraint quantity in the above
example (a) is quadrupled once more: the restraint quantity IRest is 8 times the tripping effect quantity IREF.
The limit angle is _limit = 100°. That means no trip is possible for phase displacement |_ (3I0"; 3I0')| _ 100°.
Figure 4(m) shows the operating characteristics of the restricted earth fault protection dependent of the phase
displacement between 3I0" and 3I0', for a constant infeed ratio |3I0"| = |3I0'|.

Figure 4(m): Tripping characteristic of the restricted earth fault protection

depending on the phase displacement between 3I0" and 3I0' at 3I0" = 3I0'
(180° = external fault)
It is possible to increase the tripping value in the tripping area proportional to the arithmetic sum of all currents,
i.e. with the sum of the magnitudes _|I| = |IL1| + |IL2| + |IL3| + |ISP| Figure 4 (n). The slope of this stabilization
can be set. Please refer to the Siemens manual for further details.

Figure 4 (n): REF Curve

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 Figure 4(o): High Impedance REF Circuit

In the figure 4(o), the stabilizing resistance is used to avoid REF tripping during through fault condition.
Metrosil make use of its non-linear properties to provide an “electrical safety valve” for protecting equipment
and insulation from the effects of over voltages damaged to relays.

Figure 4(p): REF Circuit in Auto-transformer

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 4.3 OVER EXCITATION PROTECTION

As per the Ramakrishna guidelines, provided the Transformer Over Fluxing curve, Tailor made curve is selected
and setting parameters for tailor made curve are arrived from given Over Fluxing curve as explained below.
V/Hz> for the protection is set equal to the permissible continuous overexcitation according to overexcitation
curve provided V/Hz>= 110%. When the overexcitation is equal to V/Hz>, tripping is obtained after a time
equal to the setting of t1. When the overexcitation is equal to the set value of V/Hz>>, tripping is obtained after
a time equal to the setting of t6. The interval between V/Hz>> and V/Hz> is automatically divided up in five
equal steps, and the time delays t2 to t5
will be allocated to these values of overexcitation. In this case, each step will be (150-110) /5 = 8%, since
V/Hz>> is set to 150% and V/Hz> is set to 110% of rated V/Hz. 90% of its capability limits is considered for
tripping. For example, if transformer can withstand 126% of Overflux till 55s from Overfluxing curve, we have
set trip time 0.9 x 55 = 49.5s in relay to protect transformer before entering danger zone. The settings of time
delays t1 to t6 are listed in table below. Figure 3-5 shows the tailor made curve for Over fluxing protection.

V/F (%) Timer Time Set (s)

110 t1 9000

118 t2 90

126 t3 49.5

134 t4 18

142 t5 4

150 t6 1

The transformer magnetic core cooling time is recommended to set at 1200 Sec.

4.4 INRUSH RESTRAIN

Suppose we are going to energize the Transformer, obviously the Transformer will have an Inrush current which
is around 6 times of full load current. Therefore, the differential protection will operate. Thus we won’t ever be
able to energize the Transformer or we need to bypass the Transformer Differential Protection when we are
going to energize.
The inrush current of a Transformer, if analyzed, is rich in 2nd harmonic component. So we can use this fact to
prevent the operation of Differential Protection. Therefore a 2nd harmonic Restraining is provided in
Transformer Differential Protection. Normally the setting of 2ndHarmonic Restraining is kept at 15% which
means that if the 2nd harmonic component in the differential current of Relay is more than 15% of differential
current Id then Differential Protection Relay will not operate as it will think that it is because of Transformer
Inrush Current but if the 2 nd harmonic component in the differential current of Relay is less than 15% of
differential current Id then Differential Protection Relay will operate.

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 Similarly, during overfluxing of a Transformer the Transformer current is rich in 5 th harmonic current. But it
may happen so that Transformer is overfluxed for some short time periods say around 2 sec. So for this short
periods of overfluxing should not cause the operation of Differential Protection. Note that during overluxing, the
differential current Id will increase which will operate the Differential protection Relay.
Therefore to prevent the operation of Differential protection Relay due to overfluxing, 5 thharmonic Restraining
is provided in such a manner that if the 5th harmonic component in the differential current of Relay is more than
25% (say) of differential current Id then Differential Protection Relay will not operate but if 5th harmonic
component in the differential current of Relay is less than 25% of differential current Id then Differential
Protection Relay will operate.

4.5 TRANSFORMER INHERENT PROTECTION

 Buchholz Relay
Buchholz relay is a gas actuated protection relay which is generally used in large oil immersed
transformers of rating more than 500 kVA. It is used for the protection of a Transformer from the faults
occurring inside the transformer. A typical Buchhloz Relay is shown below.

The gas actuated protective relay is designed to detect faults as well as to minimize the propagation of
any damage, which might occur within oil-filled Transformers. The Buchholz relay is therefore
particularly effective in case of:
 Short-circuited core laminations
 Broken-down of core bolt insulation
 Overheating of some part of the windings
 Bad contacts
 Short circuits between phases, turns
 Earth faults-puncture of bushing insulators inside tank.
The operation of the Buchholz relay is based upon the fact that every kind of fault in an oil-filled
transformer causes a decomposition of the insulating oil due to overheating in the fault zone or to the

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 action of an intense electric field, and a generation of bubble of gas. These reach the relay which is
normally filled with oil, through the pipe connecting the transformer to the conservator where the
Buchholz relay is mounted. Whenever a minor fault occurs inside the transformer, heat is produced by
the fault currents. The produced heat causes decomposition of transformer oil and gas bubbles are
produced. These gas bubbles flow in upward direction and get collected in the Buchholz relay. The
collected gas displaces the oil in Buchholz relay and the displacement is equivalent to the volume of gas
collected. The displacement of oil causes the upper float to close the upper mercury switch which is
connected to an alarm circuit (Buchholz alarm). Hence, when minor fault occurs, the connected alarm
gets activated. The collected amount of gas indicates the severity of the fault occurred. During minor
faults the production of gas is not enough to move the lower float. Hence, during minor faults, the lower
float is unaffected.
During major faults, like phase to earth short circuit, the heat generated is high and a large amount of
gas is produced. This large amount of gas will similarly flow upwards, but its motion is high enough to
tilt the lower float in the Buccholz relay. In this case, the lower float will cause the lower mercury
switch which will trip the transformer from the supply i.e. transformer is isolated from the supply
(Buchholz Trip).
 Pressure relief valve (PRV) in main tank & OLTC
The working principle of transformer pressure relief device is very simple. If pressure arises inside a
transformer and exceeds a pre-set pressure limit, the pressure safety valve opens its valve clap, which is
held by a spring and releases the internal pressure until it declines. After decrease of the pressure, the
pressure valve clap moves back to its origin position and closes completely. Normally, the pressure
relief device will be mounted on top of the transformer and in OLTC. Due to internal faults, it is
suggested to have such pressure relief valves to protect the transformer and release arising pressure quite
suddenly. With PRV operation both the HV and LV CB of the transformer also trip.
 Oil temperature trip & alarm (trip: 85 deg & alarm 80 deg)/ Winding temperature trip & alarm (trip: 90
deg & alarm: 85 deg)
The winding is the component with the highest temperature within the transformer and it is the
component which is subjected to the fastest temperature increases as the load increases. Therefore for
the control of the temperature parameter within the transformer, the temperature of the winding, as well
as top oil, is measured. The temperature of winding of Transformer is measured using Winding
Temperature Indicator (WTI) and the temperature of Transformer Oil is measured using Oil
Temperature Indicator.
The purpose of WTI is to indicate the winding temperature of HV and LV winding of the Transformer
and operates the alarm, trip and cooler control contacts.

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 As can be seen from the above figure, Black needle shows the current winding temperature while the
Red needle shows the highest winding temperature reached for a particular day. This Red needle needs
to be reset manually.
Also, for setting winding temperature for Alarm and Trip, two knobs are provided. The Green knob
shows the setting of winding temperature for Alarm and Red knob shows the Trip temperature setting as
shown in figure

An indirect system is used to measure winding temperature, since it is dangerous to place a sensor close
to the winding due to the high voltage. The indirect measurement is done by means of a Thermal Image.
The measuring system is filled with a liquid which changes its volume with rising of temperature. Inside
the instrument is fitted a heating resistance which is fed by a current proportionate to the current flowing
through the transformer winding. To do this we connect the terminal of the heating resistance with the
Bushing Current Transformer so that reflection of change in load is reflected in the Winding
Temperature Indicator, WTI.
The Winding Temperature Indicator, WTI is provided with a maximum temperature indicator. The
heating resistance is fed by a current transformer associated to the loaded winding of the transformer.
The increase in the temperature of the resistance is proportionate to that of the winding. The sensor bulb
of the instrument is located in the hottest oil of the transformer, therefore, the winding temperature
indicates a temperature of hottest oil plus the winding temperature rise above hot oil Level the hot spot
temperature.
Winding Temperature of Transformer may rise due to increased loading of Transformer or due to some
internal fault.

 Oil surge relay in each phases

OSR protection is used to protect the internal fault in the On Load Tap Changer Circuits. It is a single
float switch bucholzz relay model. It just monitors the oil level on the OLTC Conservator tank and how
force oil enters into or leaves from the OLTC.
OSR provided with the single element oil surge relay has been specifically designed to operate with
OLTC. OSR does not operate under normal gas developed during changing the transformer taps. It will
response when the surge is developed in the OLTC.
Types of OSR relay:
 OSR with mercury switch (Increase of bucket types relay)
 OSR with magnetic switch (Flap with reed contact)

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 OSR relay will be installed in between the conservator oil tank and head of the OLTC. OSR is fitted with
special Reed switch which assures rust free contacts even after decades after installation thereby is alert
for operation. This OSR is designed and tested for very intensive seismic levels
 OSR should be installed between the OLTC diverter champer & OLTC conservator champer
 Arrow provided in the OSR should be towards the conservator tank
 The Pipe should not be contain any right angle EL Blows
 The Pipe should be arranged towards the conservator tank at an angle of 2 to 5 degrees
Under normal condition, the OLTC OSR relay reads normal pressure, since the relay become in active. A
heavy fault inside of the OLTC incidentally generates pressure wave or Oil surge or Oil move in the
direction of OLTC tank. If this flow rate exceeds the operating threshold of the damper, then the flap
move the flow direction Due to this movement the reed switch will be actuated and it gives trip signal to
the transformer HV & LV C. Since the fault will be removed. The main purpose of the OSR is to limit the
damage to the OLTC during fault condition.

 Cooling System (FAN operating temperature: 60 deg & drop out 55 deg)
Losses in the transformer are of the order of 1% of its full load kW rating. There are mainly two types of
losses in a Transformer i.e. Core Loss and Ohmic Loss. Because of these losses the winding of
transformer as well as Core gets heat up and we need to provide sufficient cooling to remove heat and
maintain a constant winding and Core temperature.
Various types of cooling methodologies are used for Transformer but before going to each methodology,
we will have a look at the General Method of designating a particular cooling method i.e. class.
In the nameplate of Transformer, four letter represents the cooling class / method of the Transformer.

The above table is self explanatory, therefore if you see ONAN on the Name Plate of Transformer then it
means that Oil with flash point less than 300° is used as cooling media and Natural convection is used for
removing heat. In secondary side of cooling mechanism, Air with Natural convection is used by
employing Radiator.
ONAN Cooling of Transformer:
This type of Transformer cooling method used Transformer capacity up to about 5 MVA. ONAN is the
simplest method of cooling of Transformer core and winding. In this method, the heat from the winding
and core is transferred to the surrounding Transformer Oil by conduction. The heated oil then moves up in
the Transformer tank and cold Oil occupies the vacant area. In this way oil circulates by convection. As
the heat removal capacity depends on the surface area, we need to increase the surface area so that the
heated oil at the upper portion of tank cools faster and become cold. Because of this purpose Radiator is
used as shown in figure below. Mind that atmospheric air is here responsible for removal of heat from the
hot oil in the Radiator. As the circulation of air is natural, hence it is Natural Air convection cooling.

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 ONAF Cooling of Transformer:
ONAF stand for Oil Natural Air Forced cooling. In this method of cooling the flow of Oil is natural
convection but to increase the rate of cooling of oil, we employ Fans below the Radiator which forces air
over the fins of Radiator to enhance the rate of cooling. Thus the rate of cooling in ONAF is more when
compared with ONAN.
OFWF Cooling of Transformer:
OFWF stand for Oil Forced Water Forced. As the name implies, in this method of cooling Oil is cooled
using Water and oil is forced toward water. Here Water acts as the ultimate heat sink. A shell and tube
type heat exchanger is used in which oil flows from the tube side and water from the shell side as shown
in figure below. To have maximum cooling of Oil, oil is pumped from the Oil tank to the Heat Exchange
and the direction of flow of oil in tube side is opposite to the direction of flow of water in the shell side.

This type of cooling is provided for very large transformers which have ratings of some hundreds of
MVA like Generating Transformer will have very high rating and rating equal to the rating of the
generator.

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 OFAF Cooling of Transformer:
OFAF stand for Oil Forced Air Forced. Transformers above 60 MVA employ a combination of Forced
Oil and Forced Air Cooling. In Forced Oil Air Forced cooling system a separate cooler is mounted away
from the transformer tank. This cooler is connected to the Transformer with pipes at the bottom and the
top. The oil is circulated from the transformer to the cooler through the pump. The cooler is provided with
the fans which cool the oil by forcing air on the cooler as shown in figure below.

4.6 TRANSFORMER DISSOLVE GAS ANALYSIS

Whenever a transformer undergoes abnormal thermal and electrical stresses, certain gases are produced due
to the decomposition of the transformer oil. When the fault is major, the productions of decomposed gases
are significant and they get collected in a Buchholz relay. But when abnormal thermal and electrical
stresses are not significantly high the gasses due to decomposition of transformer insulating oil will get
enough time to dissolve in the oil.
Hence by only monitoring the Buchholz relay it is not possible to predict the condition of the total internal
healthiness of electrical power transformer. That is why it becomes necessary to analyze the number of
different gasses dissolved in transformer oil in service. Using DGA of transformer oil, one can predict the
actual condition of the internal health of a transformer.
It is preferable to conduct the DGA test of transformer oil in a routine manner to get historical information
about the internal health of a transformer over its lifetime. In a DGA test, the gases in oil are extracted and
analyzed to determine the quantity of gasses in a specific amount of oil. By observing the percentages of
different gasses present in the oil, you can predict the internal condition of the transformer.
Generally, the gasses found in the oil are as follows:

Evolution
Gas Formed Temperature Possible Causes
0
Hydrogen (H2 ) 150 C and above Partial discharge, arcing in oil
Methane (CH4) 150 0-3000C Partial discharge, Overheating of oil
Ethane (C2H6) 250 0-3500C Overheating of oil
Ethylene (C2H4) 350 0-7000C Overheating of oil
Acetylene (C2H2) 700 0C and above Arching in oil, Overheating of oil
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 300 0C and above Cellulose Overheating
Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) 300 0C and above Cellulose Overheating

Generally it is found that hydrogen and methane are produced in large quantity if the internal temperature
of power transformer rises up to 150oC to 300oC due to abnormal thermal stresses. If the temperature goes
above 300oC, ethylene (C2H4) is produced in large quantity. At the temperature is higher than 700oC a large
amount of hydrogen (H2) and ethylene (C2H4) are produced.

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 Four general fault types and their relative proportions are listed as follows:
Fault Key Gas Criteria Gas amount (%)
Arcing Acetylene (C2H2) Large amount of H2 & C2H2, And H2 : 60%
minor quantities of CH4 & C2H4. Also C2H2 : 30%
CO & CO 2 may also exist if cellulose
involved.
Corona (PD) Hydrogen Large amount of H2 & CH4, with H2 : 85%
(H2 ) small quantities of C2H6 &C2H4. Also CH4 : 13%
CO & CO2 may exist if cellulose
involved.
Overheating of Ethylene (C2H4) Large amount of C2H4., less amount of C2H4 : 63%
Oil C2H6 , And some quantities of CH4 & C2H6 : 20%
H2. Traces of CO
Overheating of Carbon Monoxide Large amount of CO & CO2 CO : 92%
Cellulose (CO) Hydrocarbon gases may exist.

Ethylene (C2H4) is an indication of a very high-temperature hot spot inside an electrical transformer. If
during DGA test of transformer oil, CO and CO2 are found in large quantity it is predicted that there is
decomposition of proper insulation.
Furan Analysis of Transformer Oil
Transformer core and winding have mainly paper insulation. The base of the paper is cellulose. The
cellulose structure is a long chain of molecules. As the paper becomes aged, these long chains are broken
into a number of shorter parts. This phenomenon we often observe in our home. The pages of very old
books become brittle over time.
In a transformer, the aging effect of paper insulation is accelerated due to the oxidation that occurs in oil.
When insulating paper becomes mechanically weak, it cannot withstand the mechanical stresses applied
during an electrical short circuit – leading to electrical breakdown. It is therefore necessary to monitor the
condition of paper insulation inside a power transformer.
It is not possible to bring out a piece of paper insulation from a transformer in service for testing purpose.
But we are lucky enough, that there is a testing technique developed, where we can examine the condition
of paper insulation without touching it. The method is called Furan analysis.
Although by dissolved gas analysis one can predict the condition of the paper insulation primarily, it is not
a very sensitive method. There is a guideline in IEC-599, where it is stated that if the ratio of CO2 and CO
in DGA results is more than 11, it is predicted that the condition of paper insulation inside the transformer
is poor.
Healthy cellulose insulation gives that ratio in a range of 4 to 11. But still it is not a very sensitive way of
monitoring the condition of paper insulation. Because CO2 and CO gases also produced during oil
breakdown and sometimes the ratio may misleads the prediction.
When oil is soaked into paper, it is damaged by heat and some unique oil soluble compounds are realized
and dissolved in the oil along with CO2 and CO. These compounds belong to the Furfuraldehyde group.
These are sometimes called Furfural in short. Among all Furfurals compounds 2- Furfural is the most
predominant. This Furfural family compound can only be released from destructive heating of cellulose or
paper.
Furan analysis is very sensitive, as damage to a few grams of paper is noticeable in the transformer oil –
even in a large transformer. It is a very significant diagnostic test, and is generally considered the best test
for assessing the life of a transformer.
The percentage rate rise of Furfurals products in transformer oil over time is used to assess the condition
and remaining life of the paper insulation in a transformer.

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 4.7 NITROGEN INJECTION FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (NIFPS)

Nitrogen injection fire protection system designed for oil filled transformers shall prevent tank explosion and
the fire during internal faults resulting in an arc, where tank explosion will normally take few seconds after arc
generation and also extinguish the external oil fires on transformer top cover due to tank explosion and for
external failures like bushing fires, OLTC fires and fire from surrounding equipment.
The system shall work on the principle of DRAIN AND STIR and on activation, it shall drain a pre-
determined quantity of oil from the tank top through outlet valve to reduce the tank pressure and inject
nitrogen gas at high pressure from the lower side of the tank through inlet valves to create stirring action and
reduce the temperature of top oil surface below flash point to extinguish the fire. Conservator tank oil shall be
isolated during bushing bursting, tank explosion and oil fire to prevent aggravation of fire.

The NIFPS will operated if the following logic is satisfied

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 On receipt of the activating signals, the system activates and drains a pre-determined quantity of oil from
pressure. At the same moment the conservator shutter, which is fitted in the conservator pipe line between
conservator & Buchholz relay, blocks the oil flow from conservator to the transformer tank, thus preventing
the aggravation of fire. Simultaneously nitrogen is injected under pressure at a pre-fixed rate; steering the oil
thus bringing the temperature of the top oil layer down. Nitrogen occupies the space created by the oil drained
out and fire on the top cover.

During any periodic maintenance of the transformer the NIFPS system should be put in OFF position so that
the NIFPS doesn’t operate satisfying the above logic during protection checking.

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 4.5 Trip Matrix

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 CHAPTER 5: REACTOR PROTECTION
5.1 BASICS OF SHUNT REACTOR

5.1.1 TYPES OF REACTORS :

A. BASED ON REACTOR CONNECTION
i. SHUNT REACTOR.
ii. SERIES REACTOR.
B. BASED ON REACTOR LOCATION
i. BUS REACTOR
ii. LINE REACTOR
C. BASED ON CONTROL
i. 3-PH OIL IMMERSED REACTOR WITH GAPPED IRON CORE.
ii. THYRISTOR CONTROLLED REACTOR (STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR)

5.2. NEED OF SHUNT REACTOR:

A. LINE REACTOR
Shunt reactors are used in order to compensate for the capacitive shunt reactance of
transmission lines. The reactor is connected parallel to the line. The location of reactor is out
going side of line i.e after circuit breaker. If the length of line is more there may be voltage is
rising due to faranti effect (capacitance) during charging. In case of zone-2 (open jumper) fault,
the fault cleared by remote end is fast, but this end it will take time delay due to zone-2. During
this time, voltage may raise. So, line reactors are used for controlling the switching over
voltages and safeguard the operating equipment. Normally it is always in service. Normally
both ends line reactors are provided. The electrical interlock is provided that if reactor isolator
is in closed position, and then only will give permit to close the line isolator. Similarly for
opening reactor isolator the line isolator should be in open position. Neutral reactor connected
between the star point of EHV shunt reactor and the ground, limits the secondary arc current to
a low value of around 10 amps typically for 400kv system to ensure complete de-ionisation of
arc path when EHV system develops a single line to ground fault. Arc extinction during line
single phase auto reclose dead time is assisted by this neutral reactor.

B. BUS REACTOR
The reactor is connected parallel to the bus i.e like a feeder/line. During lightly loaded
conditions there may be possibility of raising bus voltages. For safeguard the operating
equipment bus reactors are used. Normally it is not in service. Whenever the voltage rises to
4%to 5% more than the rated voltage this may be kept in service and 2% to 3% less than the
rated voltage this may be kept out of service.

5.3. SELECTION OF REACTOR

A. LINE REACTOR
Normally line reactors are provided if the line is more or equal to 250km. As per system studies
recommendations if line length is 250km to 300km 50mvar reactor is to be used. If more than
300km 63mvar reactor is to be used.
B. BUS REACTOR
Normally bus reactors are provided if the substation bus voltage is raising 5% more than the
rated voltage during lightly loaded condition. Based on the system studies recommendations
bus reactors are to be provided. Calculations are required for providing bus reactor. In this there
is no standardization .

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 5.4. PROTECTION FOR REACTOR
a. Differential protection, RET670
b. Restricted Earth protection, RET670
c. Backup Impedance protection (mho), REL670

In case of one and half breaker scheme if any fault occur in line reactor and neutral grounding
transformer (NGT), both the main CB connected to Bus 1 and Tie CB will tripped and DT will
be send to the other remote end. It will also initiate LBB function in the main CB relay.

If a fault occurs in bus reactor, the trip signal will be extended from bus reactor panel to main
CB and tie panel and it will also initiate LBB function in busbar protection relay.

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 5.5 TRIP MATRIX FOR LINE REACTOR

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 5.6 TRIP MATIX FOR BUS REACTOR

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 5.7 SETTINGS FOR HIGH IMPEDANCE RESTRICTED PROTECTION FOR REACTOR

5.8 SETTINGS FOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION FOR REACTOR

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 5.9 SETTINGS FOR IMPEDANCE PROTECTION

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 5.10 Reactor Inherent Protection, same as transformer inherent protection.
 Buchholz Relay
 Pressure relief valve (PRV) in main tank & OLTC
 Oil temperature trip & alarm (trip: 85 deg & alarm 80 deg)
 Winding temperature trip & alarm (trip: 90 deg & alarm: 85 deg)
 Oil surge relay in each phases
 Fan (operating temperature: 60 deg & drop out 55 deg)

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 CHAPTER 6: OVERCURRENT AND EARTH FAULT COORDINATION
6.1 Directional/Non-Directional Over current and Earth Fault Relays
The overcurrent & earth fault relay is defined as the relay, which operates only when the value of the current is
greater than the relay setting time. It protects the equipment of the power system from the fault current.
Types of O/C Relay
a. Inverse definite minimum type relays (IDMT):
i. Normal Inverse: 3 sec relay i.e. operating time of relay is 3 sec for 10 times current then
the pickup(set) value with Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) of 1.0.
ii. Very Inverse relays
iii. Extremely Inverse relay.
b. Definite Time Relay
The circuit diagram is shown below.

In case of directional earth fault relay open delta voltage is feed to the relay as shown in the above diagram.
During normal operation open delta voltage is zero and at the time of fault there is a residual voltage which

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 actuates the directional feature of the earth fault relay. This open delta voltage connection is required in case of
electromagnetic relays. However, in case of numerical relays o open delta connection of PT is required and all
the three phases are fed directly.

For coordination of the inverse time OC/EF relay, the pickup current and time multiplier setting (TMS) are to be
chosen. The actual operating time of the OC/EF relays can be varied by proper selection of the Time Multiplier
Setting (TMS). The pickup of the relays must be chosen such that it will operate for all short circuits in its own
line and provide backup for adjoining line, keeping in view of maximum full load current. Also for fault in any
33kV feeder the backup relay coordination should be such that the fault is cleared in the 33kV feeder itself and
transformer doesn’t trip for this. The following is the example of relay coordination between 33kV feeder and
transformer.

Example:
We consider a Transformer, 132/33kV, 25MVA, PU impedance of 10%, HV CT: 150/1A, LV CT: 600/1A. We
are to calculate the settings for non-directional OC and EF Protection of the above transformer.
Step 1: We calculate the Full load current on
HV and LV Sides of the transformer.

HV FL ct: (25000 / (1.732*132)) = 109.35 A

LV FL ct: (25000 / (1.732*33)) = 437.4 A

Step 2: Say the maximum short circuit current

on HV and LV sides of the transformer.
(However short circuit study is required to get
the actual value)
Maximum Short Ckt ct. HV = (109.35 / 0.1) =
1093.5 A
Maximum Short Ckt ct. LV = (437.4 / 0.1) = 4374 A

Step 3: We calculate the Pickup current (PSM) for the O/C relay.

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 Say the transformer is allowed to be loaded to 120% of its full load keeping a check on the OTI and WTI.

= (1.2 * 109.35A)/150 = 0.8748

Similarlly, O/C LV, PSM = (1.2 * 437.4)/600 = 0.8748
Step4: We calculate the Highset settings for OC on HV and LV sides.
HV Highset = (1093.5/150) = 7.3
LV Highset = (4374/600) = 7.3

*Highset is the point where the IDMT curve ceases to follow

the inverse time characteristic and trips instantaneously.

Step 5: TMS Calculation

In grid sub-stations, we follow the Normal/Standard Inverse 3sec IDMT curve.

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 By 3 second IDMT curve we mean that, if 10times the pickup current is flowing and we set the TMS as 1, the
relay would take 3 second to trip.
The formulas for other inverse curve are as follows:

The standard formula for normal inverse curve is:

The remote downstream element is the 33kV Outgoing
feeder. Next Upstream element will the LV breaker and
then followed by the HV Breaker.
Where IPickup = CT Ratio*PSM.
PSM: Plug Setting Multiplier
We consider this:

Suppose a fault occur in the 33kV Outgoing line. The fault current flows as in the above figure. The same fault
current is sensed by all the overcurrent and earth fault relays of the bay. But selective tripping is of utmost
importance because for a downstream fault if the HV CB trips, we have a complete power loss. In this case, the
33kV O/G CB should only trip for the fault a fault in 33kV feeder and the LV CB, HV CB should not trip. We
can achieve this by proper time discrimination between the relays. A time difference of 300ms is kept between
tripping of the consequent breakers in case of a fault. We do this with the help of the TMS set in the O/C and
E/F relays.

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 We assume that the TMS for the 33kV O/G feeder for Overcurrent protection is 0.1 and PSM as 1. Then its
pickup current be 400A (400*1) and let a 3 phase short circuit fault current of 4374A be flowing in this case.
So Relay operating time (ROT) of the 33kV O/G CB in case of this fault = (0.14*0.1)/((4374/400)^0.02 – 1) =
285ms
This relay would trip at 285ms.
Now the relay operating time of the LV side relay would be (285 + 300) = 585ms
Hence, we calculate the TMS of the LV OC relay: 585ms = (0.14 * TMS) / ((4374/524.8)^0.02 – 1))
i.e. TMS = 0.18
The fault current of 4374A in 33kV feeder, the fault current of 1093.5A (4374/4) will be reflected in the HV
side of the transformer.
Therefore the relay operating time of HV side relay will be 585+300 = 885ms
Hence, 885ms = (0.14 * TMS)/((1093.5/131.22)^0.02-1))
TMS = 0.27
Hence the Over Current Settings calculated are as follows:
O/C Settings LV Side HV Side
PSM 0.874 0.874
TMS 0.18 0.27
HS 7.3 7.3

Similarlly, for Earth fault protection let us considering the PSM to be 20% (0.2) and TMS to be 0.1 for 33kV
feeder. The relay operating time (ROT) of 33kV feeder will be = (0.14*0.1)/ ((4374/400*0.2)^0.02 – 1) = 168ms
Therefore keeping a margin of 300ms between subsequent tripping of circuit breaker, the TMS of LV ad HV
side relay will be
E/F Settings LV Side HV Side
PSM 0.2 0.2
TMS 0.249 0.41
HS 7.3 7.3

6.2 Directional Overcurrent and Earth fault setting calculation for Transmission Lines:
The main protection of a transmission line is the Distance Protection. Directional Overcurrent and Earth fault is
used as the backup protection for the line in case the distance protection fails to operate for a fault. Distance
protection is segregated into 4 zones. Zone 4 is in reverse direction whereas Zone 1, 2 and 3 are in the forward
direction. The Operating time of Zone 3 is 800ms. Hence, the backup protection should operate after a delay of
800ms from the fault occurrence in order not to conflict with the distance protection. Taking 200ms as an extra
margin. We use the R.O.T as 1 second for the Directional Overcurrent and Earth fault relays. This is as per
recommended in “Task Force for Power System Analysis under Contingencies”.

If the Line CT ration is 400/1A. We set

the Pickup for Overcurrent at PSM=1
The Pickup for Earth fault at PSM=0.2
For calculating the TMS we have to
consider a three phase fault at the remote
end bus. Referring to the fault current
data, say 2800A flows through the line
when there is a remote end 3 phase bus
fault.

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 Therefore, ROT for Overcurrent = 0.14 * TMS/ ((2800/400*1) ^0.02 – 1))
Or 1second = 0.14 * TMS / (0.039685)
Or TMS = 0.28 (approx)

And for Earth fault protection: 1 second=0.14 * TMS/ ((2800/400*0.2)^0.02 – 1))

TMS = 0.53

We can sum up the settings for the line as:

Settings Overcurrent Earth fault
PSM 1 0.2
TMS 0.28 0.53
*Highset is not required for transmission lines.
6.3 Directional Feature of Over current and Earth Fault Relays:
For Directional relays, we consider the direction of the power flow.

(Voltage phasors are the reference for measurement in case of transmission line protection).

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 Directional relay only work when the fault is towards the line. For fault in the direction opposite i.e toward bus
the relay will not respond.
In present day numerical relays, there are two quantities to be set for deciding the operating region of the
directional OC and EF relay.
(i) RCA: Relay characteristics angle
(ii) ROA: Relay operating angle

A voltage element is included in the relay which decides the directionality feature. Voltage element can be seen
as the restraining quantity where as current element can be seen as the actuating quantity. When the Fault is in
forward direction toward line and the fault current exceed pickup value, the actuating quantity becomes more
than the restraining quantity and the relay trips.

is the flux created by the

Voltage coil which lags the voltage by
around 70 to 80 degrees.

is the flux created by the

current coil. The net torque for relay
operation (in case of
electromechanical relays) is created
by the interactions of these two
fluxes.
The torque will be zero if the angle
between these fluxes is 180 degrees.
This is called the zero torque line. On
the other hand, the torque will be
maximum if the angle between the
fluxes is 90 degrees which is
indicated by the Maximum torque
line.
Angle T is called the Maximum
torque angle of Relay Characteristics
Angle. The relay operates in between the Zero Torque Line on both sides of the Maximum Torque Line.
We can manipulate the operating region with respective to RCA and ROA.

For example: REF615 relay of ABB make. RCA is input as 65 degrees. ROA is input as 85 degrees.
For R phase (the operating region): (85-65) to –(85+65) in clockwise direction.
ie. 20 degrees to -150 degrees (Clockwise)
For Y phase (the operating region):
Y phase lags R phase by -120 degrees. So, we can subtract 120 degrees from the operating region of the R phase
to find the operating region for Y phase.
(20-120) to (-150-120)
ie. (-100) to (-270) degrees (Clockwise)
For B phase (the operating region):
B phase leads the R phase by +120 degrees. So, we can add 120 degrees from the operating region of the R
phase to find the operating region for B phase.
(20+120) to (-150+120)
ie. (140) to (-30) degrees. (Clockwise)

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 We get the operating regions as below:

*For EF protection to operate at a

particular phase, voltage dip should be
there and the current phasor (fault
current) should lie within the operating
region as denoted in the figure.
** For OC protection, the fault current
phasor should also lie within the
operating region.
Any deviation from the operating region
would mean the fault to exist in the
reverse direction.
For Phase to Phase overcurrent or Phase
to Phase to Ground fault also follow the
same principle.

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 CHAPTER 7: BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT AND PROTECTION
7.1 ELECTRICAL BUS-BAR AND ITS TYPES
Definition: An electrical bus bar is defined as a conductor or a group of conductor used for collecting electric
power from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders. In other words, it is a type of
electrical junction in which all the incoming and outgoing electrical current meets. Thus, the electrical bus bar
collects the electric power at one location.
The various types of busbar arrangement are used in the power system. The selection of the bus bar is depended
on the different factor likes reliability, flexibility, cost etc. The following are the electrical considerations
governing the selection of any one particular arrangement.
 The bus bar arrangement is simple and easy in maintenance.
 The maintenance of the system did not affect their continuity.
 The installation of the bus bar is cheap.
The small substation where continuity of the supply is not essential uses the single bus bar. But in a large
substation, the additional busbar is used in the system so that the interruption does not occur in their supply. The
different type of electrical busbar arrangement is shown in the figure below.
7.1.1 SINGLE BUS-BAR ARRANGEMENT
The arrangement of such type of system is very simple and easy. The system has only one bus bar along with the
switch. All the substation equipment like the transformer, generator, the feeder is connected to this bus bar only.
The advantages of single bus bar arrangements are
 It has low initial cost.
 It requires less maintenance
 It is simple in operation

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 Drawbacks of Single Bus-Bars Arrangement
 The only disadvantage of such type of arrangement is that the complete supply is disturbed on the
occurrence of the fault.
 The arrangement provides the less flexibility and hence used in the small substation where continuity of
supply is not essential.
7.1.2 SINGLE BUS-BAR ARRANGEMENT WITH BUS SECTIONALIZED
In this type of busbar arrangement, the circuit breaker and isolating switches are used. The isolator disconnects
the faulty section of the busbar, hence protects the system from complete shutdown. This type of arrangement
uses one addition circuit breaker which does not much increase the cost of the system.

Advantage of single Bus-bar Arrangement with Bus Sectionalization

The following are the advantages of sectionalized bus bar.
 The faulty section is removed without affecting the continuity of the supply.
 The maintenance of the individual section can be done without disturbing the system supply.
 The system has a current limiting reactor which decreases the occurrence of the fault.
Disadvantages of Single Bus-Bar Arrangement with Sectionalization
 The system uses the additional circuit breaker and isolator which increases the cost of the system.
7.1.3 MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS ARRANGEMENT
Such type of arrangement uses two type of busbar namely, main busbar and the auxiliary bus bar. The busbar
arrangement uses bus coupler which connects the isolating switches and circuit breaker to the busbar. The bus
coupler is also used for transferring the load from one bus to another in case of overloading. The following are
the steps of transferring the load from one bus to another.

1. The potential of both the bus bar kept same by closing the bus coupler.
2. The bus bar on which the load is transferred is kept close.

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 3. Open the main bus bar.
Thus, the load is transferred from the main bus to reserve bus

Advantages of Main and Transfer Bus Arrangement

 The continuity of the supply remains same even in the fault. When the fault occurs on any of the buses the
entire load is shifted to the another bus.
 The repair and maintenance can easily be done on the busbar without disturbing their continuity.
 The maintenance cost of the arrangement is less.
 The potential of the bus is used for the operation of the relay.
 The load can easily be shifted on any of the buses.
Disadvantages of Main and Transfer Bus Arrangement
 In such type of arrangements, two bus bars are used which increases the cost of the system.
 The fault on any of the bus would cause the complete shutdown on the whole substation.
7.1.4 DOUBLE BUS DOUBLE BREAKER ARRANGEMENT
This type of arrangement requires two bus bar and two circuit breakers. It does not require any additional
equipment like bus coupler and switch.

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 Advantages of Double Bus Double Breaker
 This type of arrangement provides the maximum reliability and flexibility in the supply. Because the
fault and maintenance would not disturb their continuity.
 The continuity of the supply remains same because the load is transferrable from one bus to another on
the occurrence of the fault.
Disadvantages of double bus Double breaker
 In such type of arrangement two buses and two circuit breakers are used which increases the cost of the
system.
 Their maintenance cost is very high.
Because of its higher cost, such type of bus-bars is seldom used in substations.
7.1.5 SECTIONALIZED DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT.
In this type of bus arrangement, the sectionalized main bus bar is used along with the auxiliary bus bar. Any
section of the busbar removes from the circuit for maintenance and it is connected to any of the auxiliary bus
bars. But such type of arrangement increases the cost of the system. Sectionalization of the auxiliary bus bar is
not required because it would increase the cost of the system.

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 7.1.6 ONE AND A HALF BREAKER ARRANGEMENT
In this arrangement, three circuit breakers are required for two circuits. The each circuit of the bus bar uses the
one and a half circuit breaker. Such type of arrangement is preferred in large stations where power handled per
circuit is large.

Advantages of One and a Half Breaker Arrangement

 It protects the arrangement against the loss of supply.
 The potential of the bus bar is used for operating the relay.
 In such type of arrangement, the additional circuits are easily added to the system.
Disadvantages of One and a Half Breaker Arrangement
 The circuit becomes complicated because of the relaying system.
 Their maintenance cost is very high.
7.1.7 RING MAIN ARRANGEMENT
In such type of arrangement, the end of the bus bar is connected back to the starting point of the bus to form a
ring.

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 Advantages of Ring Main Arrangement
 Such type of arrangement will provide two paths for the supply. Thus the fault will not affect their
working.
 The fault is localized for the particular section. Hence the complete circuit is not affected by the fault.
 In this arrangement, a circuit breaker can be maintained without interrupting the supply.
Disadvantages of Ring Main Arrangement
 Difficulties occur in the addition of the new circuit.
 Overloading occurs on the system if any of the circuit breakers is opened.

7.1.9 MESH ARRANGEMENT

In such type of arrangement, the circuit breakers are installed in the mesh formed by the buses. The circuit is
tapped from the node point of the mesh. Such type of bus arrangement is controlled by four circuit breakers.

When a fault occurs on any section, two circuit breakers have to open, resulting in the opening of the mesh.
Such type of arrangement provides security against bus-bar fault but lacks switching facility. It is preferred for
substations having a large number of circuits.
7.2 BUSBAR PROTECTION
The scheme of busbar protection, involves, Kirchoff’s current law, which states that, total current entering an
electrical node is exactly equal to total current leaving the node. Hence, total current entering into a bus section
is equal to total current leaving the bus section. The principle of differential busbar protection is very simple.
Here, secondary of CTs are connected parallel.

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 The Bus bar protection relay
 Must have as short tripping time as possible.
 Must be able to detect internal faults.
 Must be absolutely stable at external faults. External faults are much more common than internal faults.
The magnitude of external faults can be equal to the stations maximum breaking capacity, while the
function currents can go down to approximately 2% of the same. The stability factor therefore needs to
be at least 50 times i.e. 20. CT-saturation at external faults must not lead to mal-operation of the
BUSBAR Protection.
 Must be able to detect and trip only the faulty part of the BUSBAR system.
 Must be secure against mal-operation due to auxiliary contact failure, human mistakes and faults in the
secondary circuits etc.

Numerical Busbar Protection has

1. Centralised Architecture
Busbars can be protected using centralized busbar protection. In this solution, all copper wires
from current transformers and status of disconnectors, as well as the tripping circuits to the
circuit breakers, are connected to a central panel, where the busbar protection IED is installed.
Two different approaches can be used: a centralized busbar protection IED; or a decentralized
busbar protection system, installed in a central panel
2. Distributed/Decentralised Architecture.
Busbar protection can also be provided using a decentralized system. In this case bay units are
installed in the individual bay protection panels to provide the interfaces from the primary
equipment to the busbar protection system.

Feeders each bay have their own processing unit, which collects together information on the state of the feeder
(currents, voltages, CB and isolator status, etc.) and communicates it over high-speed fibre-optic data links to a
central unit. For large substations, more than one central unit may be used, while in the case of small
installations, all of the units can be co-located, leading to the appearance of a traditional centralised architecture.
For simple feeders, interface units at a bay may be used with the data transmitted to a single centrally located
peripheral unit. The central unit performs the calculations required for the protection functions.

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 The following are the advantages in this Numerical BUSBAR Protection
1. LBB, Earth Fault Protection and other Protections are inbuilt feature.
2. CT Ratio Matching Transformers are not required. They can be programmable.
3. Isolator selection is required for zone segregation.
4. In Distributed Architecture Communication between Bay Unit to Central Unit is Fiber Optic
connection.
5. Check Zone feature like Over-all Differential Protection & Over Current Starter Protection is in built
function.
6. Current comparison, CT supervision, CT open circuit & CT Saturation Detection is also inbuilt
feature.
7. Disturbance recorder and event recorders are inbuilt feature.
8. These can be configured either High or Low impedance BUSBAR Protection.
If the busbar fault left uncleared, the effect of a fault in a bus-zone can be potentially far more damaging than
faults on other items of primary plant. The unplanned or unselective outage of the bus bar can lead to the loss of
power supply to a widespread area. The failure to clear a bus fault can lead to considerable equipment damage
and system instability. Therefore bus bar protection has an important role to play.

Available protection functions are:

a. busbar protection
b. backup overcurrent protection
c. breaker failure (LBB)
d. End fault (dead zone) protection

7.3 BUSBAR PROTECTION LOGIC SETTINGS

Let us consider the 220kV double bus system. The bus 1 is the zone 1 and bus 2 is the zone 2 region for bus bar
protection relay. The relay would identified which bay (201 to 210) is connected to the bus 1 or 2 by the
close/open status of the bus isolator 89A & 89B. The diagram shown below is the centralized bus bar scheme
where the CT connection from all the bays are connected to the main bus bar protection relay without the
peripheral unit at each bay level.

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 The bus bar operating logic is shown below. If bay number 201 to 205 are connected to bus 1 and rest in bus 2,
for any fault at bus 1 would tripped all the CB connected to bus 1 only. If (210) bus coupler bay CB is closed,
for any zone fault bus coupler CB will get trip command. DT will also be send to the remote end of each bay
(201 to 205).

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 In case of LBB operation in busbar protection relay the logic is shown below.

END FAULT (DEAD ZONE) PROTECTION

End Fault Protection is used to protect the busbar from the fault nearer to the sensing device typically current
transformer and circuit breaker. It is also called as blind spot bus protection. It initiates high speed trips to the
remote circuit breaker.

Consider a spot between the current transformer and the circuit breaker. Here the circuit breaker is in closed
condition. A fault occurs between the spot. In this condition the busbar protection initiates the trip signal to the
local circuit breaker as well as to the other circuit breaker connected to that bus. Hence the circuit breaker got
tripped on bus differential protection. But the fault is still in the line and is fed from the remote end. Due to the
fault in the dead spot zone, the relay initiates the high speed tripping signal to the remote circuit breaker instead
of the local breaker such a protection is called end fault protection.

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 Model setting calculation document for Busbar
 3 Phase trip relays shall be provided for each circuit breaker which shall also initiate B.F.P(LBB) of
concerned breaker.
 C.T wire supervision relays should be set with sensitivity such that they can detect C.T. secondary open
circuit (OCT) even in case of least loaded feeder.
 Bus bar differential protection should have overall sensitivity above heaviest loaded feeder current
unless a separate check zone has been provided. In cases where fault currents are expected to be low, the
protection should be sensitive enough to take care of such expected low fault current.
 In 220kV System with Busbar protection operation, DT will be send to other end. However in case of
one & half breaker scheme with busbar protection operation if Tie CB is close no DT will be sent.

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 CHAPTER 8: COMMUNICATION WITH RELAY
8.1 Siemens Relay

Establishing communication with a Siemens Relay

Fig 5(a): Distance Protection Relay (7SA522)

Communication is established with the IED via RS232 cable with ports present at the front and rear
ends.

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 Fig 5(b): Connection between Relay and PC
*If serial port is not available in the computer, a separate Serial to USB converter cable is used.
DIGSI (software) is used for settings programming of all Siemens make relays.
DIGSI

*All the data models should be preinstalled along with the DIGSI for successful communication. Data
models and DIGSI is free to download from Siemens official website.

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 Steps to communicate a new IED (7SA522) with a PC of SAS DRPC:
1. Double click on the DIGSI icon to open it. The software would open and display the screen as in the
above images.
2. Click on File -> New (To make a new project)

3. A new blank project would open up. Create a new folder with any relevant name.
For simplicity we create a folder with the name of “Kahilipara 132kV Line”
4. We open the folder. There are two main things to be done now. The first is, we can either connect a
new relay online or we can open a already saved relay file (.dex format).
5. If we were to connect a relay online. First we-> right click -> Digsi Device (Plug&Play)
6. We will be asked for a confirmation of siprotec 4, click -> ok and then the following screen will be
displayed.

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 The first circle says it is a direct connection via serial cable, and the second circle would show the
COM Port detected by the PC. We check whether the PC’s COM port number matches the number
displayed there. If not, we change it to the one that matches it.
7. Click -> ok, and the software would start the connection.

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 8.After the communication is established. The settings page is displayed.

All the necessary settings like, inputting the CT PT ratio, configuring the Input and Output ports,
LEDS, configuring the protection functions, testing the Hardware configurations are done from this
very page.

9. The above was online accessing a relay. We can also view a saved .dex file.
Right click -> import device (inside the folder that we had made)

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 Click -> “as siprotec 4 device” -> click “ok”.
From the “import” window displayed, we select the required file. For eg: kahilipara.dex

‘kahilipara.dex’ will be shown inside the folder. Double click on it. Select ->offline mode -> press
“ok”
And we can see all the relay settings and configurations of the file.
10. For communicating via LAN cable, the IP address can be set in the “interface” menu available
from the front panel. We have to select the option “Ethernet” in the same menu where earlier we chose
“direct”.
11. For 7SJXXX relays(Backup O/c & E/F), the exception is that “RJ45” cable is used. All the steps
are same, we have to select “USB” option in the main menu.

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 *****************************

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 8.2 ABB Relay

Communicating with a REL 670 (Distance Protection Relay, ABB)

Communication with PC is done through the LAN port available at the front side. Communication can also be
done through optical fibre port available at the rear side of the relay. Both follow the same procedure of
establishing a network with the IED with same series IP address.
1. Connecting a REL670
with a PC via LAN
Cable.

“PCM600” is the software that

allows us to configure any
ABB make relay or BCU.

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 1.We have to check the present IP address, subnet mask of the relay at first.

The four arrows present there

help us in navigating through the
menus of the front panel. Up and
down arrows are used for scrolling
down the menu. Right arrow is
used to enter a menu. Left arrow
is used to exit a menu. ‘E’ is used
to confirm a change.

Use the ‘Down’ arrow to move to the option ‘communication’ -> ‘TCP-IP configuration’ -> ‘Front port’ -
>check the IP address and subnet mask. For eg:

2. We set the IP address of the PC in accordance with it.

Goto “open network and sharing centre” -> “Change adapter settings” -> Right click on “local area network” ->
click on properties

Select “Internet Protocol Version 4” -> click on “properties”

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 -> set the IP address as above. The last digit of the IP address should be different and less than 255. Click -> ok.

3. Connect the LAN cable between the relay and PC.

Click -> Start on the PC -> Goto “Run” -> type ping “ip address of the relay” –t
ping 192.168.2.10 –t
pinging will start in command prompt window.

We are now ready to establish the connection between the IED and PCM600.
Goto File -> New Project -> Enter Project Name and Description -> Click on ‘create’
We create a sample project “Mirza”
Right click on mirza -> New -> General -> Substation

Right click on substation -> new -> general -> voltage level

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 Right Click on Voltage level ->
new -> general -> Bay
Right Click on Bay -> New ->
Line Distance Protection -> REL 670

*Connectivity package of the version

of the relay should be installed in the
PCM600. If not, we can download it
from the ABB official website.

This message would appear.

Click on Online configuration -> next ->IED protocol IEC
61850 (if
available) ->
enter the IP
address

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 Click -> next
Click on ‘Scan’. The IED name will be displayed. Click
‘next’ for the upcoming options.
Right Click on the REL 670 shown in the main screen
and click on parameter settings.

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 In the parameter settings menu, the necessary settings are entered. For logic configuration, we right click on the
REL670 and then click on Application Configuration.

All the desired outputs, inputs, logic, LEDS, Disturbance Recorder, GOOSE can be configured here.
*ABB relay files can be saved in .pcmi format. Right click on the REL 670, click on export and we can save it
in a desired location. For accessing it later on, we follow the same process, we right click on the “Bay” menu,
and click “import”. We choose our file and click on open. The same IED we had accessed online can also be
opened elsewhere in offline mode.

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 8.3 Micom Relays
Communicating with a P442 Relay (MiCOM)

There are three types of MiCOM relays:

(i) Alstom Make
(ii) Schneider Make
(iii) Areva Make
All these three companies make MiCOM relays. The architecture of the relays, the functionality, the user
interface is exactly the same for all the three. The only difference is that, “Alstom Make” relays are accessed by
“MiCOM S1 Agile” and “Schneider & Areva Make” relays are accessed by “Schneider Electric MiCOM S1
Studio” Software respectively.
As process of operation of both the softwares is exactly the same, we consider the case of accessing a Distance
Protection MiCOM relay (P442) of Alstom Make.
The relay has a serial port at the front and Ethernet ports at the rear for connection. If we were to establish
connection using the serial port, we have to use a RS232 cable. The pin connection between the relay and PC is
as follows:

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 Basic Key configuration in the front panel:
Key ‘C’ is used to clear any data or records.
The ‘book’ key is used to read fault records post a fault or any general alarms.
The ‘enter’ key is used to accept changes.
The top and bottom arrows are used to scroll down a list.
The left arrow is used to exit a menu and right arrow is used to enter a menu.

Steps for communicating:

(ii) We connect the RS232 cable between the relay and PC.

We click on New (ref: red circle) to create a new system. We give a user defined name, eg: “220kV Salakati
GSS”. Click ->Ok

Now we right click as in the picture

over the recent created system. Click
on New Device.

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 A new window appears.
Prior to connection with any Micom relay the
data models of the relay should be pre installed
in the PC. If not, we can use the “Data Model
Manager” software to download any data
model.
As in the above case, it is a P442 relay, so we
click on “MiCOM P40 Agile Modular” (1st
column, 2 nd row).

The following list is shown:

We select P442 and Click next.
We will be prompted to a new window which
would ask us to enter the complete relay model
no.

Upon entering it, if the software detects

the model no, we click no next. If it does
not, we have to download that respective
data model from “data model manager”
over internet.

Click ‘next’ again and then click ‘finish’.

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 Right click on the ‘connections’ (as in
blue highlight’ and click on ‘new
connection’.
Select the ‘front serial port’
In the next window we check whether
the COM port matches with the PC
COM port and click finish to establish
the connection.

We right click on the device

and then click on extract all
configurations.
All the settings of the relay
will be downloaded into the
software for our viewing
and editing.

We go down
the system
tree on the
right
column.
Device ->
Settings ->

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 001 <-which is the setting file.
We open it to view the settings as in the left column of the screen.
Similarly, below the setting menu, there is something called PSL (which shows all the logics build in the relay).
Once the required changes are made, we save the changes, right click on “device” (4th row in the above tree)
and then click on send. Confirmation will be asked for and then enter the password as “AAAA” and click on
‘Ok’. Settings are sent.

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 8.4 GE Multin Relay
Communication with a D60 Relay (GE)
For a GE make relay, the Distance protection
relay is called D60, the Differential relay is called
T60 and the Feeder protection relay (Backup
relay) is called F650. The following image shows
a D60 relay.

The Four buttons in a circle as seen in the right half of the picture.
The top and bottom are used to scroll down a list. The Right button is used to enter and the left button is used to
exit a menu.
Besides these, there is another ‘enter’ button on the right half to accept a change, ‘menu’ button is used to access
the main menu.
(i)To access a D60 or T60 relay, a software named ‘Enervista UR’ is used.
(ii) To access F650 relay, ‘Enervista 650’ is used.
To access a relay, the first thing we have to do is to find out the ip address set in the relay.
We can do this from the front HMI panel.
a) Press ‘Menu’ -> Scroll with ‘Down arrow’ ->Go to ‘Product Setup’ -> Press ‘right arrow to enter it’
b) Go to ‘communications’ -> Press right arrow to enter this menu.
c) Go to ‘network’ -> Press right arrow to enter this menu.
d) Now, scroll down the list by pressing down and up arrows.
We will find the ip address and ip subnet mask.
We note down the ip address.
We set up a LAN network in the PC with that very ip address. Once the network is established, we ping the ip
address of the Relay (Ref: ABB relay accessing procedure for setting up network and pinging)

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 We open the Enervista UR software. We press the ‘Quick Connect’ button as in the above figure.

We enter the ip address in the pop up window and press connect.

If all the inputs are valid, the relay would successfully connect with the PC and will be displayed in the left
column of the window.

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 The black encircled shows the name of relay connected. All the settings and configurations can be accessed
from this setting tree (clicking the plus button increases the tree). We can access the settings by expanding the
tree by clicking on the ‘plus’ button.
When all the necessary changes and modifications are made, we save the file.

Clicking on save
sends the settings to
the relay. Files once
accessed can be
saved and reviewed
later on in the
offline
window(Bottom
column in the left
side of the screen).
Unlike ABB,
Siemens and Micom relays, separate drivers or data models are not required to access different relay models in
GE Relays.

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 8.5 ERL Relay
Communicating with a L-PRO Relay (ERL)
L-PRO Relay is used for Distance Protection.

For Transformer Differential Protection and Backup Protection, T-Pro and F-Pro are used respectively.
The main source of communication with a ERL manufactured relay is done through 4 separate software based
interfaces viz.
(i) Relay Control Panel
(ii) L-Pro Offliner settings
(iii) T-Pro Offliner settings
(iv) F-Pro 2000 Offliner Settings
Communication can be done in two ways: By a LAN or by RJ45 Cable. We take the general mode of
communication i.e. by using RJ45.
Steps: (i)Open the Relay Control Panel Software -> click on Add new.

(ii) We check the

COM Port of the
PC and see
whether it
matches the
COM port detected in the software. If not, we change it to the valid one.

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 (iiI)Steps to check PC COM port: Right click on “My Computer” -> “Properties” -> “Device Manager” ->
“COM Ports”
(iv)Click on “Get information from relay” in the pop up window.
The Relay will start communicating and its details will be detected in the pop up window.
(v)Click “Save Relay”
N.B. For LAN communication, we have to select the “Network Link” in that window and type in the ip address.
Now, as the relay is detected, its default name or (user defined name) will be displayed in the main
software window. Eg
“nalbaridhaligaonline” <-L-Pro relay
at Nalbari GSS for Dhaligaon Feeder.
Click on connect button. A pop up
window featuring “Relay password
Prompt” will be displayed.
There are three password levels for
any ERL Relay:
(i)View Access
(ii)Change Access
(iii)Service Access
The default password for any L-Pro relay is:
To view the settings: PASSWORD – view (no editing is permitted in this mode of access)
To change the settings: PASSWORD – change (settings can be changed in the relay)
For total service access: PASSWORD – service
Same is for a T-Pro relay.
But F-Pro: To view: no password. To
change: password is ‘0’. For service,
Password is ‘z’
So, we type in the required password
in the pop up window.

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 After the password is typed in, and access is allowed, we see in the left column of the above picture, there is a
Drop Down Menu Tree.

(i)Records: This contains the fault records, the

disturbance recorder file, the event logger etc. Any
previous fault can be properly analyzed by studying
the voltage and current waveforms, the digitals
channels featuring the protection functions that
picked up during the fault etc.
(ii) Fault, events, metering, utilities features all the
necessary data such as instantaneous voltage,
current, power value, status of contact input or
output, recorded events and previous fault data.

The main part is the (iii)Configuration.

Double clicking on this option will open a window
featuring two options:
“present setting” & “saved setting”
We double click on the “present setting” option and
the relay loads the present file.
The black circle shows the setting
file that we see after double
clicking on the “present setting”
option.

Now, double clicking on this text inside the circle, will open the relay configuration and settings in the L-Pro
Offliner Settings software.

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 The above window displays all the settings and configurations of the relay. We move through the left column
for different options. We follow the right column for the values in the settings header.After doing necessary
changes, we click on the save button located on the topmost left corner of this window. We save it and then we
close the window.
Finally, to load the changed settings into the relay.

We single click on the file “shown in blue highlight” and click on “load to relay” button which is shown in the
circle. When the settings will be loaded, a confirmation message will be shown.

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 CHAPTER 9: SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION
(SCADA)
9.1 SCADA

9.2 RUNNING ABB SCADA

Procedure to run microscada 9.4 (abb) fp2 application.
Steps: -
1. Press ctrl+alt+del
2. Enter- username= administrator, password= administrator (*subjected to the password set in the
substation)
3. Wait for few minutes in order to normalize the system and after that refresh it 3 times.
4. Open the folder microscada pro control sys 600 present on the dekstop.

5. Open sys600 control panel by double clicking.

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 6. Click start in order to run the application.

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 7. Minimize the notify window

8. Wait for 5-10 minutes to get the application “hot”.

9. When application gets “hot” monitor pro window will be opened automatically.

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 10. Enter the username- dispur (same as application name). there is no any password.
11. Click login.
Note: -
1. If none of the signal reporting to microscada (hmi screen) then check that .ini file is running or not.

Steps to check ini file: -

A) Double click “external opc da client” present in microscada pro control folder.

2. Double click external opc da client control panel.

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 3. Check whether .ini file is running or not.

If not running then go to new browse select the appropriate .ini file.

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 9.2 RUNNING ALSTOM SCADA

How to start the SCADA Software? (ALSTOM)

To start the Substation automation Software (SCADA), we follow three steps:

<-These three softwares are run simultaneously to run the SAS

software.

STEP (i) Dbwin:

When we double click on Dbwin.exe, a command prompt window pops up and SCADA prepares to load.

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 STEP (ii) DS Agile OI Server:
Basically in any ALSTOM made SAS system, two servers run parallel side by side. Anyone can be treated as
main and redundant. Double clicking on this icon, connects the software to the main server and the previously
opened command
prompt window
starts loading
values.
As soon as DS
Agile OI Server is
started, Scada
starts to load all
the settings. We
have to atleast
wait for 3 to 4
minutes to have
the system stable.
STEP (iii): DS
Agile OI Client:

After the System is stable, double clicking

on this icon will open the main SCADA
interface.
The Log in Option in the top left corner
of the screen is used to login either in
engineering mode, or operator mode.
Basically for daily operation, it is logged
in in operator mode.
N.B: Without Logging in, the SCADA
will not work.

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 Eg: For 132/33kV
Kamakhya GIS, login details
for second group of Shift
duties is:
Username: operator2
Password: operator2
When these details are
accepted, the whole
supervisory control and data
acquisition work is started.

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 9.3 RUNNING ERL SCADA

1. To start scada:
a. Click the “Start SCADA” Icon from your Home Screen.

b. After clicking “Start SCADA” Icon, this picture will appear on your screen.

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 2. Login Procedure:
a. Click OK and Login to SCADA

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 b. After Login, this window will appear on your screen.
Click the “Home” icon appeared on the top left of this screen to open main window.

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 Or open the “START” button and click “SCADA Running” button to open the main window as shown
in the image.

c. Click this button to resize the screen.

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 9.3.1 To access the bay graph:
a. Click “SLD” button present in the screen to open SLD.

c. Click the buttons with bay name to open any particular bay.

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 9.3.2. CONTROL AND MONITORING THE OPERATIONS IN BAY GRAPH:
a. Analog measurements and Digital Input status can be monitored in bay graph and Controlling of
Breaker, Isolators, Resetting of Trip relays can also be done in bay graph window.

b. How to perform control operations:

I. Click the particular icon, which we want to control (Isolator/ Breaker/ Trip Relays).
II. Select Open/ Close operation which we want to perform.
III. Click Operator Verify.

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 iv. Click OK.

v. Click Select and click Execute.

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 The same has to be done to perform reset operations of Trip Relays. Click “Reset Buttons” present in bay
screens to reset.

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 9.3.3. TO CHECK EVENTS AND ALARMS:
a. Click Alarm Button appeared on the Top Center of your screen to open Events/Alarm window.

b. This page will open. We can check the events and alarm here.

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 9.3.4. SCADA EXIT PROCEDURE:
a. Logout the user and click Exit from start window.

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 b. Click “EXIT SCADA” icon on your PC windows main screen.

c. After that, Right click the icon circled in below mentioned image.

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 d. Click Exit CSC20000(V2) and click OK for proper Exiting of SCADA.

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 9.4 RUNNING GE SCADA

Steps for operating a GE make SCADA:

These two softwares together run the GE based SCADA.
(i) iConf holds the configuration part which is only to be used for
performing engineering based amendments.
(ii) iControl provides the platform of scada interface. This very part is used to perform the
Operations.

Open the iControl folder and goto the folder named ‘bin’.
Inside the folder ‘bin’, we will find the
main ‘iControl’ application file. Double
clicking on it will open the scada software.

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 Scada starts loading…
The

main SLD is shown. In order to perform operations we need to login with valid credentials. The login is present
in the top right corner.

We enter the details and press on ‘ok’.

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 Once logged in, we can perform the operations and monitor the real time analog datas.
The black encircled option in the left bottom corner shows the option to log out of scada.

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 9.5 RUNNING SIEMENS SCADA

Steps for operating a Siemens based SCADA Software:

1. We open the Simantic WinCC Explorer.

2. A New window appears. We select the main Project Name as shown by the red arrow. “PLP” is the
main project here (for 132kV Pailapool GSS)

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 3. We Press the ‘Play Button’ as above and the project is hence activated.

4. The SAS software thus starts. Next we have to enter our login details. There would be separate login
details for different groups of Shift duties.

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 5. We see the ‘Login’ tab on the left top corner of the screen. Pressing this button activates the system
login pop up window. We enter out valid credentials and press ‘ok’.

6. SAS is logged in. The above screenshot shows the SLD of the 132kV Pailapool GSS with real time data.

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 7. The values of analog quantities (Voltage, current, power, pf etc.) can be monitored for individual tabs in
the SAS system. For eg: the above screenshot shows the tab of Meherpur and Baskandi 33kV feeders.
The alarm and fault signals can be seen in green highlights on the right column.

8. For logging off, we click the logout button and confirm it.

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 9. Finally, we click on the exit button and confirm it and thus the SAS software switches off.

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 CHAPTER 10: SUBSTATION MAINTANANCE & OPERATION

10.0 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PROCESS FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

10.0.1 Introduction
 In a transmission system, preservation of the fitness is essential to retain its performance to an
acknowledge level, consequently arrest the ageing process. This task can be achieved through
preventive maintenance.
 Without maintenance, Transmission equipment are prone to failure. Yet the degree of maintenance
necessary will depend on various factors like technology, system flexibility for outages, environmental
condition, geographic location & availability of resources. In order has a consequential effect in
financial (revenue) loss due to stoppage of service. Because of this interruption in service, many of the
maintenance personal are reluctant to take outages & allow it to run till it breaks down.
 Since breakdown is a complete failure of the equipment or the component as may be the case, whereas
preventive maintenance is a process, by which the equipment or the component is brought back to
healthy state from deterioration, ascertaining avoidance of failure, Thus, work involved during
preventive maintenance is less compared to breakdown repair.
 Breakdowns are unplanned, unexpected & unanticipated; therefore, allow scope for improvisation since
any unintentional activity cannot be arranged properly.

10.1 Routine Maintenance Procedures.

In agreement with this logic, routine maintenance of overhead lines& transformers along with its associated
switchgear is essential to maintain a quality supply to the consumers. The maintenance intervals need to be
reviewed as the system changes. As the system reliability improves, it may be possible to extend the
maintenance periods. If the system has a high incident of fault, then full investigation is required to
determine the cause of fault. It may be due to local environment such as pollution, strong wind or it could
be due to poor maintenance. To achieve this regular inspection, survey & maintenance programme is a
precondition to find any urgent repairs. Surveys are to assess what work is required to be carried out on the
next maintenance & to find any urgent repair work requirement. Primarily preventive maintenance activity
can be divided into four components, which are listed below:
1) Inspection
2) Survey
3) Urgent maintenance .
4) Planned maintenance
10.1.1 In line with these four components of preventive maintenance activity, strategy should be formulated for
necessary frequency of maintenance cycle. Eventually the preventive maintenance programme of
transmission system can be broken down to the following standard six categories:
1) Weekly maintenance
2) Fortnightly maintenance
3) Monthly maintenance
4) Six month maintenance

__________________________________________________________________________________
ASSAM ELECTRICITY GRID CORPORATION LTD 1

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 TRANSMISSION MAITENANCE MANUAL AEGCL

5) Yearly maintenance
6) 3 yearly maintenance

1. Weekly, fortnightly & monthly maintenance are related to visual inspection only without disconnecting
power. As this is investigation of the lines & enlisting the various details particularly the condition of
tower members, which require rectification immediately or in the next maintenance programme, does
not need long time for observations, therefore, it is possible to scrutinize the entire overhead lines within
the division in a week/fortnight/month for transmission network.
2. Six monthly maintenance is aimed for pre—monsoon & post-monsoon check. This may require
switching off power to make the line dead. However, outages may be avoided if on-line maintenance
procedure is introduced, which require modern gadgets like hot line washing machine for insulator
cleaning, thermo- vision camera for identification of hot spots as a part of the diagnostic maintenance &
of course knowledge of on-line working technique to the workers.
3. There is another important reflection of this inspection & survey of the transmission system for
organizing the maintenance programme in accordance with the availability of the next outage where
necessary. Even if the outages could not be arranged due to any reason, the weak elements of the system
are known to the maintenance personnel & they have considerable idea about the basis due to which
failure may occur. Therefore, when the breakdown really takes place, maintenance personnel does not
have to guess regarding the cause of the fault in order to save time & enable them to go straight way for
the rectification.
4. However, every activity whether operation or maintenance depends on specific stipulation based ‘on
technical justification backed up by practical experience. With similar convention maintenance of
transmission system may be contemplated, any arbitrary way of maintenance cannot yield the desired
result. Unsystematically selecting the components of maintenance activity in conjunction with
inconsistent frequency from the standard maintenance cycle may not bring the desired effect of
achievement. Either it will be over-maintained or under-maintained. The degree of maintenance activity
can be decided from the economic point of view, which would delineate the right kind of maintenance
schedule for highest stability of the system. Computation of maintenance activity can be described as
follows: The breakdown repair cost & down time lost including consequential damages of a breakdown
& production loss, which is a function of preventive maintenance schedule, should be found out by
appropriate method. Similarly, the preventive maintenance cost that is linear in nature must also to be
found out.
5. Pre-monsoon Maintenance Procedures Pre-monsoon check is a common terminology used expensively
in transmission system. Technical reasons behind the pre—monsoon checks are:
6. During summer, dust storms are common in this part of the country. As a result, dust accumulates on the
insulators & the lighting arrestors.
7. High ambient temperature in summer causes heating up of the current carrying conductors. Thus, the
resistance of conductor’s increases, effecting further increase of temperature due to l2Rloss. Due to high
heat all connection joints expands, & when it contract under cold condition, joints get loose & conductor
strands are subjected to mechanical stress. Particularly the earth connections always undergo severe
variation in temperature. infect flow of current in earth circuit is inevitable during earth fault only, &
rest of the period there is no circulation of current. However, the magnitude ‘of current through earth
circuit can be as high as full-scale fault current. Thus, the thermal shock rendered by intermittent flow
of high current increases the resistance. Thus culminate in loose connections, which is in-turn followed
by visible flash or spark from the joints during earth faults. Consequently, the conductor gets damaged.
8. Extreme heat & humidity particularly in the Eastern part of India is predominant which causes the
overhead line joints being corroded & strands may get damaged due to uneven expansion & salt
deposition. Steel poles & aluminium conductors are oxidized consequent to the exposure in air &
moisture.

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 9. High moisture content prevailing in the river belt area rapidly deteriorates all metallic structure or
equipment.
 During the first drizzle at the onset of monsoon, water droplets accumulate over the insulators
due to presence of dust on it & at the very first instance a chance of flash over cannot be ruled
out. Although if the first shower is heavy downpour, this may clean the insulators automatically,
however, it is a matter of coincidence.
 Similarly, accumulation of water particulate on lightning arrestor provides a parallel path in
case of lightning through its surface, which may result in the bursting of the arrestor beside
breakdown of insulation. Therefore, very purpose of the lighting arrestor is defeated.
 At the beginning of monsoon, thunderstorms are very common; this causes the towers under
high stress due to wind pressure. Furthermore, violent swing in the conductors is unavoidable in
order to negotiate the wind velocity. This may result in conductor clashing & flashover, which
is aggravated by low dielectric strength of air due to high moisture content.
 The transformers undergo maximum temperature rise in the summer. As rain sets in, there is a
rapid change in the temperature effecting in change of volume of oil. Hence, a temporary
vacuum is established inside the tank & air is assumed to be filled up through breather,
therefore, breathers must be in good shape. Eventually silica gel of the breather gets imbued
after protracted operation & moist air infiltrate inside the tank instead of dry air. -
 Preventive Maintenance Procedures In order to attenuate the effect, since total elimination is not
possible, precise preventive maintenance is carried out. This can be listed as follows: ‘
 Insulators must be cleaned properly ascertaining that dust is removed and water should not
accumulate on the insulators.
 Similarly lightning arrestor surface should be cleaned thoroughly to remove any dust on it.
 Earthing connection of the lightening arrestor must be checked. Earthing from the lightening
arrestor should be connected separately & not with any common system.
 lt is advisable to test the lighting arrestor.
 It is also recommended to use metal oxide gapless arrestor, which is more effective
compared to the old system working on non-linear resistance. This type of arrestor is
prone to explosion during over voltage.
 Pole earthing connection should be checked to ensure easy discharge of surges.
 All the line joints & tension clamps should be checked for looseness & corrosion due to
abrasive salt deposition.
 Reactivate the silica gel of the breather in order to avoid the ingress of water along with air.
 Shroud the transformer bushing with non-inflammable plastic cover, which restrict drawing of
water particulate from the bushing during temperature variation.
 During storms, which is very frequent, high thrust is propagated by wind velocity; therefore,
pole foundation guy wire tension must thoroughly be checked & adjusted.
 ln case of heavy rain, insecure soil at the tower base may be washed away; hence, loose soil
should be rammed.
 Tension of the conductor should also be checked.
 Condition of the conductors must be assessed particularly at the mid span.
10.2 Post-monsoon Maintenance Procedures

In line with the Pre-monsoon check, Post-monsoon check is also being carried out to ascertain the
extent of damage the system has sustained during the monsoon. This also enables the preventive
maintenance personnel to rectify the defects during the Post-monsoon check. Although this may not
always require outages, yet in case of major defect, shut down must be arranged. in agreement with
Pre-monsoon check,

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 Post-monsoon check can be listed as follows:
1. Line insulators are continuously withstanding the voltage & mechanical stress. lt is likely that some of
the insulators may have acquired some injuries. This can be mechanical or electrical in nature. In a
string of suspension insulators, the likelihood of electrical injury is maximum with the bottom insulator
which is the nearest to the live line. '
2. Lightning arrestor should be investigated for any blemish it developed during the monsoon. Particularly
the earthing connection must be inspected for any discontinuity.
3. Joints should be inspected for looseness & salt deposition.
4. Transformer oil testing is one of the most important constituent for Post-monsoon review in order to
understand the consequences of lighting surges, heavy rain, & the stresses developed due to frequent
system fault perpetrated during monsoon & sustained by the transformer. Although there can be a long
list of tests which can be carried out on the transformer to ensure the health of the transformer, however
the under mentioned test may suffice the purpose as the necessary post-monsoon investigations:
a) Breakdown voltage of oil
b) Moisture content of oil -
c) Dissolved gas analysis of oil
d) Acidity test of oil
e) Dielectric dissipation factor or tan delta test
1. In addition to this, silica gel of the breather should be checked & reactivated in
order to dry out the moisture content. Moreover, the Buchholz relay must be
checked & oil purged which will ascertain the release of any entrapped gas.
2. Transformer should also be checked for oil leakages through the gaskets of
different & this can render the gaskets distorted resulting in loose joints through
which oil leakage can start.
3. Diaphragm of the explosion vent of transformer may be punctured in case of severe
lighting discharge or before clearing a critical fault. This will enable the transformer
to attract moist air through it. Thus, it is necessary to restore any damaged
diaphragm immediately, if noticed.
4. Checking of the transformer bushing horn gaps is also vital because of the frequent
discharge of lighting surges in case of thunder storm, which is quite traditional
during monsoon season.
5. Maximum fault clearance is“ almost mandatory for the circuit breakers during the
monsoon season. Therefore, post monsoon inspection of circuit breakers is
necessary. Inspection should include monitoring of the physical condition of the
fixed & moving contacts, measurement of contact resistance, inspection of the
spout contacts, & checking of the oil, if it is an oil circuit breaker of any variety,
either bulk or minimum oil.

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 Action required if inspection shows
Sl No Activity Condition
unsatisfactory condition
Clearance of right of way W S/D Jungle growth should be immediately cleared
1
jungle growth etc. Monthly to maintain the requisite right of way
Clearance of right of way which Monthly After pre-monsoon, growth rate of jungles are
2 require S/D. S/D (During May very high, as such it is to be cleared during the
to August) period May to August.
W S/D.
If the temperature is found above 60°C,
Thermovision scanning of Twice in a Year
necessary remedial measures like replacing of
3 highly loaded lines (March-April,
clamps/addition of clam , psetc to be taken up
and August-
immediately.
Sept)
Thermovision scanning of w S/D
4 lightly loaded lines (June -I August) - Do-

5 Missing members of towers W S/D SOS

Measure the resistance, if above 10 Ohms, take
W.S/D
suitable measures so that resistance is below
Tower earthing During Dec to
6 10 ohms A
April
Where counter poise is used, give special
attention.
For foundations, if water logging/erosion and
such other defects are noticed,
W S/D dewatering/making of necessary embankments
Condition of foundation
7 During April to - & repair work must be
September carried out immediately. Inspections should
also be carried out soon after heavy
rains/storm.
Damaged insulators should be replaced by hot
line techniques immediately. Polluted
Checking of damaged strands W.S/D insulators should be cleaned. Similarly,
Checking of insulators, During Sept to vibration damper must also be replaced.
8
vibration dampers etc. Feb (Note) - in the absence of hot line technique
action should be taken at the earliest possible
time to do this with the present prevailing
practice of AEGCL)
W.S/D
Checking of damaged strands of Necessary immediate measures to be taken for
9 During Sept to
conductor remedial measures.
Feb
Attending of damage to W S/D
10 revetment/retaining walls SOS

Replacement of W S/D If found missing, put new one.

11
Danger/number/Phase/Circuit plate Half Yearly
Attending of damage to tower W S/D
12
earthing SOS
S/D
13 Attending of hot spots
SOS

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 10.3 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS

10.3.1 HOURLY Schedule

Authority Responsible: Shift In charge

Sl No Activity Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory condition

1 Check winding temperature, rise. W S/D Follow procedures laid down in the Operation Manual, if
2 Check oil temperature, rise. W S/D abnormality is still persistent, shut down the transformer
3 Check load (Amperes). W S/D & informed RE for further investigation.
4 Check voltage W S/D
Observe for Hot spot at bushing If any hot spot observed, immediately inform
5 W S/D
termination point Maintenance team/RE
Observe for abnormal noise in W S/D if any abnormal sound persist, immediately inform
6
transformer Maintenance team/RE

10.3.2 DAILY Schedule

Authority Responsible: Substation In-charge/RE

Condition
Sl No Activity Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory condition

 For small leakage like radiator leakage, leakage from

Check oil leakage in transformer WS/D valve flange etc may be attend by putting appropriate oil
1 resistant adhesive material.
 For leakage from gasket, bushings, the same is to be
attended by planning a shutdown, inform RE/DGM
 Unhealthy aircell is to be taken out and by
pressurising the leaks may be detected, and after
Check the healthiness of Air WS/D
2 repairing the leak if possible, then follow the proper
cellfitted in conservator
procedure for putting up the aircell, this will require
good filter M/C.
 if low, top up with dry oil, examine transformer for
3 Check oil level in transformer WS/D leaks. (For transformer without aircell)
 For transformer with aircell follow the procedure as laid
down in above.
 ln case of oil-filled bushing, bring it to correct level with
4 Check oil level in bushing W S/D dry oil.
 In case of hermetically sealed bushing, follow
manufacture's instruction.

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 10.3.3 MONTHLY Schedule
Authority Responsible: Substation in-charge/RE

Condition
Sl No Activity Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory condition
Checking condition of Silica gel lf silica gel is pink, changed by spare charge. The old
WS/D
1 in breather charge may be reactivated for use again.

Check oil level in oil seal of

WS/D Fill oil up to the level
2 breather

Thermo vision scanning of

W S/D Analyse the results, take corrective measures.
3 transformer

Checking of cooler oil pump and W S/D Check the AC supply at MCB and motor terminals
4
fans for manual actuation
Checking of cooler oil pump and Replace burnt or worn out contact or other parts.
5 S/D
fans for auto starting
Examine Bushing for cracks & Clean or replace.
6 S/D
dirt deposits.
7 Check on load tap changer S/D Replace burnt or worn out contact or other parts.
Check control circuits
If faulty, take suitable action to set free rights.
8 independently or on load tap S/D
changer driving mechanism.

10.3.4 Quarterly Schedule

Authority Responsible: Substation In-charge/RE
Sl No Activity Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory condition
Check for dielectric strength & Compare the values with earlier test results, if the values
Water content of oil for WS/D are in decreasing trend and alarming then plan for
1
transformer and tap changer (if dehydration of oil.
the OLTC operates regularly).

10.3.5 HALF YEARLY Schedule .

Authority Responsible: Substation ln-charge/RE/MRT
Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity Condition
condition
Compare the values with earlier test results, if the
W S/D (Preferable values of key gases are in decreasing trend, then
Period repeat the test after 15 days and check the results.
Check for Oil DGA (for
1 September/October lf the volumes of key gases are alarming, suitable
transformer & OLTC).
) planning is to be made with corporate head for
conducting inspection of inside the transformer at
site.
Inspect all moving parts; S/D Clean, adjust or replace as require.
2
contacts, brake shoes, motor etc.

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 of on-load tap changer driving
mechanism.

10.3.6 YEARLY Schedule

Authority Responsible: Substation In-charge/RE/MRT
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
Check oil in transformer as Per
Compare the values with earlier test results, if the
IS 335 e.g. Water Content, W S/D (Preferable
values are in decreasing trend, then go for
1 BDV, Sp. Resistance, Tanᵟ, period November to
dehydration.
IFT, Total Acidity, 2-March)
Furfuraldehyde etc.
Check Gasket Joints, if any S/D (Preferable
Tighten the bolts evenly to avoid uneven pressure
2 Oil leakage period November
March
S/D (Preferable
Compare with commissioning values, if values are
3 period November to
more than 0.7%, replace the bushings.
March)
S/D (Preferable
Tanᵟ and Capacitance Compare with commissioning values.
4 period November to
measurement of Windings
March)
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
insulation Resistance
S/D (PreferableCompare the value with earlier test results, if it is in
Measurement (Polarization
5 period November to decreasing trend, analyse the results for proper
Index and Dielectric Absorption
March) action
ratio)
Core Insulation Test (if S/D (PreferableCompare the value with earlier test results, if it is in
6 CC,CL&G terminals are period November to decreasing trend, analyse the results for proper
accessible) March) action.
Checking of earthing S/D (Preferable
Take suitable action if earth resistance is high.
7 connection of neutral earth period February to
pit April)
Checking of cooler oil pumps & S/D
8
fans for auto starting
S/D (Preferable
External cleaning of radiators If required, touch up paint.
9 period November
Cleaning of all bushings
to March)
S/D (Preferable
10 Cleaning of all bushings period during
February - April)
Marshalling boxes of
transformer/reactor
S/D
I). Cleaning of MB of
(Preferable period
11 transformer/reactor/O LT
November to
ii) Tightening of terminations
March)
iii). Checking of contactors,
space heaters, illumination etc.
Maintenance of OLTC driving S/D (PreferableFollow manufacturer's instruction
12
mechanism period November

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 March)
Checking of all remote S/D , (Preferable
Top up oil in pockets, if required.
13 indications (WTI and Tap period November
position indicator) March)
S/D(Preferable
Electrical checking/testing of
period For non-functioning of signals, replace the device if
PRD, Buchholz relay, Oil surge
14 November required.
relay/checking of alarm/trip and
March)
gaskets of the terminal box
S/D (Preferable
Calibrate
15 Check the dial type oil gauge period November
March)
S/D (PreferableAny painting or retouching should be done, if
‘inspect paint work
16 period November necessary
March)

10.3.7 Authority Responsible: Substation In-charge/RE/MRT

Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
Checking and cleaning of S/D (PreferableIf operations are more than 10,000, ask
1 diverter contacts period September - manufacturer to be present or else clean the
April) contacts.
Mechanical inspection of S/D (Preferable
Adjust floats, switches etc, as required.
2 Buchholz relays period September -
April)
Vibration measurement for Compare the value with manufacturer factory test
W S/D
3 Shunt reactors only results, if more, and then send the data to
manufacturer for further action.
1 Frequency Response S/D (PreferableBase Signature before commissioning for all Auto 7
4 Analysis period September - Transformers/ Reactors
April)

10.3.8 Four to Five YEARLY Schedules

Authority Responsible: Substation in-charge/RE/MRT
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
S/D(Preferable
Measurement of Winding
1 period September - Compare the value with commissioning tests.
resistance at all taps
April)
S/D(Preferable
2 Low voltage testing period September - Compare the value with commissioning tests.
April)

10.3.9 SOS Schedule

Authority Responsible: Substation in-charge/RE/MRT
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
Recovery Voltage
1 S/D
Measurement

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 Frequency Response
2 S/D
Analysis
3 Testing of Bushing CTs S/D
Filtration/replacement of oil of
4 S/D
OLTC
Filtration/ Degassing of main
5 S/D
tank oil
Measurement of short circuit
6
impedance
Measurement of winding
7
turns ratio
Vibration measurements (for
8
Shunt Reactors only)

Note
I) DGA frequency can be changed with the advice of respective lab/ MRT depending on criticality. For newly
commissioned or re-commissioned units, DGA shall be carried out for (I) before charging (ii) after 24 hrs
from charging (m) after 7 days (iv) after 15 days (v) after 1 month and then (vi) after 3 months.
2) Vibration measurement, 3M and 6M after commissioning and then based on abnormality in sound/vibration.
3) Tanᵟ measurement of Bushing first time after one year from commissioning within guarantee period, then
yearly measurement to be carried out.
4) Tanᵟ measurement of Winding first time after one year from commissioning and then once in every two
years. To be measured as per the following combinations :N/E, N/LV and LV/E for Auto Transformer and for
two winding transformer HV/E, LV/E.

10.4 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER

10.4.1 BREAKER STATUS MONITORING
Authority Responsible: Shift ln-charge
DAILY SCHEDULE
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
If appreciable change is observed compared to
earlier readings, (Temperature compensation to be
1 SF“ density monitoring W S/D A
considered). After temperature, if it is less, then
inform Maintenance Team
2 Gas Pressure W S/D Gas Pressure to be recorded.
Drain the water from air tank W S/D
3
daily
4 Gas pipe W S/D Physical checking
Ensure that heater is working, if not, inform
5 Anti-Condensation heaters
Maintenance Team
Checking of oil leaks from
6 W S/D If any leakage is observed, inform Maintenance
Grading Capacitors
7 Check the oil of compressor W S/D lf filling is required, inform Maintenance Team

BREAKER OPERATION CHECK

Authority Responsible: Maintenance Team/RE/MRT
YEARLY SCHEDULE
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
CB Operating Timings (Main, S/D (During Compare to earlier/commissioning
1
PIR, Aux. Contacts) December to March) test reading

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 S/D (During
Functional checks, duty cycle
December to
2 operation including rapid re-
March E g " 22OkV
closing(O-0.3s-CO)
& 400kV)
S/D(During Compare to earlier/commissioning
3 Static Contact Resistance December to test reading, if it is abnormal, inform
March) manufacturer.
S/D(During
Checking of Pole Discrepancy Check the timing
4 December to
relay
March)
5 Checking of Anti-Pumping relay S/D
S/D(During
Checking of all operation lock-
6 December to
outs
March)
7 Checking of pressure settings S/D

Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory

Sl No Activity
condition
(During
1 Wherever possible December
To March)
Cleaning of Breaker Insulator
S/D period shall be
2 Petticoats
from March to April
S/D (During
Checking of healthiness of
3 November To
Operation Counter
March)
S/D (During
Checking of tightness of all cable
4 November To
terminations in MB
March)
S/D (During
Checking of door sealing gaskets lf found defective replaced
5 November To
of MB
March)
S/D (During lf required, replaced the space
6 Checking of space heater November To heater
March)
Through checking of trip coil S/D (During
7 (Resistance and pick-up voltageNovember To
are to be checked) March)
SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
8
a) SF6 gas leakage test S/D SOS
b) Dew Point measurement of
S/D 2 yearly If dew point is less than -300C, replace the gas.
SF6 gas
9 HYERAULIC OPERATING MECHANISM
a) Checking of oil level W S/D Replenishment/topping up, if
Monthly necessary.
W S/D Replace “o’ ring/Gasket
b) Checking of oil leaks
Monthly
c) Checking of oil pressure drop S/D (During

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 during duty cycleoperation November To
check March)
S/D (During
d) Checking of auto-starting/
November To
stopping of oil Pump
March)
10 ‘PNEUMATIC OPERATING MECHANISM
a) Functional checking -of auto-S/D (During
starting of November To
air compressors and dryers March)
S/D (During
b) Maintenance of compressor November To
March)
c) Maintenance of Air Dryer, if
W S/D Half yearly
provided
S/D (During
d) Checking of air pressure drop
November To
during duty cycle operation
March)

Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory

Sl No Activity
condition
11 SPRING OPERATING MECHANISM
S/D (During
a) ) Lubrication of Chain, Gears November To
March)
S/D (During
b) Checking healthiness and
November To
cleaning of Rollers
March)
c) Checking healthiness of S/D (During
Springs, application of grease if November To
required March)
D) For gang operated CB, check S/D (During Check the alignment, check the
the tightness and alignment of November To tightness of bolts & nuts,
gang lever March)
12 VACCUM CIRCUIT BREAKER
a) Measurement of insulation Record and compare with earlier
resistance across contact (with S/D (During values, if significant difference is
breaker off) and pole to earthNovember To found then report the same to the
with breaker on.( To be done byMarch) manufacturer.
2.5kV meggar or above)
b) High voltage test acrossS/D (During The manufacturer should be asked
contacts of each vacuum November To to conduct the test and if found
interrupter March) faulty, replace
c) Measuring the insulation of S/D (During
The manufacturer should be asked to conduct the
control circuit wiring. November To
test and if found faulty, replace
March)
Daily by Shift-in- Ensure that heater is on an
d) Anti-Condensation heaters
charge working

Note: Dew point for SF6 shall be measured at the time of commissioning then after 6 months and one & half
years of commissioning and thereafter once in every two years.

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 10.5 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR CURRENT TRANSFORMER
VISUAL CHECKING
Authority Responsible: Maintenance Team/RE
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
Checking of Bellow expansion /
W S/D
1 oil level
Monthly
Visual inspection of CT for oil
leakage/oil W S/D
2
level and crack in Insulator etc. Monthly

W S/D (During
Checking of oil leakage in
3 November To
Terminal Box
March)
Thermo-vision Scanning of CT Half yearly termination, check the joints and for
4 W S/D Half yearly
and Topdome top dome temperature inform manufacturer

TESTING& MEASUREMENT
Authority Responsible: Maintenance Team/RE/MRT
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
Measurement of Tanᵟ and
1 S/D (Sept to April) Tanᵟ value above 1%, CT shall be replaced
Capacitance
DGA & testing of other After one month from first
2 S/D yearly
parameters of oil Charging and than yearly
S/D (During If value is less than commissioning inform
3 I.R measurement (Pl, DAR) November To manufacturer
March)
S/D (During March
4 Cleaning of CT bushing
– April)
5 Marshalling Box
S/D (During
a) Checking of healthiness of
November To
gaskets
March)
S/D (During
b) Checking of space heater &
November To
Illumination
March)
S/D (During
c) Checking the tightness of all
November To
connections including earthing
March)
S/D (During
d) Cleaning of marshalling box
November To
and junction box
March)
S/D (During
e) Touch up painting November To
March)

TESTING & MEASUREMENT, SOS

Authority
Responsible: Maintenance Team/RE/MRT
Sl No Activity Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory

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 condition
Measurement of CT Secondary
1 S/D SOS
resistance
2 Magnetization Characteristics S/D SOS
3 CT ratio test S/D SOS
DCA & testing of other parameters of
4 S/D SOS
oil
I R measurement (Pl, DAR) I R
5 S/D SOS
measurement (Pl, DAR)

10.6 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

Authority Responsible: Maintenance Team/RE
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
If the blue silica gel crystals turned pink, these
Check silica gel breather for W S/D
should be reactivated by heating in an oven at
1 colour change Quarterly
about 150°C until the crystal regain the
blue colour.
Disconnect the VT from the supply.
S/D ’ Inspect and clean HV insulators.
Clean the insulators. Check
During Sept — to Inspect the tank paints work. lf the paint work is
2 paints work.
April damaged, repainting should be done immediately.
The face to be painted should be
cleaned for any rust or grease before repainting.
S/D ’
Oil dielectric strength and
3 During Sept — to
moisture content
April

Above schedule is for oil filled PT only, for Hermetically sealed, manufacturer guide lines to be followed.

10.7 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Authority Responsible: Maintenance Team/RE
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
1 VISUAL CHECKS & CLEANING
a)Visual checking of earthing HF S/D ’
point(in case it is not being used During Sept — to
for PLCC) April
b)Checking for any breakage orS/D ’ During Sept
cracks incementing joint — to April
c)Checking of any breakage orS/D ’During Sept —
cracks in HF Bushing to April
d)Checking of oil leaks W S/D Monthly
e)Cleaning of CVT capacitorS/D During Sept —
stacks and tightness of Terminal to April
connections
2 TESTING AND EASUREMENTS
A) Capacitance and Tan6 S/ D
measurement Two Yearly
Drift in Secondary voltage:
b) measurement of secondary W S/D
Healthy: Up to 20.5 V
voltage Half Yearly
Needs monitoring:iO.5 to 10.8 V

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 Needs close monitoring:+0.8
to+1.2 V
Need replacement: Above +2.0 V
Need replacement: Less than (-)
4.0V
c) Testing of EMU tank oil for S/D
BDV( if oil found discoloured) SOS
d) Thermovision Scanning of
W S/D
Capacitor stacks, terminal
Yearly
connector, tank etc g

Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory

Sl No Activity
condition
3 MARSHALLING BOX
a)Checking of space heater & W S/D
Illumination Yearly
b) Checking of healthiness of W S/D
gaskets Yearly
c) Checking and tightness of all S/D
connections including earth Yearly
connections
d) Cleaning of marshalling box S/D
and junction box Yearly

Tan delta & Capacitance test rest test is to be carried out after one year from commissioning and then
In livery two years. For CVTs in which isolation of neutral of intermediate PT is not possible at site
mat for bottom stack and complete CVT is not required to be carried out. However, for top/ middle
less to be conducted in UST mode. Tan-delta up to +0.002 (3yearly), +0.002 to 0.003(yearly), above +0.003
(alarming)in capacitance up to 12% (3yearly), +-2% to +-3%(yearly), Above +-6% (needs replacement)

10.8 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR ISOLATOR AND EARTH SWITCH

Authority Responsible: Maintenance Team/RE
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
1 OPERATING MECHANISM
a) Linkages including S/D During Sept to
transmission gears April
S/D During Sept to
b) Stopper bolts
April
c) Cleaning of auxiliary switch
S/D During Sept to
contacts and greasing with
April
silicon grease
d) Lubrication of operating
S/D During Sept to
mechanism .hinges, lock joints
April
on levers, Bearings
e) Checking tightness of all
W S/D Yearly
mounting bolt
2 ISOLATORS
a) Cleaning and lubrication of S/D During Sept tolf dip pitting or burning of contacts is found, the

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 main contacts April contacts should be immediately replaced. In case
of minor pitting, contacts surface should be
smoothened with sand paper
b)alignment
c) Contact resistance
measurement including contact
assembly and current transfer
assembly
d) Tightness of Bolts, nuts and
pins etc.
e) Cleaning of support insulators
and checking of insulator cracks,
if any
f) Checking of Interlock
(mechanical and electrical)
g)Thermovision scanning W S/D yearly

Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory

Sl No Activity
condition
3 EARTH SWTICH
a) Checking &Alignment of
earthing blades S/D During Sept to
b)C leaning of contacts April
c)contact resistance

10.9 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR LIGHTNING ARRESTER

Authority Responsible: Maintenance Team/REIMRT
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
Normal counting rate 0-5 counts a
year. More than 10 counts are abnormal but can be
explained with a lot of known switching
operations or increased contaminations. ln case of
Reading of surge counter (by
1 S/D Quarterly contamination, wash the arrester as soon as
Maintenance Team)
possible. Counts of the order of 100 per year
indicate low spark over voltage due to interns’
arrester faults. In such case, the arresters
have to be changed.
Leakage current measurement to be
carried out after annual maintenance
during which cleaning of insulator will
be carried out. Third Harmonic
Checking of leakage current Current for LAs in service up to 150
W S/D During Mar-
2 (Third Harmonic Resistive Micro-Amp(normal), 150 to 350
April
Current) Micro-Amp to be tested for insulation
test & if value found low, LA tube
removed from service; beyond 350
Micro-Amp (gapless type) to be
removed from service.
W S/D During Mar-
3 Testing of counters
April
4 Cleaning of LA insulator (byW S/D During Mar-

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 maintenance team) April
measurement of Capacitance and
5 S/D SOS
Tan6 bleach stake
Measurement of Insulation
6 S/D SOS
Resistance

10.10 MAINTENANCESCHEDULE FOR BUS-BAR, JUMPERS, CONNECTORS, CLAMPS

SWITCHYARD ILLUMINATION ETC
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
Measurement of station earth W S/D Value should compared with previous
1 resistance During Mar-April results, however, corrective measures are to be
taken if value is more than 1 ohm.
Checking of earthing connections of
2 W S/D Yearly
all structures
W S/D
3 Cleaning of insulators
During Mar-April
W S/D
4 Checking of Insulators for cracks
During Mar-April
Thermovision Scanning of all Temperature more than 80°, Joints
5 conductor joints, terminal S/D SOS are to be checked or if required
connectors/clamps clamps are to be replaced
For any damage of strands of strung
Damage of strands of strung bus bus, necessary corrective measures
6 S/D SOS
such as repairing or replacing of
conductors.
7 removal of hot spots S/D SOS
re painting, rust removal of all S/D During Oct to
8
structures, equipments etc. April
9 de weeding of switchyard S/D SOS
10 Checking of Illumination System
11 Healthiness of light fittings
12 Check lighting panel, receptacIe panel
13 Tightening of terminals W S/D SOS
Check output supply after fuse in
14 ‘receptacle panel g

10.11 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR BATTERIES AND DC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Authority Responsible: Shift In-Charge/Maintenance Team/RE/MRT
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
Record the total voltage across the
15
battery
Select one cell a “Pilot” and check the
16 specific gravity and temperature of the
electrolyte and record the same.
Check the amount of gas in the cell (if
17
any)
Check the level of the electrolyte in Top up the cells sufficiently with pure distilled
18
the cell water to prevent the level of the electrolyte

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 falling more than 6 mm below normal.
Check the record the specific gravity  This should read within 5 points of the
of the electrolyte in each cell. This reading 1200 at 27°C.
19
should be done immediately before  If any above 5 points add distilled water
commencing the charge/monthly until after further charging, they have

Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory

Sl No Activity
condition
fallen to the correct reading. Then adjust
electrolyte to correct level by withdrawing excess
acid.
equalizing charge and the and of  If they are uniformly below, the cells may
the be insufficiently charged.
monthly equalizing charge.  lf one or two cells are outside these
limits communicate with the manufacturer.
 Specific gravity reading must be
corrected for ambient temperature as
given in the instruction chart.
Equalizing charge of the battery, W S/D Follow the procedure as given in the
20
if required Monthly instruction book
record the details of emergency W S/D
21
and test discharge Monthly
Checking of Emergency DC W S/D
22
lighting to control room Monthly
Checking of any earth fault(lf W S/D
23
E/F relay not provided Monthly
Should there be any corrosion of the metal
work, thoroughly clean the parts affected and
Inspect the cells, battery stand6 months
24 protect from further corrosion by covering
and other fittings
with acid proof paint or petroleum jelly egg.
Vaseline
Apply a film of ‘Vaseline’ to the
down turned lips of lead things
to prevent , acid creepage. Wood,
25 1 year
lead lined-
containers should be wiped over
with inseed oil
The cell should be examined for internal
Any cell showing a bad colour of short circuits such as any be caused by small
plate noticeably lower than the pieces of scale bridging across the plates.
26 other cells in which the platesS/D SOS The sediment should be removed before it
gate unevenly or not at all, builds up to the button edges of the plates as
should be examined. otherwise it will cause internal short circuits in
the cell.
Checking of electrical
connections of charger panel & S/D During ( cot to
27
DCDB panels for tightness andmar)
cleanliness
Checking control cards of
28 charger measurement of test S/D SOS
point voltage valve where ever

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 applicable
Testing of DC E/F relay and S/D During ( oct to
29
Under voltage relay mar)
IR measurement of Charger S/D During ( oct to
30
transformer mar)
Checking of tightness of VRLAS/D During ( oct to
31
battery and dusting/cleaning mar)
Servicing of Air conditioners for S/D During ( oct to
32
VRLA batteries mar)
33 Discharge test of battery set S/D 3 Yrly

10.12 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR CAPACITOR BANK

Authority Responsible: Maintenance Team/RE/MRT
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
Unbalance in Capacitors by
1 S/D monthly
checking open delta voltage
Physical check, Tightness
2
IR Value S/D During Mar-
3
April
Cleaning of insulators bushings S/D during Feb-
4
and lightening of connections April
Capacitance measurement of S/D during Feb-
5
capacitor cells April
Checking of Protection relays for S/D during Feb-
6
adopted settings April
Checking of earth connection S/D during Feb-
7
and foundation April

10.13 MAIINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR WAVE TRAPS

Authority Responsible: Maintenance Team/RE/PLCC WING
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
S/D During Mar-
1 Tightness and Cleanliness
April
General inspection and Cleaning S/D During Mar-
2
of Tuning unit April
S/D During Mar-
3 Thermovision scanning of joints
April
Cleaning of Post Insulators, if S/D during Feb-
4
provided April
5 Repair of Bird Guard SOS

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 10.14 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR PLCC SYSTEM
Authority Responsible: Maintenance Team/RE/PLCC WING
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
Check charger and battery W S/D
1
voltage Daily
2 checking of return loss During Mar-April
3 Power supply measurement During Mar-April
4 Transmitter check During Feb-April
5 Receiver check During Feb-April
6 Check of alarms During Feb-April
7 Reflex test During Feb-April
8 Protection coupler loop test During Feb-April
9 LMU composite Return loss During Feb-April
10 EPAX system SOS Follow recommendations from manufacturer

10.15 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FDR GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR

Authority Responsible: Maintenance Team/RE/MRT WING;
Schedule: Yearly
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
1 VISUAL INSPECTION
2 Heating of Cubicles
Oil level in tank (0perating
3
mechanism) W S/D yearly
4 Hydraulic circuits tightness
5 CB operation counters

10.16 Schedule: 5 yearly Examination

Five yearly examinations of the GIS is considered as minor examination and shall include but not limited to
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
Checking of gas pressure with
1 W S/D
separate precision gauge
Dew point of SF6 gas in CB
2 W S/D
chamber
3 Density switch operation S/D
4 Gas leakages W S/D
Operating time of main &
auxiliary contacts of CB,
5 S/D
mechanical operation of
disconnector and Earth switch
6 Cleaning of air bushings S/D
7 Checking optical indicators and

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 signalling contacts.
Labelling of operating
8 mechanisms and gas
filling valves.
9 Checking of alarm functions S/D
Checking of operating rods for
10 torques in CB ‘poles S/D
disconnections Earth switches
Maintenance of gas handling
11 W S/D
device
Check hydraulic oil in drives (if
12 applicable). If the compartment S/D
is not provided with an absorber
Partial discharge measurement-
UHF
technology is preferred if
13 W S/D
possible- otherwise acoustic PD
measurement is acceptable if
UHF sensor are not available.

10.17 SCHEDULE: Ten Yearly Maintenance

It is considered as major examination with small outage and shall include but not limited to

Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory

Sl No Activity
condition
1 Dew point of SF6 Gas W S/D
Replace oil fitters in CB
operating mechanism (hydraulic
2 S/D
mechanisms type
only)
Replace oil in CB operating
3 mechanism (hydraulic S/D
mechanisms type only)
Lubricate all CB hydraulic terms
4 and cylinders (hydraulic S/D
mechanisms type only
Lubrication of CB operating
5 mechanism (spring drive typeS/D
mechanism)
Lubrication of disconnector
6 S/D
operating mechanism
Lubrication of earth switch
7 S/D
operating mechanism
CB operating arm linkage torque
8 S/D
adjustment
Torque adjustments for
9 S/D
disconnector operating rods
10 Cubicle tightness WS/D

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 10.18 SCHEDULE: Twenty Yearly or Later
This is considered major examination with prolonged outage and shall include the following but not
Limited to:
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
Open CB pole and check contact
1 S/D
condition-replace if necessary
Spring and pin replacement
2 S/D
(spring type mechanisms only)
Full maintenance of complete
3 hydraulic circuit (hydraulic typeS/D
mechanisms only)
Open disconnector pole and
4 check contact it condition- S/D
replace if necessary
Open earth switch pole and
5 check contact condition-replace S/D
if necessary

 Normally depending on specifications all GIS CB’s will comply with lEC 62271-100 tested for about
10000 operating cycles of mechanical duty without significant wear inspection could be done at every
5000close-open cycles for CB’s, 3000 for for earth switches.
 For electrical wear and tear» depending on fault level the manufacturer's be adhered to '
 AUHF PD measuring facility could be available (on newer GIS at least) or UHF sensors may be
installed for testing on the barrier spacer insulators if these are UHF sensors can be fitted, a check with
acoustic PD instrument should be carried out. A

10.19 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR LT SWITCHGEAR, LT TRANSFORMER, LT PANELS etc. '

Authority Responsible: Maintenance Team/RE

Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory

Sl No Activity
condition
1 LT PANELS
a) Cleaning of panels, bus barS/D During Nov-
insulators lsolators etc. Dec
b) Tightness of all electrical S/D During Nov-
connections Dec
c) Checking of Indicating meters WS/D
d) Check for change-over facility W S/D
e) Check operation/Indications in
Off-load condition of MCCB,S/D YEARLY
Air CB
2 LT SWITCHGEARS
Cleaning of insulators and
tightness of terminal connections S/D YEARLY
of CBs. CTs. PTs
3 LT TRANSFORMERS! TERTIARY TRANSFORMERS

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 a) Testing of oil BDV S/D YEARLY
b) or measurement S/D YEARLY
c) Testing/Checking of OTI,
S/D YEARLY
WTI and Buchholz(if provided)

10.20 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR PROTECTION SYSTEM

Authority Responsible: Maintenance Team/RE/MRT Wing
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
1 GENERAL
a) Checking of, Voltage (in W S/D During Nov-
service) for relays Dec
b) Checking of DC logic circuits
W S/D During Nov-
for Trip and Annunciations
Dec
including timers by simulation
c) Calibration of panel
meters(indicating/Recording in
W/S/D
along with the transducers)
instruments
2 LINE PROTECTION
Reach check for all 4 zones
Time measurement
Power swing blocking check
SOTF
W S/D Yearly
VT Fuse failure check
Polarization check
Opto-coupler inputs check
DC supply monitoring checks

Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory

Sl No Activity
condition
1 I) Self diagnostic signals check
2 Phase sequence check
3 Stability check
4 Fault locator initiation check
5 AUTO-RECLOSE RELAY S/D Yearly
OVER VOLTAGE
6 S/D Yearly
PROTECTION
COMMON TESTS FOR ALL
7
PROTECTIONS
a) Trip contacts check
b) Annunciation check
c) Check for carrier send
S/D Yearly
d) Auxiliary relays healthiness
e) Fault locator initiation check
f) DC logic
8 REACTOR PROTECTION
a) Reactor back up impedance
S/D Yearly
bj» Carrier send for remote trip

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 c) Auxiliary relays (Buchholz,
PRD, WTI,
d) OTI, SPR etc)
e) Reactor differential protection
9 REF protection
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Over fluxing relay
b) Over load
Directional over current
Auxiliary relays (Buchholz,
PRD, WTI,OTI, Oil Surge Relay
S/D Yearly
etc)
Transformer differential
protection
Restricted earth fault
LBB PROTECTION
10 BUS BAR PROTECTION
a) Primary Injection Test S/D SOS
b) Protection stability and
S/D SOS
sensitivity checks
c) Bus Bar Protection Relay
S/D 2 Yearly
checking

Note: The tests listed above for Distance Protection W S/D may be carried out without a Line S/D providing
I) Proper isolation of the relay under test.
ii) The other Main Protection of the Line is healthy and is in service.

10.21 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR RTUs

Authority Responsible: Maintenance Team/RE/PLCC Wing
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
If the battery charger is found faulty,
1 Checking of Battery& Charger Daily
it should be replaced
Checking of transmitter level and
2 fortnight Adjusting of level
speech level
Check analog and digital values Monthly ' Check for communication and report
3
with field values the manufacturer
Check control command receipt Yearly Check the control command communication
4
and feedback status pathway and report the manufacturer.

10.22 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR SLDC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Authority Responsible: PLCC Wing
Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory
Sl No Activity
condition
1 Main route channel checks Daily
2 Data and Data Channel check Fortnightly
Point to Point and multi drop
3 Monthly
checks

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 10.23 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR NIFPS AND FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM
Authority Responsible: Maintenance Team/RE

Condition Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory

Sl No Activity
condition
1 Re-filling of Fire Extinguisher SOS Prior to Re-filling, mock drill may be exercised
W S/D Check whether the sand buckets are position and
2 Sand bucket
Fortnightly filled with sand
If Nitrogen pressure is less, check for
Check the Nitrogen pressure ofW S/D
3 leakage at valve/regulator and replaced the Nitro
NIFPS Fortnightly
cylinder of requisite pressure
The S/D time may be synchronise
Check the logic circuits for
4 S/D Yearly with yearly schedule of transformer
Prevention mode of NIFPS
testing
Check the logic circuit for Do
5 S/D Yearly
Extinction mode
Simulate the NIFPS system in
6 S/D Yearly
test mode

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 10.24 Standard Operating procedure for 220kV Main-I & Main II cum transfer bus.

1. The above diagram is the single line diagram of 220kV Sarusajai GSS. Assuming that the all the CB are
open and the substation will be charged from karbi langpi.
2. We will coordinating with SLDC and get the charging code.
3. All the earth switch should be open. This earth switch cannot be operated from SAS. So, physical
verification from field is must.

4. We will also ensure that all the 86 master trip relay and 96 LBB trip relay are reset.
5. All the CB, isolator should be in remote position.
6. The carrier switch should be in IN position.
7. The Busbar protection should be in IN position.
8. The PT selection in line bay should be toward CVT selection.
9. We should also ensure that all IED are reporting to SAS. If not reporting there might be problem with
FO cable assuming that no one had tried to put IED online through software and have changed any
configuration.
10. If charging is permitted, we will close the langpi line I&II both line & main-I bus isolator. This can be
done from SAS but physical inspection and confirmation of proper closing has to be ensured from field

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 for further charging. If any phase isolator is not closed properly it will result in immediate tripping due
to unbalance of current.
11. We will also ensure that the isolator close status is fed correctly to the BCU/SAS. Because with proper
isolator close status the CB will not from SAS.
12. We will then coordinate with langpi end to charge the line from their end.
13. Now the line is charge till CVT at sarusajai end.
14. We will then observe the each phase CVT voltage i.e Vr, Vy &Vb. It should be equal and if there is any
phase voltage missing there is open jumper and need immediate rectification.
15. If the 220kV bus is dead, we will close the CB from SAS/CRP. In such charging the relay would
consider as live line dead bus charging and the operation is permitted by the BCU/IED. However if the
220kV bus was already charge from Mirza end, then the BCU would consider it as live line live bus
charging. In other word it will monitor all the condition need to be satisfied for proper synchronizing. If
the voltage difference between CVT voltage of langpi line and bus PT voltage is more than 0.15 p.u it
will not permit for charging. Similarly for phase difference of more than 30 deg and frequency
difference of 0.1-0.2 HZ it will not permit for charging.
16. If the synchronizing parameters are within limit then the closing of CB of langpi line is permitted form
BCU.
17. Once the line is charged check all three phases current. These currents should be equal. If we are getting
the all phases CVT voltage and there is one phase current missing then there is open circuit in secondary
CT wiring and immediate manual trip of CB is required. Otherwise it would develop high voltage and
CT would burst. Actually this tightness of CT circuit should be check before hand to avoid electrical
hazard.
18. If during charging the line it tripped immediately showing SOTF and there is a direct earthing in the
switchyard which was left unattended. Therefore proper inspection earth switch (open) is must before
charging.
19. Once the line is charged we shouldn’t make any alteration to PT selection switch. Doing this might
result in tripping of line in distance zone protection. Because there is zero voltage momentarily.
However some relay able to provide necessary blocking in such situation.
20. Now that the 220kV bus is charged we can extend it 100 MVA, 220/132kV Autotransformer.
21. With coordination with SLDC and if permitted for charging 100 MVA. The HV side and LV side
isolator can be closed and physical confirmation about contact making is to be done.
22. Before charging all local/remote switch in transformer marshalling box, control & relay panel, RTCC
CB and isolator should be in remote position.
23. All the oil, winding temperature should be recorded before charging.
24. If there is any earlier transformer valve operation, it is to be ensure that all required valve is open.
25. We should reset all the trip relays.
26. The LV side CB should be opened.
27. If proper isolator status is maintained the CB will be close from SAS. Closing the CB will charge the
transformer.
28. Once the transformer is charged it shouldn’t be immediately load. For first time charging the
transformer, after energizing, the transformer has to be kept under careful observation for the first 12
hours. Check and record the oil temperature, the winding temperature, its instrumentation, the tank
pressure (if applicable) and ambient temperature. Watch particularly for any sudden changes.
29. After 15 minutes we can close the LV CB and charged the 132kV bus.
30. Once the 132kV bus is charged we will monitor the three phase voltage in 132kV PT.
31. If everything is normal then we will close 132kV line/transformer CB one by one so that the transformer
is loaded gradually.
32. Now the load can be extended till 33kV with proper coordination with SLDC and substation.
33. Now suppose if the incoming 220kV line suddenly tripped resulting in complete dead of 220kV bus.
Then we will first make a preliminary note of all the indication shown for tripping from CRP or SAS.
34. We can also charged the line only by resetting the 86 & 96 relay without resetting the LED indication in
the IED or acknowledging the annuciator in SAS. Later we can make a proper note of all the indication
that was shown while tripping.

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 35. However in such sudden tripping of 220kV incomer line, before charging again the line we should
ensure that all the downstream CB (33kV, 132kV, 220kV) line or transformer should be manual tripped.
Or in other word the load should be zero.
36. In case of line after charging we should monitor the all the three phase current and voltage for any
abnormality. If this is normal then we should also check that positive sequence current (I1) and voltage
(U1) in the line IED. This positive sequence current & voltage should be more then negative sequence
current (I2) and voltage (U2). Only if this is satisfied the distance relay will operate in forward
direction. This factor is important in case of distance relay to operate correctly.
37. If we seek any 220kV shutdown, we will first open the CB and then the line & bus isolator. The earth
switch should be closed in coordination with remote end substation.
38. If there is any problem with the CB of line or transformer and need immediate rectification, we can
attend the CB by transferring the protection to the buscoupler CB through the main-II cum transfer bus.
This scheme is call trip transfer scheme.
39. If 220kV Langpi CB needs to be attended then we will first open the main CB of langpi line. This CB
can be attended without much interruption by trip transfer scheme. However there must be alternate
incoming source of power. In this case if power is imported from mirza in bus –I.
40. After that we will open the line and main-I bus isolator of langpi feeder and will close only the main-II
bus isolator.
41. Then we will close the two buscoupler isolator.
42. We will also close the transfer isolator of langpi bay 89T.
43. In the langpi CRP we need to put the trip transfer switch to transfer position. Doing this would transfer
the protection trip from distance and back up relay of langpi panel to buscoupler panel CB provided
proper wiring is done to implement trip transfer scheme.
44. Now we will close the buscoupler CB. Doing this will again charged the line. The only difference is that
in case of any fault in the langpi line instead of tripping its main CB it will trip the buscoupler CB which
will disconnect the line.
45. Thermal imaging camera must be used to detect any loose primary connection.
46. In most of the substations under AEGCL there is two 33kV bus with one sectionalizer 33kV isolator.

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 47. If both the transformer I&II LV CB is close this sectionalizer shouldn’t be open in any condition
manually or remotely as it is loaded. Proper interlock logic should be implemented for this isolator.
48. Also if transformer-I is charged with load of 33kV Narengi and uzanbazar feeder this sectionalizer
shouldn’t be open during loading condition. This logic also needs to be implemented in SAS.

10.25 Operation and Maintenance of a Gas Insulated Substation

A major difference between conventional air insulated substations (AIS) and the gas insulated substations
(GIS) is that the SF6 gas insulated electrical components are placed within an earthed, pressurized
metallic container. This is a significant change in operating the switchgear with circuit breakers,
disconnectors, and earth switches because there is no direct observation or visual contact of the open or
closed disconnect switch gap or the open or closed earthing switch status.
Besides this difference, other special operating characteristics are related to view ports, cameras,
endoscopes, induced currents in the metallic containers, alarms, local control cubicles, remote control,
mimic schemes, gas zone, unmanned substations, etc.

10.25.1 Interlocking Principles

Because of the compactness of a GIS substation, and the apparent difficulty in readily identifying the
different active elements, it is accustomed practice to electrically and/or mechanically interlock circuit
breakers, disconnect switches, earthing switches, transmission lines, and transformer banks.
The three main demands for an interlocking system are:
1. A disconnect switch has to be stopped from interrupting or making load current.
2. A disconnect switch has to be stopped from closing into a earthed bus.
3. An earthing switch has to be stopped from closing on to an energized bus.

A few examples of interlocking are presented. Typical example involves the breaker status including the circuit
breaker, a disconnect switch on each side of the circuit breaker, and two earthing switches. Each earthing switch
is between one of the disconnect switches and the circuit breaker. The main bus and the transmission line are
assumed to be energized.
1. For the first example, the circuit breaker is closed and is either energized or de-energized.
The two earthing switches are open. The two disconnect switches need to be stopped from being
closed or opened, therefore stopping the disconnect switch from either interrupting or making
load current. Therefore, interlocking rule 1 is satisfied.
2. For the second example, assume that the circuit breaker is out of service and de-energized,
and that one or both of the two earthing switches are closed. The interlocking mechanism stops
either of the two disconnect switches from being closed, stopping them from connecting an
energized circuit into a earthed bus. Therefore, interlocking rule is satisfied.
3. Conversely, for the third example, the circuit breaker is energized (open or closed) and one or
both of the disconnect switches are closed. The interlocking mechanism stops either of the two
earthing switches from being closed, stopping them from closing on to an energized bus.
Therefore, interlocking rule 3 is satisfied.
4. A fourth example includes switching device on opposite voltage sides of a transformer bank.
If a high speed earthing switch on one side of a transformer bank is closed, effectively earthing
the transformer bank, the disconnect switches isolating the transformer bank on the opposite
side will be stopped from being closed into the earthed transformer. Therefore, interlocking
requirement 2 is satisfied.
5. Conversely, a fifth example also includes the transformer bank. If one or both of the isolating
disconnect switches on one side of a transformer bank are closed or earthed, the high speed
earthing switch on the opposite side of the transformer bank will be stopped from being closed
into the energized transformer. Therefore, interlocking requirement 3 is satisfied.

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 6. A sixth example includes the switching element of a transmission line. The most practical
method of interlocking is to observe the voltage on the transmission line and stop the high speed
earthing switch from being closed if there is system voltage present on the transmission line.
Therefore, interlocking requirement 3 is satisfied.
7. A seventh example includes the main bus. If the high speed earthing switch on the main bus
is closed, all of the disconnect switches that are connected to that same main bus are stopped
from closing. Therefore, interlocking requirement 2 is satisfied.
8. Conversely, an eighth example also includes the main bus. If one or more of the disconnect
switches connected to the main bus are closed, the high speed earthing switch connected to that
main bus is stopped from closing. Therefore, interlocking requirement is satisfied.
There may be other interlocking requirements for disconnect switches and earthing switches. For instance, if the
motor of a switch is running, the manual method of operating the switch will be blocked. If the manual method
of operating the switch is engaged, energizing the motor will be blocked.

All these interlocking mechanisms are through hardware wiring and this is also being done in SAS logic.

10.25.2 Alarms In order to efficiently operate a GIS substation, the status of the devices has to be permanently
monitored similar to monitoring the devices in an air insulated substation (AIS). Nevertheless, due to
the criticality of the SF6 insulation system gas monitoring in a GIS is much more extensive than in AIS.
Commonly, the below listed alarms are used:

- Low SF6 alarm in circuit breaker operating mechanism pressure meaning that the circuit breaker can
no longer open or close in this case the protection arrangement may be designed to block any operation.
It has to be noted that in addition to providing insulation, in majority of puffer type circuit breakers the
gas is also used as a damper/cushion for the operating mechanism.
- Low circuit breaker operating mechanism pressure (pneumatic, hydraulic or spring).
- Low gas density (roughly 90%) in each gas chamber and zone meaning a gas leak.
- Low–low gas density (roughly 80%) in each gas chamber and zone meaning that the dielectric ratings
of the devices can no longer be met.
- Overcurrent operation of the circuit breaker mechanism’s motor protective circuit
- Excessive circuit breaker operating mechanism’s run-time of the motor providing operating energy
- Pole disagreement operation
- Loss of voltage to the circuit breaker mechanism’s motor providing operating energy
- Loss of DC control voltage to the annunciator in the LCC
- Loss of the DC control voltage or voltages to the circuit breakers
- The SF6 gas pressure signals that are configured in SAS or can be observe in pressure gauge for each
bay are:
 SF6 low in CB Chamber
 SF6 low in the isolator chamber connected to Bus I.
 SF6 low in the isolator chamber connected to Bus II.
 SF6 low in main bus I chamber
 SF6 low in main bus II chamber
 SF6 low in line isolator chamber
 SF6 low in bus duct chamber
- Any SF6 gas pressure low alarm must be treated with high priority and need immediate isolation with
consultation with MRT or T&C.

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 10.26 GIS Switching

In this specific situation, the portion of the substation is energized. The transmission bay no 4 has to be taken out
of for maintenance on the transmission line. An operator has been instructed to take the line out of service. The
operator has received instructions to remove the transmission line 4 from service. The operator is more
experienced in AIS then GIS. These is the steps that he needs to follow.
1. Upon reaching the substation, the operator checks the annunciator that there are no alarms showing
low gas pressure in chambers of bay 4. He also finds out that the overall appearance of the circuit
breakers and disconnect switches is completely different from what he is used to seeing in an AIS.
Moreover, he finds out that there are no open air conductors visible in the station, helpful for tracing the
path of power flow and applying portable grounds. He is highly dependent on precise signage to give
guidance to operate the correct elements.
2. The operator checks that the station is in normal operation and all disconnect switches and circuit
breakers are closed and all earthing switches are open. The status indicators in the LCC show the status.
3. In the specific LCC the operator finds the control handle for circuit breaker for bay 4 and moves it to
the opening position. He hears the circuit breaker open and finds out that the indicating lights change
from red to green, defining an open circuit breaker
4. The control element for disconnect switch 89A (Line isolator) in gas compartment is then found and
manipulated. The noise from the motor driving the disconnect switch open can be heard and the status
lights change from red to green, defining an open disconnect switch.
5. The control element for disconnect switch 89B (bus isolator) in gas chamber is then found and
manipulated. Again, the noise from the motor driving the disconnect switch open can be heard and the
status lights change from red to green, defining an open disconnect switch.
6. The control devices for associated earthing switches are then found in the LCC and individually
operated. The noise from the motor driving each earthing switch closed can be individually heard and
the status lights change from green to red, defining closed earthing switches.

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 7. The operator then moves to the nearby LCC containing circuit breaker of bay 5. Unintentionally, the
operator operates the control device for disconnect switch (line isolator) in gas chamber before opening
the circuit breaker. Because of the interlocking that stops a disconnect switch from interrupting load
current, nothing happens and there is no damage. The operator steps back, reviews what he just did, and
understands that he had tried to complete an inappropriate switching process. He then continues to
correctly complete the similar function of first opening the circuit breaker, followed by opening the
adjacent disconnect switches, and lastly closing the earthing switches, as was done in the previous steps.

8. The operator’s instructions demand that the blades of the disconnect switches and earthing switches
be visually checked for the correct status. In AIS, a brief glance at the blades would have done the
verification. Because this is a GIS, the blades are enclosed in an opaque metallic chamber and are not
readily visible. Nevertheless, since each of the viewing ports has previously been clearly, and uniquely
labeled as to phase and switch designation, each viewing port is readily found. With the aid of a
flashlight, the statuses of the blades are checked.

9. As the operator was checking the status of the switch blades, he notes that the mechanical semaphores
on the operating mechanisms for the circuit breakers and disconnect switches show that all phases are
open. The mechanical semaphores on the operating mechanisms for the earthing switches show that
they are closed.
10. The dispatcher now reports to supervision that the transmission line 4 has been de-energized and
completed. He also asks for the status of the switching at the opposite end of the transmission line 4 and
demands permission to proceed to ground the line. The remote end of the transmission line 4 has been
de-energized and he gets the required approval.
11. The operator comes back to the LCC that contains the control device for high speed earthing switch,
finds and operates the controls, hears the noise from the motor driving the earthing switch closed, and
observes that the status lights change from green to red, defining a closed earthing switch.
12. With the help of a handheld flashlight, the statuses of the three blades of the high speed earthing
switch are found to be in the correct fully closed position.
13. The operator now informs the supervisor that the transmission line 4 line has been earthed and that
he is coming back to base.

10.27 Maintenance
GIS equipment has showed great reliability over the last several decades. GIS factories are promoting a
“maintenance-free” approach. This does not mean that maintenance is not needed at all, but practice has showed
that very minimum maintenance is required for GIS installation in comparison to other substation technologies.
Following paragraphs focus on different aspects of maintenance and operation of GIS installations.
10.27.1 Typical Maintenance Processes
GIS manufacturers provide end users with suggested maintenance plans. These plans can insignificantly differ
between manufacturers but the basic principles are as follows.

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 10.27.2 Visual Verification
On a frequent basis (few times a year), it is suggested to complete a visual inspection of all GIS devices. The
equipment does not require de-energization. The objective of this inspection is to verify that there is no sign of
unexpected wear or equipment disoperation. Common operations completed during this inspection are:
- Examine compressor run times and adequate operation for pneumatic systems. In the case of spring operators
conduct a visual inspection for any defects.
- Verify oil pressure and tightness.
- Note down switching equipment operations using the operation counters.
- Record and verify SF6 density using meters or installed probes.
- Verify adequate functioning of low voltages devices.

10.27.3 Minor Verification

This verification can be completed every 5–10 years on GIS devices but the verification can also depend on a
number of operations of switching elements. The objective is to verify the adequate operation of all switching
elements. For this, the corresponding equipment has to be de-energized.
Laboratory assessment of the gas may assist in identifying unusual wear, insulator defects or other problems due
to arcing or partial discharge and can be repaired before it degenerates to an unexpected major fault.
This maintenance procedure does not demand opening gas chambers. Common operations completed during this
inspection are:
- Verification of SF6 by-product and impurity content (SO2 and moisture, in situations when chambers
are not equipped with absorbers)
- Verification of SF6 pressures (density)
- Find any SF6 leakages (in case of alarms since the last verification)
- Verification of SF6 gas purity

- Verify proper operation of pressure switches, in the case of hydraulic mechanism use
- Verification of SF6 density relay operations
- Verification of control and alarm functions
- Verify the correct alignment and operation of position indicators
- Note down and verify circuit breakers operating times (from auxiliary switches) Exercise the circuit
breakers and switching elements

10.27.4 Major Verification

This verification can be completed every 15–20 years but it strongly depends on the number of operations of
switching equipment. Typically, major verifications are more condition-based than time-based maintenance.
Opening of some chambers may be needed during such verifications.
In addition to the tasks completed during minor verifications, the common operations completed during major
inspections are:
- Lubrication of different linkages and drives
- Replacement of gaskets and absorbers when chambers are opened
- Record and verification of travel curves for circuit breakers
- Opening and verification of the switching elements if they have reached the limits suggested by the
GIS manufacturers

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 - Overhaul of the hydraulic mechanism with oil, filter, and switches replacement plus maintenance on
the rams and drive mechanisms. Inspection of the circuit breaker interrupter mechanism including
nozzles and contacts
10.27.5 Repairing SF6 Gas Leakage
SF6 gas leakage is an important concern on numerous levels including the environmental effects, degradation of
the GIS insulation system integrity and gas cost. Releases of SF6 are also becoming reportable incidents in some
countries due to the atmospheric greenhouse gas effects. In GIS installations most leaks are discovered during
the initial assembly and are related to flange mis-alignment, pinched O-rings or gaskets and dirty or corroded
surfaces. Leaks are also assigned to wrongly installed by-pass piping, loose flange nuts, poor gas density gauge
mounting, and similar instrumentation adjustments.
Once a gas density meter has indicated a loss of gas problem, bagging and using an electronic sensor is one way
to discover leakage. Other proven ways include using soap/snoop liquid that will create bubbling and IR
cameras are available that “detect” the leakage. Once the leak is discovered, it should be highlighted and
documented.
Simple fixes like tightening a fitting may be done quickly, nevertheless a major leak as in the case of a pinched
O-ring will likely demand an outage, gas removal of the impacted zone, disassembly and cleaning the flange, O-
ring replacement, reassembly, pressurized testing, bus evacuation and refilling. Dependent on the repair size a
high voltage test may also be a wise step to both verify that no foreign materials are in the bus and allow for
particle conditioning or movement into low potential traps. Tripping a test set due to a problem is far better than
a fault happening with a transmission line and system connected. All these steps for a big bus section may
demand a several days or a week.

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 APPENDIX

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 APPENDIX 1: ANSI & IEC RELAY SYMBOL
6. Starting circuit breaker is a device whose
IEEE device numbers and functions principal function is to connect a machine to its
for switchgear apparatus source of starting voltage.
The devices in switching equipments are referred to 7 Rate-of-rise relay is a relay that functions
by numbers, with appropriate suffix on an excessive rate of rise of current.
letters when necessary, according to the functions 8 Control power disconnecting device is a
they perform. These numbers are based on a system disconnecting device, such as a knife switch, circuit
adopted as standard for automatic switchgear by breaker, or pull-out fuse block, used for the purpose
IEEE, and incorporated in American Standard C37.2- of respectively connecting and disconnecting the
1979. This system is used in connection diagrams, in source of control power to and from the control bus or
instruction books, and in specifications. equipment.
9 Reversing device is used for the purpose of
Device number reversing a machine field or for performing any other
Definition and function reversing functions.
1 Master element is the initiating device, such as a 10 Unit sequence switch is used to change the
control switch, voltage relay, float switch etc., that sequence in which units may be placed in and out of
serves either directly, or through such service in multiple-unit equipment.
permissive devices as protective and time-delay 11 Multifunction device is a device that performs
relays, to place an equipment in or out of operation. three or more comparatively important functions that
2 Time-delay starting or closing relay is a device could only be designated by combining several of
that functions to give a desired amount of time delay these device function numbers. All of the functions
before or after any point of operation in a switching performed by device 11 shall be defined in the
sequence or protective relay system, except as drawing legend or device function list.
specifically provided by device functions 48, 62 and 12 Overspeed device is usually a directconnected
79 described later. speed switch that functions
3 Checking or interlocking relay is a device that on machine overspeed.
operates in response to the position of a number of 13 Synchronous-speed device, such as a centrifugal
other devices, (or to a number of predetermined speed switch, a slip frequency relay, a voltage relay,
conditions), in an equipment to an undercurrent relay, or any other type of device that
allow an operating sequence to proceed, to stop, or to operates at approximately the synchronous speed of a
provide a check of the position of these devices or of machine.
these conditions for any purpose. 14 Underspeed device functions when the speed of a
4 Master contactor is a device, generally controlled machine falls below a pre-determined value.
by device No. 1 or equivalent, and the required 15 Speed or frequency matching device functions to
permissive and protective devices, that serve to make match and hold the speed or the frequency of a
and break the necessary control circuits to place an machine or of a system equal to, or approximately
equipment into operation under the desired conditions equal to, that of another
and to take it out of operation under other or abnormal machine, source, or system.
conditions. 16 Reserved for future application
5 Stopping device is a control device used primarily 17 Shunting or discharge switch serves to open or to
to shut down an equipment and hold it out of close a shunting circuit around any piece of apparatus
operation. [This device may be manually or (except a resistor), such as a machine field, a machine
electrically actuated, but excludes the function of armature, a capacitor, or a reactor.
electrical lockout (see device function 86) on Note: This excludes devices that perform such
abnormal conditions.] shunting operations as may be necessary in the
process of starting a machine by devices 6 or 42, or
their equivalent, and also excludes device 73 function
that serves for the switching of resistors.

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 18 Accelerating or decelerating device is used to 31 Separate excitation device connects a circuit,
close or to cause the closing of circuits that are used such as the shunt field of a synchronous converter, to
to increase or decrease the speed of a machine. a source of separate excitation during the starting
19 Starting-to-running transition contactor is a sequence; or one which energizes the excitation and
device that operates to initiate or cause the automatic ignition circuits of a power rectifier.
transfer of a machine from the starting to the running 32 Directional power relay is a relay that operates on
power connection. a predetermined value of power flow in a given
20 Electrically operated valve is an electrically direction or upon reverse power flow such as that
operated, controlled, or monitored valve used in a resulting from the motoring of a generator upon loss
fluid, air, gas, or vacuum line. of its prime
Note: The function of the valve may be indicated by mover.
the use of the suffixes, see page 11. 33 Position switch makes or breaks contact when the
21 Distance relay is a relay that functions main device or piece of apparatus that has no device
when the circuit admittance, impedance, or reactance function number reaches a given position.
increases or decreases beyond a predetermined value. 34 Master sequence device is a device such as a
22 Equalizer circuit breaker is a breaker motor operated multicontact switch, or the equivalent,
that serves to control or to make and break the or a programming device, such as a computer, that
equalizer or the current balancing connections for a establishes or determines the
machine field, or for regulating equipment, in a operating sequence of the major devices in an
multiple unit installation. equipment during starting and stopping or during
23 Temperature control device functions to raise or other sequential switching operations.
to lower the temperature of a machine or other 35 Brush-operating or slip-ring shortcircuiting
apparatus, or of any medium, when its temperature device is used for raising, lowering or shifting the
falls below or rises above a predetermined value. brushes of a machine; short-circuiting its slip rings; or
24 Volts per hertz relay is a relay that functions engaging or disengaging the contacts of a mechanical
when the ratio of voltage to frequency exceeds a rectifier.
preset value. The relay may have an instantaneous or 36 Polarity or polarizing voltage device
a time characteristic. operates, or permits the operation of, another device
25 Synchronizing or synchronismcheck on a predetermined polarity only or that
device operates when two ac circuits are within the verifies the presence of a polarizing voltage in an
desired limits of frequency, phase angle, or voltage to equipment.
permit or to cause the paralleling of these two circuits. 37 Undercurrent or underpower relay functions
26 Apparatus thermal device functions when the when the current or power flow decreases below a
temperature of the protected apparatus (other than the predetermined value.
load carrying windings of machines and transformers 38 Bearing protective device functions on excessive
as covered by device function number 49) or of a bearing temperature or on other abnormal mechanical
liquid or conditions associated with the bearing, such as undue
other medium exceeds a predetermined value; or wear, which may eventually result in excessive
when the temperature of the protected apparatus or of bearing temperature or failure.
any medium decreases below a predetermined value. 39 Mechanical condition monitor is a device that
27 Undervoltage relay is a relay that operates when functions upon the occurrence of an abnormal
its input voltage is less than a predetermined value. mechanical condition (except that associated with
28 Flame detector is a device that monitors the bearings as covered under device function 38), such
presence of the pilot or main flame in such apparatus as excessive vibration, eccentricity, expansion, shock,
as a gas turbine or a steam boiler. tilting, or seal failure.
29 Isolating contactor is used expressly for 40 Field relay functions on a given or abnormally
disconnecting one circuit from another for the low value or failure of machine field current, or on an
purposes of emergency excessive value of the reactive component of
operation, maintenance, or test. armature current in an ac machine indicating
30 Annunciator relay is a nonautomatically abnormally low field excitation.
reset device that gives a number of separate visual 41 Field circuit breaker is a device that functions to
indications upon the functioning of protective devices apply or remove the field excitation of a machine.
and that may also be arranged to perform a lock-out 42 Running circuit breaker is a device whose
function. principal function is to connect a machine to its

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 source of running or operating voltage. This function 53 Exciter or dc generator relay is a relay that
may also be used for a device, such as a contactor, forces the dc machine field excitation to build up
that is used in series with a circuit breaker or other during starting or that functions when the machine
fault protecting means, primarily for frequent opening voltage has built up to a given value.
and closing of the circuit. 54 Turning gear engaging device is an electrically
43 Manual transfer or selector device is a manually operated, controlled, or monitored device that
operated device that transfers the control circuits in functions to cause the turning gear to engage (or
order to modify the plan of operation of the switching disengage) the machine shaft.
equipment or of some of the devices. 55 Power factor relay is a relay that operates when
44 Unit sequence starting relay is a relay that the power factor in an ac circuit rises above or falls
functions to start the next available unit in multiple below a predetermined value.
unit equipment upon the failure or nonavailability of 56 Field application relay is a relay that
the normally preceding unit. automatically controls the application of the field
45 Atmospheric condition monitor is a device that excitation to an ac motor at some predetermined point
functions upon the occurrence of an abnormal in the slip cycle.
atmospheric condition, such as damaging fumes, 57 Short-circuiting or grounding device is a
explosive mixtures, smoke, or fire. primary circuit switching device that functions to
46 Reverse-phase or phase-balance current relay is short circuit or ground a circuit in response to
a relay that functions when the polyphase currents are automatic or manual means.
of reverse phase sequence or when the polyphase 58 Rectification failure relay is a device that
currents are unbalanced or contain negative phase- functions if a power recitifier fails to conduct or block
sequence components above a given amount. properly.
47 Phase-sequence or phase-balance voltage relay 59 Overvoltage relay is a relay that operates when its
functions upon a predetermined value of polyphase input voltage is higher than a predetermined value.
voltage in the desired phase sequence, or when the 60 Voltage or current balance relay is a relay that
polyphase voltages are unbalanced, or when the operates on a given difference in voltage, or current
negative phase-sequence voltage exceeds a given input or output, of two circuits.
amount. 61 Density switch or sensor is a device that operates
48 Incomplete sequence relay is a relay that on a given value, or a given rate of change, of gas
generally returns the equipment to the normal, or off, density.
position and locks it out if the normal starting, 62 Time-delay stopping or opening relay is a time-
operating, or stopping sequence is not properly delay relay that serves in conjunction with the device
completed within a predetermined that initiates the shutdown, stopping, or opening
time. If the device is used for alarm purposes only, it operation in an automatic
should preferably be designated as 48A (alarm). sequence or protective relay system.
49 Machine or transformer thermal relay is a relay 63 Pressure switch is a switch that operates
that functions when the temperature of a machine on given values, or on a given rate of change, of
armature winding or other load-carrying winding or pressure.
element of a machine or power 64 Ground detector relay is a relay that operates
transformer exceeds a predetermined value. upon failure of machine or other apparatus insulation
50 Instantaneous overcurrent relay is a relay that to ground, or on flashover of a dc machine to ground.
functions instantaneously on an excessive value of 65 Governor is the assembly of fluid, electrical, or
current. mechanical control equipment used for regulating the
51 Ac time overcurrent relay is a relay with either a flow of water, steam, or other media to the prime
definite or inverse time characteristic that functions mover for such purposes as starting, holding speed or
when the ac input current exceeds a predetermined load, or
value, and in which the input current and operating stopping.
time are independently related or inversely related 66 Notching or jogging device functions to allow
through a substantial portion of the performance only a specified number of operations of a given
range. device or equipment, or a specified number of
52 Ac circuit breaker is a device that is used to close successive operations within a given time of each
and interrupt an ac power circuit under normal other. It is also a device that functions to energize a
conditions or to interrupt this circuit under fault or circuit periodically or for fractions of specified time
emergency conditions. intervals, or that is used to permit intermittent

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 acceleration or jogging of a machine at low speeds for 78 Phase-angle measuring or out-ofstep
mechanical positioning. protective relay is a relay that functions at a
67 Ac directional overcurrent relay is a relay that predetermined phase angle between two voltages, or
functions on a desired value of ac overcurrent flowing between two currents, or between
in a predetermined direction. voltage and current.
68 Blocking relay is a relay that initiates a pilot 79 Ac reclosing relay is a relay that controls the
signal for blocking of tripping on external faults in a automatic reclosing and locking out of an ac circuit
transmission line or in other apparatus under interrupter.
predetermined conditions, or that cooperates with 80 Flow switch is a switch that operates on given
other devices to block tripping or to block reclosing values, or on a given rate of change, of flow.
on an out-of-step 81 Frequency relay is a relay that responds to the
condition or on power swings. frequency of an electrical quantity, operating when
69 Permissive control device is generally, the frequency or rate of change of frequency exceeds
a two-position device that in one position permits the or is less than a
closing of a circuit breaker, or the placing of an predetermined value.
equipment into operation, and in the other position 82 Dc load-measuring reclosing relay is a relay that
prevents the circuit breaker or the equipment from controls the automatic closing and reclosing of a dc
being operated. circuit interrupter, generally in response to load
70 Rheostat is a variable resistance device used in an circuit conditions.
electric circuit which is electrically operated or has 83 Automatic selective control or transfer relay is a
other electrical accessories, such as auxiliary, relay that operates to select automatically between
position, or limit switches. certain sources or conditions in an equipment or that
71 Level switch is a switch that operates on given performs a transfer operation automatically.
values, or on a given rate of change, of level. 84 Operating mechanism is the complete
72 Dc circuit breaker is used to close and interrupt a electrical mechanism or servomechanism, including
dc power circuit under normal conditions or to the operating motor, solenoids, position switches, etc.,
interrupt this circuit under fault or emergency for a tap changer, induction regulator, or any similar
conditions. piece of apparatus that otherwise has no device
73 Load-resistor contactor is used to shunt or insert function
a step of load limiting, shifting, or indicating number.
resistance in a power circuit, or to switch a space 85 Carrier or pilot-wire receiver relay is
heater in circuit, or to switch a light, or a relay that is operated or restrained by a signal used
regenerative load resistor of a power rectifier or other in connection with carrier-current or dc pilot-wire
machine in and out of fault directional relaying.
circuit. 86 Lockout relay is an electrically operated hand or
74 Alarm relay is a relay other than an annunciator, electrically reset auxiliary relay that is operated upon
as covered under device function 30, that is used to the occurrence of abnormal conditions to maintain
operate, or that operates in connection with, a visual associated equipment or
or audible alarm. devices out of service until it is reset.
75 Position changing mechanism is a mechanism 87 Differential protective relay is a protective relay
that is used for moving a main device from one that functions on a percentage, or phase angle, or
position to another in an equipment; for example, other quantitative difference between two currents or
shifting a removable circuit breaker unit to and from some other electrical
the connected, disconnected, and test positions. quantities.
76 Dc overcurrent relay is a relay that functions 88 Auxiliary motor or motor generator is a device
when the current in a dc circuit exceeds a given value. used for operating auxiliary equipment, such as
77 Telemetering device is a transmitter used to pumps, blowers, exciters, rotating magnetic
generate and transmit to a remote location an amplifiers, etc.
electrical signal representing a measured quantity, or 89 Line switch is used as a disconnecting, load
a receiver used to receive the electrical signal from a interrupter, or isolating switch in an ac or dc power
remote transmitter and circuit. (This device function number is normally not
convert the signal to represent the original measured necessary unless the switch is
quantity. electrically operated or has electrical accessories, such
as an auxiliary switch, a magnetic lock, etc.)

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 90 Regulating device functions to regulate a quantity
or quantities, such as voltage, current, power, speed,
frequency, temperature, and load, at a certain value or
between certain (generally close) limits for machines,
tie lines, or other apparatus.
91 Voltage directional relay is a relay that operates
when the voltage across an open circuit breaker or
contactor exceeds a given value in a given direction.
92 Voltage and power directional relay
is a relay that permits or causes the connection of two
circuits when the voltage difference between them
exceeds a given value in a predetermined direction
and causes these two
circuits to be disconnected from each other when the
power flowing between them exceeds a given value in
the opposite direction.
93 Field-changing contactor functions
to increase or decrease, in one step, the value of field
excitation on a machine.
94 Tripping or trip-free relay functions
to trip a circuit breaker, contactor, or equipment, or to
permit immediate tripping by other devices; or to
prevent immediate reclosing of a circuit interrupter if
it should open automatically, even though its closing
circuit is maintained closed.
95 Used only for specific applications on
96 individual installations where none of
97 the assigned numbered functions from
98 1 to 94 is suitable.
99

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 APPENDIX 2: STANDARD DISTURBANCE RECORDER SIGNAL & SOE SIGNAL

Standard DR Signal
3. For transmission Line (One & half breaker scheme)

MAIN-1

A Configuration of ANALOG CHANNELS

S.No. Channel Description Standardized Channel Name
1 R Phase Current I-R PH.
2 Y Phase Current I-Y PH.
3 B Phase Current I-B PH.
4 Neutral Current I-N PH.
5 R Phase Voltage V-R PH.
6 Y Phase Voltage V-Y PH.
7 B Phase Voltage V-B PH.
8 Open Delta Voltage V-N (Open Delta)

B Configuration of Digital Channels for 32 channels

(Limited to 16
S.No. Channel Description Characters) 7 characters Triggers COMMENTS
1 MAIN CB R-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_R_OPEN M CB_RO Y
2 MAIN CB Y-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_Y_OPEN M CB_YO Y
3 MAIN CB B-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_B_OPEN M CB_BO Y
4 TIE CB R-PHASE OPEN TIE_CB_R_OPEN T CB_RO Y
5 TIE CB Y-PHASE OPEN TIE_CB_Y_OPEN T CB_YO Y
6 TIE CB B-PHASE OPEN TIE_CB_B_OPEN T CB_BO Y
7 MAIN1 TRIP MAIN1_TRIP M1_TRIP Y
8 MAIN2 TRIP MAIN2_TRIP M2_TRIP Y MAIN-2
AUTO RECLOSE OPTD
9 MAIN CB MAIN_CB_A/R_OPTD M CB_AR Y
10 MAIN CB AR LOCKOUT MAIN CB AR LO MCB AR LO N
AUTO RECLOSE OPTD TIE
11 CB TIE_CB_A/R_OPTD T CB_AR Y
12 TIE CB AR LOCKOUT TIE CB A/R_LO AR_L/O N
13 MAIN1/2 CARRIER RECEIVE MAIN1/2_CARR_REC M1/2_CR N MAIN-1/2
14 DT RECEIVE CHANNEL-1/2 DT_REC_CH1/2 DTRC1/2 Y
3 PH. GROUP A/B
15 OPERATED 3PH_GR_A/B_OPTD GRA/B_OPD Y
OVER VOLTAGE STAGE-1
16 OPERATED O/V_STG1_OPTD O/V_ST1 Y
OVER VOLTAGE STAGE-2
OPERATED
17 O/V_STG2_OPTD O/V_ST2 Y

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 POWER SWING BLOCK
18 OPERATED PS BLK OPTD PSB_OP N
Where ever
19 STUB/TEED OPERATED STUB_OPTD SB_OPD Y Applicable
BUSBAR OPERATED
20 (M1/M2) BUSBAR_OPTD BB_OPD Y
21 MAIN/TIE LBB OPERATED M/T_LBB_OPTD M/T_LBB Y
22 MAIN 1 ZONE-1 OPTD. MAIN1_Z1_OPTD M1Z1_OP Y
23 MAIN 1 ZONE-2 START MAIN1_Z2_START M1Z2_ST N
24 MAIN 1 ZONE-2 OPTD. MAIN1_Z2_OPTD M1Z2_OP Y
25 MAIN 1 ZONE-3 START MAIN1_Z3_START M1Z3_ST N
26 MAIN 1 ZONE-3 OPTD. MAIN1_Z3_OPTD M1Z3_OP Y
MAIN 1 REVERSE ZONE
27 OPTD MAIN1_ZR_OPTD M1ZR_OP Y
28 MAIN 1/2 SOTF OPTD M1/2_SOTF_OPD M12SOTF Y
29 MAIN 1/2 DEF OPTD DEF_OPD DEF_OPD Y MAIN-1/2
30 MAIN1/2 CARR. SEND M1/2 CARR. SEND M12CRSD N MAIN-1/2
31 DIRECT TRIP SEND DIR_TR SEND DT_SEND Y
32 CARRIER AIDED TRIP CARR_AID_TRIP CAR_AID Y

MAIN-2
A Configuration of ANALOG CHANNELS
S.No Channel Description Standardized Channel Name
1 R Phase Current I-R PH.
2 Y Phase Current I-Y PH.
3 B Phase Current I-B PH.
4 Neutral Current I-N PH.
5 R Phase Voltage V-R PH.
6 Y Phase Voltage V-Y PH.
7 B Phase Voltage V-B PH.
8 Open Delta Voltage V-N (Open Delta)

B Configuration of Digital Channels for 32 channels

(Limited to 16
S.No. Channel Description Characters) 7 characters Triggers COMMENTS
1 MAIN CB R-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_R_OPEN M CB_RO Y
2 MAIN CB Y-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_Y_OPEN M CB_YO Y
3 MAIN CB B-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_B_OPEN M CB_BO Y
4 TIE CB R-PHASE OPEN TIE_CB_R_OPEN T CB_RO Y
5 TIE CB Y-PHASE OPEN TIE_CB_Y_OPEN T CB_YO Y
6 TIE CB B-PHASE OPEN TIE_CB_B_OPEN T CB_BO Y
7 MAIN1 TRIP MAIN1_TRIP M1_TRIP Y MAIN-1
8 MAIN2 TRIP MAIN2_TRIP M2_TRIP Y
9 MAIN 2 ZONE-1 OPTD. MAIN2_Z1_OPTD M2Z1_OP Y

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 10 MAIN 2 ZONE-2 START MAIN2_Z2_START M2Z2_ST N
11 MAIN 2 ZONE-2 OPTD. MAIN2_Z2_OPTD M2Z2_OP Y
12 MAIN 2 ZONE-3 START MAIN2_Z3_START M2Z3_ST N
13 MAIN 2 ZONE-3 OPTD. MAIN2_Z3_OPTD M2Z3_OP Y
MAIN 2 REVERSE ZONE
14 START MAIN2_ZR_START M2ZR_ST N
MAIN 2 REVERSE ZONE
15 OPTD MAIN2_ZR_OPTD M2ZR_OP Y
16 POWER SWING DET. PS_DETECTED PS_DET N
POWER SWING BLOCK
17 OPERATED PS BLK OPTD PSB_OP N
OVER VOLTAGE STAGE-1
18 OPERATED O/V_STG1_OPTD O/V_ST1 Y
OVER VOLTAGE STAGE-2
19 OPERATED O/V_STG2_OPTD O/V_ST2 Y
MAIN/TIE CB POLE
20 DISCREPANCY M/T_CB_POLE_DISC M/T_PLDSC N
21 CARRIER AIDED TRIP CAR_AID_TRP CAR_TRP Y
22 MAIN-1 VT FUSE FAIL VT_FUS_FAIL_M1 VT_FF_M1 N MAIN-1
23 MAIN-2 VT FUSE FAIL VT_FUS_FAIL_M2 VT_FF_M2 N
24 MAIN-2 CARRIER RECEIVE MAIN2_CARR_REC M2_CR_RC N
25 OPTIONAL
26 OPTIONAL
27 OPTIONAL
28 OPTIONAL
29 OPTIONAL
30 OPTIONAL
31 OPTIONAL
32 OPTIONAL

MAIN-1/2
Configuration of Digital Channels for 16 channels

S.No. DIGITAL CHANNELS (Limited to 16 Characters) 7 characters Triggers

1 MAIN CB R-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_R_OPEN M CB_RO Y
2 MAIN CB Y-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_Y_OPEN M CB_YO Y
3 MAIN CB B-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_B_OPEN M CB_BO Y
4 TIE CB R-PHASE OPEN TIE_CB_R_OPEN T CB_RO Y
5 TIE CB Y-PHASE OPEN TIE_CB_Y_OPEN T CB_YO Y
6 TIE CB B-PHASE OPEN TIE_CB_B_OPEN T CB_BO Y
7 MAIN1 TRIP MAIN1_TRIP M1_TRIP Y
8 MAIN2 TRIP MAIN2_TRIP M2_TRIP Y
9 AUTO RECLOSE OPTD M/T CB M/T_CB_A/R_OPTD M/TCBAR Y
10 MAIN1/2 CARRIER RECEIVE MAIN1/2_CARR_REC M1/2_CR N
11 MAIN 1/2 DEF OPTD DEF_OPD DEF_OPD Y

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 12 DT RECEIVE CHANNEL-1/2 DT_REC_CH-1/2 DTRC1/2 Y
OVER VOLTAGE STAGE-1/2
13 OPERATED O/V_STG1/2_OPTD OVST1/2 Y
14 STUB/TEED/SOTF OPERATED ST_TEE_SOTF_OPTD STF_OPD Y
15 BUSBAR OPERATED (M1/M2) BUSBAR_OPTD BB_OPD Y
16 MAIN/TIE CB LBB OPERATED M/T_LBB_OPTD M/T_LBB Y

4. DR for Transmission Line (Double Bus cum Transfer)

Main 1
A Configuration of ANALOG CHANNELS
S.No. Channel Description Standardized Channel Name
1 R Phase Current I-R PH.
2 Y Phase Current I-Y PH.
3 B Phase Current I-B PH.
4 Neutral Current I-N PH
5 R Phase Voltage V-R PH.
6 Y Phase Voltage V-Y PH.
7 B Phase Voltage V-B PH.
8 Open Delta Voltage V-N-Open Delta

B Configuration of Digital Channels for 32 channels

(Limited to 16
S.No. Channel Description Characters) 7 characters Triggers COMMENTS
1 MAIN CB R-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_R_OPEN M CB_RO Y
2 MAIN CB Y-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_Y_OPEN M CB_YO Y
3 MAIN CB B-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_B_OPEN M CB_BO Y
4 TBC CB R-PHASE OPEN TBC_CB_R_OPEN T CB_RO Y
5 TBC CB Y-PHASE OPEN TBC_CB_Y_OPEN T CB_YO Y
6 TBC CB B-PHASE OPEN TBC_CB_B_OPEN T CB_BO Y
7 MAIN1 TRIP MAIN1_TRIP M1_TRIP Y
8 MAIN2 TRIP MAIN2_TRIP M2_TRIP Y MAIN-2
AUTO RECLOSE OPTD
9 MAIN CB MAIN_CB_A/R_OPTD M CB_AR Y
10 MAIN CB AR LOCKOUT MAIN CB AR LO MCB AR LO N
AUTO RECLOSE OPTD
11 TBC CB TBC_CB_A/R_OPTD T CB_AR Y
12 TBC CB AR LOCKOUT TBC_CB_A/R_LO AR_L/O N
MAIN1/2 CARRIER
13 RECEIVE MAIN1/2_CARR_REC M1/2_CR N MAIN-1/2
DT RECEIVE CHANNEL-
14 1/2 DT_REC_CH1/2 DTRC1/2 Y
3 PH. GROUP A/B
15 OPERATED 3PH_GR_A/B_OPTD GRA/B_OPD Y
16 OVER VOLTAGE STAGE-1 O/V_STG1_OPTD O/V_ST1 Y

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 OPERATED
OVER VOLTAGE STAGE-2
17 OPERATED O/V_STG2_OPTD O/V_ST2 Y
POWER SWING BLOCK
18 OPERATED PS BLK OPTD PSB_OP N
19 MAIN-1 VT FUSE FAIL VT_FUS_FAIL_M1 VT_FF_M1 N
BUSBAR OPERATED
20 (M1/M2) BUSBAR_OPTD BB_OPD Y
MAIN/TBC LBB
21 OPERATED M/T_LBB_OPTD M/T_LBB Y
22 MAIN 1 ZONE-1 OPTD. MAIN1_Z1_OPTD M1Z1_OP Y
23 MAIN 1 ZONE-2 START MAIN1_Z2_START M1Z2_ST N
24 MAIN 1 ZONE-2 OPTD. MAIN1_Z2_OPTD M1Z2_OP Y
25 MAIN 1 ZONE-3 START MAIN1_Z3_START M1Z3_ST N
26 MAIN 1 ZONE-3 OPTD. MAIN1_Z3_OPTD M1Z3_OP Y
MAIN 1 REVERSE ZONE
27 OPTD MAIN1_ZR_OPTD M1ZR_OP Y
28 MAIN 1/2 SOTF OPTD M1/2_SOTF_OPD M12SOTF Y
29 MAIN 1/2 DEF OPTD DEF_OPD DEF_OPD Y MAIN-1/2
30 MAIN1/2 CARR. SEND M1/2 CARR. SEND M12CRSD N MAIN-1/2
31 DIRECT TRIP SEND DIR_TR SEND DT_SEND Y
32 CARRIER AIDED TRIP CARR_AID_TRIP CAR_AID Y

MAIN-2
A Configuration of ANALOG CHANNELS
S.No. Channel Description Standardized Channel Name
1 R Phase Current I-R PH.
2 Y Phase Current I-Y PH.
3 B Phase Current I-B PH.
4 Neutral Current I-N PH.
5 R Phase Voltage V-R PH.
6 Y Phase Voltage V-Y PH.
7 B Phase Voltage V-B PH.
8 Open Delta Voltage V-N (Open Delta)

B Configuration of Digital Channels for 32 channels

(Limited to 16
S.No. Channel Description Characters) 7 characters Triggers COMMENTS
1 MAIN CB R-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_R_OPEN M CB_RO Y
2 MAIN CB Y-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_Y_OPEN M CB_YO Y
3 MAIN CB B-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_B_OPEN M CB_BO Y
4 TBC CB R-PHASE OPEN TBC_CB_R_OPEN T CB_RO Y
5 TBC CB Y-PHASE OPEN TBC_CB_Y_OPEN T CB_YO Y
6 TBC CB B-PHASE OPEN TIE_CB_B_OPEN T CB_BO Y
7 MAIN1 TRIP MAIN1_TRIP M1_TRIP Y MAIN-1

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 8 MAIN2 TRIP MAIN2_TRIP M2_TRIP Y
9 MAIN 2 ZONE-1 OPTD. MAIN2_Z1_OPTD M2Z1_OP Y
10 MAIN 2 ZONE-2 START MAIN2_Z2_START M2Z2_ST N
11 MAIN 2 ZONE-2 OPTD. MAIN2_Z2_OPTD M2Z2_OP Y
12 MAIN 2 ZONE-3 START MAIN2_Z3_START M2Z3_ST N
13 MAIN 2 ZONE-3 OPTD. MAIN2_Z3_OPTD M2Z3_OP Y
MAIN 2 REVERSE ZONE
14 START MAIN2_ZR_START M2ZR_ST N
MAIN 2 REVERSE ZONE
15 OPTD MAIN2_ZR_OPTD M2ZR_OP Y
16 POWER SWING DET. PS_DETECTED PS_DET N
POWER SWING BLOCK
17 OPERATED PS BLK OPTD PSB_OP N
OVER VOLTAGE STAGE-1
18 OPERATED O/V_STG1_OPTD O/V_ST1 Y
OVER VOLTAGE STAGE-2
19 OPERATED O/V_STG2_OPTD O/V_ST2 Y
MAIN/TBC CB POLE
20 DISCREPANCY M/T_CB_POLE_DISC M/T_PLDSC N
21 CARRIER AIDED TRIP CAR_AID_TRP CAR_TRP Y
22 DIRECT TRIP SEND DIR_TR SEND DT_SEND Y
23 MAIN-2 VT FUSE FAIL VT_FUS_FAIL_M2 VT_FF_M2 N
24 MAIN-2 CARRIER RECEIVE MAIN2_CARR_REC M2_CR_RC N
25 OPTIONAL
26 OPTIONAL
27 OPTIONAL
28 OPTIONAL
29 OPTIONAL
30 OPTIONAL
31 OPTIONAL
32 OPTIONAL

Configuration of Digital Channels for 16 channels

S.No. DIGITAL CHANNELS (Limited to 16 Characters) 7 characters Triggers
1 MAIN CB R-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_R_OPEN M CB_RO Y
2 MAIN CB Y-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_Y_OPEN M CB_YO Y
3 MAIN CB B-PHASE OPEN MAIN_CB_B_OPEN M CB_BO Y
4 TBC CB R-PHASE OPEN TBC_CB_R_OPEN T CB_RO Y
5 TBC CB Y-PHASE OPEN TBC_CB_Y_OPEN T CB_YO Y
6 TBC CB B-PHASE OPEN TBC_CB_B_OPEN T CB_BO Y
7 MAIN1 TRIP MAIN1_TRIP M1_TRIP Y
8 MAIN2 TRIP MAIN2_TRIP M2_TRIP Y
9 AUTO RECLOSE OPTD M/T CB M/T_CB_A/R_OPTD M/TCBAR Y
10 MAIN1/2 CARRIER RECEIVE MAIN1/2_CARR_REC M1/2_CR N

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 11 MAIN 1/2 DEF OPTD DEF_OPD DEF_OPD Y
Y
12 DT RECEIVE CHANNEL-1/2 DT_REC_CH-1/2 DTRC1/2
OVER VOLTAGE STAGE-1/2
13 OPERATED O/V_STG1/2_OPTD OVST1/2 Y
14 SOTF OPERATED SOTF_OPTD STF_OPD Y
15 BUSBAR OPERATED (M1/M2) BUSBAR_OPTD BB_OPD Y
16 MAIN/TBC CB LBB OPERATED M/T_LBB_OPTD M/T_LBB Y

5. DR for Transformer (one and half breaker scheme)

A Configuration of ANALOG CHANNELS

Standardized
S.No. Channel Description Channel Name COMMENTS
1 HV R Phase Current I-R PH. HV
2 HV Y Phase Current I-Y PH. HV
3 HV B Phase Current I-B PH. HV
4 HV Neutral Current I-N HV
5 IV R Phase Current I-R PH. IV
6 IV Y Phase Current I-Y PH. IV
7 IV B Phase Current I-B PH. IV
9 IV Neutral Current I-N IV
10 R Phase DIFFERENTIAL Current (CALCULATED) IR DIFF
11 Y Phase DIFFERENTIAL Current (CALCULATED) IY DIFF
12 B Phase DIFFERENTIAL Current (CALCULATED) IB DIFF
13 LV R Phase Current L-R PH. IV OPTIONAL
14 LV Y Phase Current L-Y PH. IV OPTIONAL
15 LV B Phase Current L-B PH. IV OPTIONAL
16 LV Neutral Current L-N IV OPTIONAL
17 HV R Ph Voltage V-R PH HV OPTIONAL
18 HV Y Ph Voltage V-Y PH HV OPTIONAL
19 HV B Ph Voltage V-B PH HV OPTIONAL

B Configuration of Digital Channels for 32 channels

(Limited to 16 7
S.No. Channel Description Characters) characters Triggers COMMENTS
1 MAIN CB OPEN (HV SIDE) HV_M_CB_OPEN HV_MCBO Y
2 TIE CB OPEN (HV SIDE) HV_T_CB_OPEN HV_TCBO Y
3 MAIN CB OPEN (IV SIDE) IV_M_CB_OPEN IV_MCBO Y
4 TIE/TBC CB OPEN (IV SIDE) IV_T_CB_OPEN IV_TCBO Y
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
5 OPERATED DIFF_PROTN_OPTD DIF_OPD Y
6 REF PROTECTION OPERATED REF_PROTN_OPTD REF_OPD Y

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 7 HV OC PROTECTION OPERATED HV_B/U_PROTN_OPD HVBUOPD Y
8 HV EF PROTN OPERATED HV_EF_PROTN_OPD HVEFOPD Y
9 HV OVER FLUXING OPERATED HV_OVERFLUX_OPTD HVOFOPD Y
10 IV OVER FLUXING OPERATED IV_OVERFLUX_OPTD IVOFOPD Y
11 PRV TRIP PRV_TRIP PRV_TRP Y
12 WTI TRIP WTI_TRIP WTI_TR Y HV/IV/LV
13 OSR TRIP OSR_TRIP OSR_TRP Y
14 OTI TRIP OTI_TRIP OTI_TRP Y
15 BUCHHOLZ TRIP BUCHHOLZ_TRIP BCZ_TRP Y
16 3 PH. GROUP A OPERATED 3PH_GR_A_OPTD GRA_OPD Y
17 3 PH. GROUP B OPERATED 3PH_GR_B_OPTD GRB_OPD Y
18 MAIN CB (HV SIDE) LBB OPTD. HV_MAIN_LBB_OPTD H_M_LBB Y
19 MAIN CB (IV SIDE) LBB OPTD. IV_MAIN_LBB_OPTD I_M_LBB Y
20 TIE CB (HV SIDE) LBB OPTD. HV_TIE_LBB_OPTD H_T_LBB Y
21 TIE/TBC CB (IV SIDE) LBB OPTD. IV_T_LBB_OPTD I_T_LBB Y
22 BUSBAR OPERATED BUSBAR_OPTD BB_OPD Y
IF
23 DTOC OPTD DTOC_OPTD DTOCOPD Y APPLICABLE
24 OLTC OIL SURGE TRIP OLTC_OIL SGTR OL_SR_TR Y
25 HV VT FUSE FAIL ALARM HVVT_FUS_FAIL HVVT_FF N
26 WTI ALARM WTI_ALARM WTI_AL N HV/IV/LV
27 OTI ALARM OTI_ALARM OTI_AL N
28 OVER LOAD ALARM OL_ALARM OL_AL N
29 OPTIONAL
30 OPTIONAL
31 OPTIONAL
32 OPTIONAL

Configuration of Digital Channels for 16 channels

(Limited to 16
S.No. DIGITAL CHANNELS Characters) 7 characters Triggers
1 MAIN CB OPEN (HV SIDE) HV_M_CB_OPEN HV_MCBO Y
2 TIE CB OPEN (HV SIDE) HV_T_CB_OPEN HV_TCBO Y
3 MAIN CB OPEN (IV SIDE) IV_M_CB_OPEN IV_MCBO Y
4 TBC/TIE CB OPEN (IV SIDE) IV_T_CB_OPEN IV_TCBO Y
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
5 OPERATED DIFF_PROTN_OPTD DIF_OPD Y
6 REF PROTECTION OPERATED REF_PROTN_OPTD REF_OPD Y
HV BACKUP PROTECTION
7 OPERATED HV_B/U_PROTN_OPD HVBUOPD Y
HV/IV OVER FLUXING
8 OPERATED HV/IV_O/F_OPD O/F_OPD Y
9 PRV TRIP PRV_TRIP PRV_TRP Y

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 10 OTI/WTI TRIP OTI/WTI_TRIP OT/WT_T Y
11 BUCHHOLZ/OSR TRIP BUCH/OSR_TRIP B_OSR_T Y
M/T_HV_LBB
MAIN/TIE CB (HV SIDE) LBB
12 OPTD. HV_LBB Y
MAIN/TBC CB (IV SIDE) LBB
13 OPTD. M/T_IV_LBB IV_LBB Y
14 BUSBAR OPERATED BUSBAR_OPTD BB_OPD Y
15 DTOC OPTD DTOC_OPTD DTOCOPD Y
16 3 PH. GROUP A/B OPERATED 3PH_GR_A/B_OPTD GRA/B_OPD Y

6. DR for Bus/Line Reactor for one and half breaker scheme

a. For back up Impedance Relay

A Configuration of ANALOG CHANNELS

S.No. Channel Description Standardized Channel Name COMMENTS
1 R Phase Current I-R PH.
2 Y Phase Current I-Y PH.
3 B Phase Current I-B PH.
4 Neutral Current I-N PH.
5 R Phase Voltage V-R PH.
6 Y Phase Voltage V-Y PH.
7 B Phase Voltage V-B PH.
8 Neutral voltage V-N PH.

B Configuration of Digital Channels for 32 channels

S.No. Channel Description (Limited to 16 Characters) 7 characters Triggers
1 MAIN CB OPEN MAIN_CB_OPEN M_CB_O Y
2 TIE CB OPEN TIE_CB_OPEN T_CB_O Y
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
3 OPERATED DIFF_PROTN_OPTD DIF_OPD Y
4 REF PROTECTION OPERATED REF_PROTN_OPTD REF_OPD Y
BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTN
5 OPERATED BU_IMP_PROTN_OPD BUIMPOP Y
6 PRV TRIP PRV_TRIP PRV_TRP Y
7 WTI TRIP WTI_TRIP WTI_TRP Y
8 WTI ALARM WTI_ALARM WTI_AL Y
9 OTI TRIP OTI_TRIP OTI_TRP Y
10 OTI ALARM OTI_ALARM OTI_AL Y
11 BUCHHHOLZ TRIP BUCHHHOLZ_TRIP BCZ_TRP Y
12 BUCHHHOLZ ALARM BUCHHHOLZ_ALARM BCZ_AL Y
13 MAIN LBB OPERATED MAIN_LBB_OPD MLBBOPD Y
14 TIE LBB OPERATED TIE_LBB_OPD TLBBOPD Y

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 15 BUS BAR OPERATED BUSBAR_OPTD BB_OPD Y
16 3 PH. GROUP A OPERATED 3PH_GR_A_OPTD GRA_OPD Y
17 3 PH. GROUP B OPERATED 3PH_GR_B_OPTD GRB_OPD Y
18 NGR PROTECTION OPERATED NGR_PROTN_OPTD NGR_OPD Y
19 TEED PROTECTION OPERATED TEED_PROTN_OPTD TEE_OPD Y
20 VT FUSE FAIL ALARM VT_FUS_FAIL VT_FF N

B Configuration of Digital Channels for 16 channels

7
S.No. Channel Description (Limited to 16 Characters) characters Triggers
1 MAIN CB OPEN MAIN_CB_OPEN M_CB_O Y
2 TIE CB OPEN TIE_CB_OPEN T_CB_O Y
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
3 OPERATED DIFF_PROTN_OPTD DIF_OPD Y
4 REF PROTECTION OPERATED REF_PROTN_OPTD REF_OPD Y
BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTN
5 OPERATED BU_IMP_PROTN_OPD BUIMPOP Y
6 PRV TRIP PRV_TRIP PRV_TRP Y
7 WTI TRIP WTI_TRIP WTI_TRP Y
8 TEED PROTECTION OPERATED TEED_PROTN_OPTD TEE_OPD Y
9 OTI TRIP OTI_TRIP OTI_TRP Y
10 BUCHHHOLZ TRIP BUCHHHOLZ_TRIP BCZ_TRP Y
11 MAIN LBB OPERATED MAIN_LBB_OPD MLBBOPD Y
12 TIE LBB OPERATED TIE_LBB_OPD TLBBOPD Y
13 BUS BAR OPERATED BUSBAR_OPTD BB_OPD Y
14 3 PH. GROUP A OPERATED 3PH_GR_A_OPTD GRA_OPD Y
15 3 PH. GROUP B OPERATED 3PH_GR_B_OPTD GRB_OPD Y
16 NGR PROTECTION OPERATED NGR_PROTN_OPTD NGR_OPD Y

b. For Main Differential Relay

A Configuration of ANALOG CHANNELS

S.No. Channel Description Standardized Channel Name
1 R Phase Current I-R PH.
2 Y Phase Current I-Y PH.
3 B Phase Current I-B PH.
4 Neutral Current I-N PH.
5 R Phase Current NEUTRAL SIDE I-RN PH.
6 Y Phase Current NEUTRAL SIDE I-YN PH.
7 B Phase Current NEUTRAL SIDE I-BN PH.
8 R Phase DIFFERENTIAL Current (CALCULATED) IR DIFF
9 Y Phase DIFFERENTIAL Current (CALCULATED) IY DIFF
10 B Phase DIFFERENTIAL Current (CALCULATED) IB DIFF

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 B Configuration of Digital Channels for 32 channels
S.No. Channel Description (Limited to 16 Characters) 7 characters Triggers
1 MAIN CB OPEN MAIN_CB_OPEN M_CB_O Y
2 TIE CB OPEN TIE_CB_OPEN T_CB_O Y
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
3 OPERATED DIFF_PROTN_OPTD DIF_OPD Y
4 REF PROTECTION OPERATED REF_PROTN_OPTD REF_OPD Y
BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTN
5 OPERATED BU_IMP_PROTN_OPD BUIMPOP Y
6 PRV TRIP PRV_TRIP PRV_TRP Y
7 WTI TRIP WTI_TRIP WTI_TRP Y
8 WTI ALARM WTI_ALARM WTI_AL Y
9 OTI TRIP OTI_TRIP OTI_TRP Y
10 OTI ALARM OTI_ALARM OTI_AL Y
11 BUCHHHOLZ TRIP BUCHHHOLZ_TRIP BCZ_TRP Y
12 BUCHHHOLZ ALARM BUCHHHOLZ_ALARM BCZ_AL Y
13 MAIN LBB OPERATED MAIN_LBB_OPD MLBBOPD Y
14 TIE LBB OPERATED TIE_LBB_OPD TLBBOPD Y
15 BUS BAR OPERATED BUSBAR_OPTD BB_OPD Y
16 3 PH. GROUP A OPERATED 3PH_GR_A_OPTD GRA_OPD Y
17 3 PH. GROUP B OPERATED 3PH_GR_B_OPTD GRB_OPD Y
18 NGR PROTECTION OPERATED NGR_PROTN_OPTD NGR_OPD Y
19 TEED PROTECTION OPERATED TEED_PROTN_OPTD TEE_OPD Y

B Configuration of Digital Channels for 16 channels

7
S.No. Channel Description (Limited to 16 Characters) characters Triggers
1 MAIN CB OPEN MAIN_CB_OPEN M_CB_O Y
2 TIE CB OPEN TIE_CB_OPEN T_CB_O Y
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
3 OPERATED DIFF_PROTN_OPTD DIF_OPD Y
4 REF PROTECTION OPERATED REF_PROTN_OPTD REF_OPD Y
BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTN
5 OPERATED BU_IMP_PROTN_OPD BUIMPOP Y
6 PRV TRIP PRV_TRIP PRV_TRP Y
7 WTI TRIP WTI_TRIP WTI_TRP Y
8 TEED PROTECTION OPERATED TEED_PROTN_OPTD TEE_OPD Y
9 OTI TRIP OTI_TRIP OTI_TRP Y
10 BUCHHHOLZ TRIP BUCHHHOLZ_TRIP BCZ_TRP Y
11 MAIN LBB OPERATED MAIN_LBB_OPD MLBBOPD Y
12 TIE LBB OPERATED TIE_LBB_OPD TLBBOPD Y
13 BUS BAR OPERATED BUSBAR_OPTD BB_OPD Y

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 14 3 PH. GROUP A OPERATED 3PH_GR_A_OPTD GRA_OPD Y
15 3 PH. GROUP B OPERATED 3PH_GR_B_OPTD GRB_OPD Y
16 NGR PROTECTION OPERATED NGR_PROTN_OPTD NGR_OPD Y

7. Standard list of Sequence of Events (SOE)

SCADA SIGNAL LIST FOR VARIOUS PROTECTION & CONTROL SIGNALS

REQUIRED SIGNALS FOR DISTANCE RELAYS

SL.
WHETHER ALARM TO BE
NO.
TYPE EVENT/ALARM NAME GENERATED
1
SPI OVERVOLATGE STAGE 1 START
2
SPI OVERVOLATGE STAGE 1 GEN TRIP Y
3
SPI OVERVOLATGE STAGE 2 GEN TRIP Y
4 SPI DEF START
5 SPI DEF GEN TRIP Y
6
SPI STUB PROTECTION OPERATED Y
7 SPI SOTF OPERATED Y
8 SPI START, Z1 R PH
9 SPI START, Z1 Y PH
10 SPI START, Z1 B PH
11 SPI START, Z2
12 SPI START, Z3
13 SPI START, Z4
14 SPI START, Z5
15 SPI TRIP, Z1 R PH Y
16 SPI TRIP, Z1 Y PH Y
17 SPI TRIP, Z1 B PH Y
18 SPI GENERAL TRIP, Z2 Y
19 SPI GENERAL TRIP, Z3 Y
20 SPI GENERAL TRIP, Z4 Y
21 SPI GENERAL TRIP, Z5 Y
22 SPI CARRIER SEND Y
23 SPI CARRIER RECEIVE Y
CARRIER AIDED SCHEME
24
SPI OPERATED Y
25 SPI POWER SWING DETECTED Y
26 SPI POWER SWING BLOCKING Y
27
SPI DISTANCE RELAY GENERAL TRIP Y
28 DINT FAULT LOCATOR DISTANCE

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 29 SPI CVT FUSE FAIL Y
System
30 Diagnosis
(SON) TIME SYNCHRONIZATION ERROR Y
System
31 Diagnosis
(SON) M1 IED UNHEALTHY Y
32 SPI START AR
LINE ISOLATOR OPEN FOR STUB
33
SPI ACTIVATION
34 SPI DT SEND CH 1 Y
35 SPI DT SEND CH 1 Y
36 SPI DT RECEIVE CH 1 Y
37 SPI DT RECEIVE CH 2 Y
38 SPI MAIN CB R PH OPEN
39 SPI MAIN CB Y PH OPEN
40 SPI MAIN CB B PH OPEN
41 SPI TIE CB R PH OPEN
42 SPI TIE CB Y PH OPEN
43 SPI TIE CB B PH OPEN
TRIP RELAY 86 A HEALTHY
44
SPI (SUPERVISION)
TRIP RELAY 86 B HEALTHY
45
SPI (SUPERVISION)
46 SPI GR A RELAY OPERATED Y
47 SPI GR B RELAY OPERATED Y
CARRIER CHANNEL 1/2 OUT OF
48
SPI SERVICE Y
49 SPI CARRIER CHANNEL 1 FAIL Y
50 SPI CARRIER CHANNEL 2 FAIL Y
51 SPI MAIN 2/1 RELAY FAIL Y
52
SPI GOOSE RECEIPT FAIL/TROUBLE Y
ANY ADDITIONAL SIGNAL AS
53
PER SCHEME

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 REQUIRED SIGNALS FOR ICT DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS
SL. WHETHER ALARM TO BE
NO. TYPE EVENT/ALARM NAME GENERATED
1 SPI OVEREXCITATION HV START
2 SPI OVEREXCITATION HV ALARM Y
3 SPI OVEREXCITATION HV TRIP Y
4
SPI DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT ALARM Y
5
SPI DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION TRIP Y

6 RESTRAINED MODE (RESTRAINED

INT OR UNRESTRAINED)
7 SPI GENERAL TRIP Y

System
8
Diagnosis
(SON) TIME SYNCHRONIZATION ERROR Y

System
9
Diagnosis
(SON) DIFFRENTIAL IED UNHEALTHY Y
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY GENERAL
10
SPI TRIP Y
11 SPI OTI ALARM Y
12 SPI WTI HV ALARM Y
13 SPI WTI IV ALARM Y
14 SPI WTI MV ALARM Y
15 SPI BUCCHOLZ TRIP Y
16 SPI OSR 1 TRIP Y
17 SPI PRD 1 TRIP Y
18
SPI FIRE PROTECTION OPERATED Y
19 SPI LOW OIL LEVEL Y
20 SPI OTI R PH ALARM Y
21 SPI OTI Y PH ALARM Y
22 SPI OTI B PH ALARM Y
23 SPI OTI SPARE ICT ALARM Y
24 SPI WTI HV R PH ALARM Y
25 SPI WTI HV Y PH ALARM Y
26 SPI WTI HV B PH ALARM Y
27 SPI WTI HV SPARE ICT ALARM Y
28 SPI WTI MV R PH ALARM Y
29 SPI WTI MV Y PH ALARM Y
30 SPI WTI MV B PH ALARM Y
31 SPI WTI MV SPARE ICT ALARM Y
32 SPI WTI IV R PH ALARM Y

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 33 SPI WTI IV Y PH ALARM Y
34 SPI WTI IV B PH ALARM Y
35 SPI WTI IV SPARE ICT ALARM Y
36 SPI BUCCHOLZ R PH TRIP Y
37 SPI BUCCHOLZ Y PH TRIP Y
38 SPI BUCCHOLZ B PH TRIP Y
39 SPI BUCCHOLZ SPARE ICT TRIP Y
40 SPI OSR 1 R PH TRIP Y
41 SPI OSR 1 Y PH TRIP Y
42 SPI OSR 1 B PH TRIP Y
43 SPI OSR 1 SPARE ICT TRIP Y
44 SPI PRD 1 R PH TRIP Y
45 SPI PRD 1 Y PH TRIP Y
46 SPI PRD 1 B PH TRIP Y
47 SPI LOW OIL LEVEL R PH Y
48 SPI LOW OIL LEVEL Y PH Y
49 SPI LOW OIL LEVEL B PH Y
50 SPI LOW OIL LEVEL SPARE ICT Y
FIRE PROTECTION R PH
51
SPI OPERATED Y
FIRE PROTECTION Y PH
52
SPI OPERATED Y
FIRE PROTECTION B PH
53
SPI OPERATED Y
FIRE PROTECTION SPARE ICT
54
SPI OPERATED Y
55 SPI MAIN CB R PH OPEN
56 SPI MAIN CB Y PH OPEN
57 SPI MAIN CB B PH OPEN
58 SPI TIE CB R PH OPEN
59 SPI TIE CB Y PH OPEN
60 SPI TIE CB B PH OPEN
TRIP RELAY 86 A HEALTHY
61
SPI (SUPERVISION) Y
TRIP RELAY 86 B HEALTHY
62
SPI (SUPERVISION) Y
63 SPI GR A RELAY OPERATED Y
64 SPI GR B RELAY OPERATED Y
65 SPI REF RELAY FAIL Y
66
SPI GOOSE RECEIPT FAIL/TROUBLE Y
ANY ADDITIONAL SIGNAL AS
67
SPI PER SCHEME

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 REQUIRED SIGNALS FOR ICT REF RELAYS
SL. WHETHER ALARM TO BE
NO. TYPE EVENT/ALARM NAME GENERATED
1 SPI OVEREXCITATION MV START
2 SPI OVEREXCITATION MV ALARM Y
3 SPI OVEREXCITATION MV TRIP Y

System
4
Diagnosis
(SON) TIME SYNCHRONIZATION ERROR Y

5 System
Diagnosis
(SON) DIFFRENTIAL IED UNHEALTHY Y
6 SPI REF RELAY ALARM Y
7 SPI REF TRIP Y
8 SPI GENERAL TRIP Y
9 SPI REF TRIP Y
10 SPI OTI TRIP Y
11 SPI WTI HV TRIP Y
12 SPI WTI MV TRIP Y
13 SPI WTI LV TRIP Y
14 SPI OSR 2 TRIP Y
15 SPI PRD 2 TRIP Y
16 SPI BUCCHOLZ ALARM Y
17 SPI OTI R PH TRIP Y
18 SPI OTI Y PH TRIP Y
19 SPI OTI B PH TRIP Y
20 SPI OTI SPARE ICT TRIP Y
21 SPI WTI HV R PH TRIP Y
22 SPI WTI HV Y PH TRIP Y
23 SPI WTI HV B PH TRIP Y
24 SPI WTI HV SPARE ICT TRIP Y
25 SPI WTI MV R PH TRIP Y
26 SPI WTI MV Y PH TRIP Y
27 SPI WTI MV B PH TRIP Y
28 SPI WTI MV SPARE ICT TRIP Y
29 SPI WTI IV R PH TRIP Y
30 SPI WTI IV Y PH TRIP Y
31 SPI WTI IV B PH TRIP Y
32 SPI WTI IV SPARE ICT TRIP Y
33 SPI BUCCHOLZ R PH ALARM Y
34 SPI BUCCHOLZ Y PH ALARM Y
35 SPI BUCCHOLZ B PH ALARM Y

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 36
SPI BUCCHOLZ SPARE ICT ALARM Y
37 SPI OSR 2 R PH TRIP Y
38 SPI OSR 2 Y PH TRIP Y
39 SPI OSR 2 B PH TRIP Y
40 SPI OSR 2 SPARE ICT TRIP Y
41 SPI PRD 2 R PH TRIP Y
42 SPI PRD 2 Y PH TRIP Y
43 SPI PRD 2 B PH TRIP Y
44 SPI PRD 2 SPARE ICT TRIP Y
45
SPI GOOSE RECEIPT FAIL/TROUBLE Y
ANY ADDITIONAL SIGNAL AS
46
PER SCHEME

REQUIRED SIGNALS FOR DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT AND EARTH FAULT

RELAYS
SL. WHETHER ALARM TO BE
NO. TYPE EVENT/ALARM NAME GENERATED
1 SPI DEF START
2 SPI DEF GEN TRIP Y
DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT
3
SPI START Y
DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT
4
SPI TRIP Y
5 SPI GENERAL TRIP Y

System
6
Diagnosis
(SON) TIME SYNCHRONIZATION ERROR Y

System
7
Diagnosis
(SON) M1 IED UNHEALTHY Y
8
SPI GOOSE RECEIPT FAIL/TROUBLE Y
ANY ADDITIONAL SIGNAL AS
9
PER SCHEME

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 REQUIRED SIGNALS FOR REACTOR DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS

SL.NO. WHETHER ALARM TO

TYPE EVENT/ALARM NAME BE GENERATED
1
SPI DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION TRIP Y
2
SPI DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT ALARM Y
TEE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
3
SPI TRIP Y

System
4
Diagnosis
(SON) TIME SYNCHRONIZATION ERROR Y

System
5
Diagnosis
(SON) DIFFRENTIAL IED UNHEALTHY Y
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY GENERAL
6
SPI TRIP Y
7 SPI OTI ALARM Y
8 SPI WTI ALARM Y
9 SPI BUCCHOLZ TRIP Y
10 SPI OSR TRIP Y
11 SPI PRD TRIP Y
12
SPI FIRE PROTECTION OPERATED Y
13 SPI LOW OIL LEVEL Y
14 SPI OTI R PH ALARM Y
15 SPI OTI Y PH ALARM Y
16 SPI OTI B PH ALARM Y
17 SPI OTI SPARE PH ALARM Y
18 SPI WTI R PH ALARM Y
19 SPI WTI Y PH ALARM Y
20 SPI WTI B PH ALARM Y
21 SPI WTI SPARE ICT ALARM Y
22 SPI BUCCHOLZ R PH TRIP Y
23 SPI BUCCHOLZ Y PH TRIP Y
24 SPI BUCCHOLZ B PH TRIP Y
25 SPI BUCCHOLZ SPARE PH TRIP Y
26 SPI OSR R PH TRIP Y
27 SPI OSR Y PH TRIP Y
28 SPI OSR B PH TRIP Y
29 SPI OSR SPARE ICT TRIP Y
30 SPI PRD R PH TRIP Y
31 SPI PRD Y PH TRIP Y

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 32 SPI PRD B PH TRIP Y
33 SPI LOW OIL LEVEL R PH Y
34 SPI LOW OIL LEVEL Y PH Y
35 SPI LOW OIL LEVEL B PH Y
36 SPI LOW OIL LEVEL SPARE ICT Y
37
SPI FIRE PROTECTION R PH OPERATED Y
38
SPI FIRE PROTECTION Y PH OPERATED Y
39
SPI FIRE PROTECTION B PH OPERATED Y
FIRE PROTECTION SPARE ICT
40
SPI OPERATED Y
41 SPI MAIN CB R PH OPEN Y
42 SPI MAIN CB Y PH OPEN Y
43 SPI MAIN CB B PH OPEN Y
44 SPI TIE CB R PH OPEN Y
45 SPI TIE CB Y PH OPEN Y
46 SPI TIE CB B PH OPEN Y
TRIP RELAY 86 A HEALTHY
47
SPI (SUPERVISION) Y
TRIP RELAY 86 B HEALTHY
48
SPI (SUPERVISION) Y
49 SPI GR A RELAY OPERATED Y
50 SPI GR B RELAY OPERATED Y
51 SPI REF RELAY FAIL Y
52 SPI REACTOR CB R PH OPEN
53 SPI REACTOR CB Y PH OPEN APPLICABLE FOR
54 SPI REACTOR CB B PH OPEN SWITCHABLE REACTOR
APPLICATION
55
SPI REACTOR CB SPARE PH OPEN
56 SPI GR A RELAY OPERATED Y
57 SPI GR B RELAY OPERATED Y
58
SPI GOOSE RECEIPT FAIL/TROUBLE Y
ANY ADDITIONAL SIGNAL AS PER
59
SPI SCHEME

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 REQUIRED SIGNALS FOR REACTOR REF RELAYS

SL.
NO.
WHETHER ALARM TO BE
TYPE EVENT/ALARM NAME GENERATED

System
1
Diagnosis
(SON) TIME SYNCHRONIZATION ERROR Y

System
2
Diagnosis
(SON) DIFFRENTIAL IED UNHEALTHY Y
3 SPI REF RELAY ALARM Y
4 SPI REF TRIP Y
5 SPI GENERAL TRIP Y
6 SPI REF TRIP Y
7 SPI OTI TRIP Y
8 SPI WTI TRIP Y
9 SPI BUCCHOLZ ALARM Y
10 SPI OTI R PH TRIP Y
11 SPI OTI Y PH TRIP Y
12 SPI OTI B PH TRIP Y
13 SPI OTI SPARE ICT TRIP Y
14 SPI WTI R PH TRIP Y
15 SPI WTI Y PH TRIP Y
16 SPI WTI B PH TRIP Y
17 SPI WTI SPARE PH TRIP Y
18 SPI BUCCHOLZ R PH ALARM Y
19 SPI BUCCHOLZ Y PH ALARM Y
20 SPI BUCCHOLZ B PH ALARM Y

21
SPI BUCCHOLZ SPARE PH ALARM Y
22
SPI GOOSE RECEIPT FAIL/TROUBLE Y
ANY ADDITIONAL SIGNAL AS PER
23
SCHEME

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 REQUIRED SIGNALS FOR REACTOR BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTECTION RELAY

SL.
NO.
WHETHER ALARM TO BE
TYPE EVENT/ALARM NAME GENERATED
1 SPI START Z1
2 SPI Z1 TRIP Y
3 SPI GENERAL TRIP Y
4 DINT FAULT LOCATOR DISTANCE
5 SPI CVT FUSE FAIL Y

System
6
Diagnosis
(SON) TIME SYNCHRONIZATION ERROR Y

System
7
Diagnosis
(SON) M1 IED UNHEALTHY Y
22
SPI GOOSE RECEIPT FAIL/TROUBLE Y
ANY ADDITIONAL SIGNAL AS PER
8
SCHEME

REQUIRED SIGNALS FOR BUS BAR PROTECTION RELAYS

SL.NO. WHETHER ALARM TO

TYPE EVENT/ALARM NAME BE GENERATED
1 SPI BUS ZONE 1 TRIP Y
2 SPI BUS ZONE 2 TRIP Y
3
SPI BUS BAR BLOCKED EXTERNAL Y
BUS BAR BLOCKED DUE TO
4
SPI COMMUNICATIONN ERROR Y
BUS BAR BLOCKED DUE TO
5
SPI INTERMEDIATE STATUS Y
6 CT CIRCUIT ERROR Y

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 REQUIRED SIGNALS FOR BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION RELAY PROTECTION
RELAY
SL. WHETHER ALARM TO BE
NO. TYPE EVENT/ALARM NAME GENERATED

1 BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION

SPI START Y
2 SPI BREAKER FAILURE TRIP Y
3 SPI BREAKER FAILURE RETRIP Y

4
System
Diagnosis
(SON) TIME SYNCHRONIZATION ERROR Y

System
5
Diagnosis
(SON) M1 IED UNHEALTHY Y
6
SPI GOOSE RECEIPT FAIL/TROUBLE Y
7
ANY ADDITIONAL SIGNAL AS PER
8
SCHEME

REQUIRED SIGNALS FOR BAY CONTROL UNIT

WHETHER
ADDITIONAL
SL.NO. TYPE EVENT/ALARM NAME ALARM TO BE
REMARKS
GENERATED
1 INT BCU IN LOCAL/ REMOTE

CLOSE COMMAND FROM BCU

2 SPI
FOR AUTORECLOSE

BLOCK AUTORECLOSE
3 SPI Y
FUNCTION
STATUS 1 AUTORECLOSE
FUNCTION READY
STATUS 2 AUTORECLOSE IN
Y
PROGRESS
STATUS 3 AUTORECLOSE
Y
SUCCESSFUL
4 INT Y

Available in
STATUS 10 AUTORECLOSE
Edition 2 IEDs, not
UNSUCCESSFUL
in Edition 1 IEDs

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 5 CMD BAY_CB_COMMAND
BAY_CB_OPEN PERMITTED OR
6 SPI
ENABLED
BAY_CB_CLOSE PERMITTED OR
7 SPI
ENABLED
8 DPI BAY_CB R PH POSITION
9 DPI BAY_CB Y PH POSITION
10 DPI BAY_CB B PH POSITION
11 DPI BAY_89A_ISOLATOR POSITION
12 CMD BAY_89A_ISO COMMAND
BAY_89A_ISO OPEN PERMITTED
13 SPI
OR ENABLED
BAY 89A_CLOSE PERMITTED OR
14 SPI
ENABLED
IF BUS EARTH
15 DPI BAY_89AE_ISOLATOR POSITION SWITCH IS IN
THE BAY FOR
WHICH THE
16 CMD BAY_89AE_ISO COMMAND ASSIGNMENT IS
BEING DONE,
BAY_89AE_ISO OPEN CSWI3 SHALL
17 SPI
PERMITTED OR ENABLED BE USED FOR 89
AE 1, i.e BUS
EARTH SWITCH.
FOR BAY SIDE
EARTH SWITCH(
BAY_89AE_CLOSE PERMITTED 89AE2)
18 SPI
OR ENABLED SEPARATE
LOGICAL NODE
CSWI 10 IS
PROVIDED
BELOW
19 DPI BAY_89 B_ISOLATOR POSITION
20 CMD BAY_89 B_ISO COMMAND
BAY_89 B_ISO OPEN PERMITTED
21 SPI
OR ENABLED
BAY_89 B_CLOSE PERMITTED OR
22 SPI
ENABLED
23 DPI BAY_89 BE_ISOLATOR POSITION
24 CMD BAY_89 BE_ISO COMMAND
BAY_89 BE_ISO OPEN
25 SPI
PERMITTED OR ENABLED
BAY_89 BE_CLOSE PERMITTED
26 SPI
OR ENABLED
BAY_89 C/L/T_ISOLATOR FOR 3 PHASE
27 DPI
POSITION TRANSFORMER

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 S CSWI7 MAY
28 CMD BAY_89 C/L/T_ISO COMMAND BE USED FOR 89
T BUT FOR
BAY_89 C/L/T_ISO OPEN SINGLE PHASE
29 SPI TRANSFORMER
PERMITTED OR ENABLED
S SAME HAS
BAY_89 C/L/T_CLOSE BEEN
30 SPI SEPARATELY
PERMITTED OR ENABLED
MENTIONED
BAY_89 CE/LE/TE_ISOLATOR FOR 3 PHASE
31 DPI
POSITION TRANSFORMER
BAY_89 CE/LE/TE_ISO S CSWI7 MAY
32 CMD BE USED FOR 89
COMMAND
TE BUT FOR
BAY_89 CE/LE/TE_ISO OPEN SINGLE PHASE
33 SPI
PERMITTED OR ENABLED TRANSFORMER
S SAME HAS
BAY_89 CE/LE/TE_CLOSE BEEN
34 SPI SEPARATELY
PERMITTED OR ENABLED
MENTIONED
35 DPI BAY_89 R_ISOLATOR POSITION

36 CMD BAY_89 R_ISO COMMAND

BAY_89 R_ISO OPEN PERMITTED

37 SPI
OR ENABLED
BAY_89 R_CLOSE PERMITTED OR
38 SPI
ENABLED

39 DPI BAY_89 RE_ISOLATOR POSITION

40 CMD BAY_89 RE_ISO COMMAND
BAY_89 RE_ISO OPEN
41 SPI
PERMITTED OR ENABLED
BAY_89 RE_CLOSE PERMITTED
42 SPI
OR ENABLED
BAY_89AE 2_ISOLATOR
43 DPI
POSITION USED FOR
44 CMD BAY_89AE 2_ISO COMMAND SECOND EARTH
SWITCH OF
BAY_89AE 2_ISO OPEN
45 SPI ISOLATOR,
PERMITTED OR ENABLED
WHEN BUS
EARTH SWITCH
BAY_89AE 2_CLOSE PERMITTED
46 SPI IS PROVIDED
OR ENABLED
THE LOGICAL NODES FOR ISOLATOR & EARTHSWITCHES FOR 3 PH ICTs &
REACTORS , e.g 89 RR,RR1,RR2 & RE and for 89TR,TR1,TR2,TRE MAY BE ASSIGNED AS PER
AVAILABILITY

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 System
TIME SYNCHRONIZATION
47 Diagnosis Y
ERROR
(SON)

System
48 Diagnosis BCU UNHEALTHY Y
(SON)
CONDITIONS OK FOR
49 SPI
SYNCHRONIZATION
50 SPI SPRING DISCHARGED Y
51 SPI AC MOTOR SUPPLY FAIL Y
52 SPI SF6 GAS LOW Y
53 SPI OPERATION LOCKED OUT Y
CB READY FOR
54 SPI Y
AUTORECLOSURE
55 SPI DC SUPPLY FAIL Y
ANNUNCIATION
56 SPI TC-1 FAIL Y FOR CIRCUIT
57 SPI TC-2 FAIL Y BREAKER
POLE DISCREPANCY RELAY
58 SPI Y
OPTD
59 SPI COMPRESSOR SUPPLY FAIL Y
60 SPI AIR PRESSURE LOW Y
COMPRESSOR RUN TIME
61 SPI Y
SUPERVISION
62 SPI CSD FAIL Y
GAS COMPARTMENT n Alarm
63 SPI Y
Stage n
64 SPI LCC PANEL AC SUPPLY FAIL Y ANNUNCIATION
65 SPI LCC PANEL DC SUPPLY FAIL Y FOR GIS BAYS
SELECTOR SWITCH POSITION
66 SPI Y
LOCAL/REMOTE
FOR BCUs
67 SPI BUS VT MCB TRIP Y HAVING BUS VT
INPUT

6 SPI GOOSE RECEIPT FAIL/TROUBLE Y

ADDL SIGNALS FOR CB

68 SPI
TROUBLE ETC AS PER SCHEME

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 6. List of Signal for Station Auxiliaries Panel (SAS)
110V DC
1. Voltage of 110V DCDB-1
2. Voltage of 110V DCDB-2
3. Current from 110V Battery Set -1
4. Current from 110V Battery Set -2
5. Current from 110V Battery Charger -1
6. Current from110V Battery charger 2
7. Battery 1 Output Voltage
8. Battery 2 Output Voltage
9. Charger Trouble 1
10. Charger Trouble 2
11. Charger 1 on Boost
12. Charger 1 on Float
13. Charger 1 Failure(Float)
14. Charger 1 Failure (FCBC)
15. Charger 2 on Boost
16. Charger 2 on Float
17. Charger 2 Failure(Float)
18. Charger 2 Failure (FCBC)
19. Charger 1 Float Current
20. Charger 1 Boost Current
21. Charger 2 Float Current
22. Charger 2 Boost Current
23. Input MCCB Incomer-1 ON (DCDB)
24. Input MCCB Incomer-2 ON (DCDB)
25. DCDB Buscoupler MCCB OFF
26. DC Earth Fault Relay Operated Sec-I
27. DC Earth Fault Relay Operated Sec-II Separate Signal for both
28. 415 V AC Supply MCCB-1 Trip Charger 1, Charger 2,
29. 415 V AC Supply MCCB-2 Trip DCDB 1 and DCDB 2
30. Over Temperature Indication
31. DC Overvoltage and Undervoltage relay operated
32. AC Supply Trouble (Charger)

48 V DC
1. Voltage of 48 V DCDB 1
2. Voltage of 48 V DCDB 2
3. Current from 48 V Battery set 1
4. Current from Battery Set 2
5. Current from 48 V Charger 1
6. Current from 48 V Charger 2
7. Battery 1 Output Voltage
8. Battery 2 Output Volatge
9. Charger Trouble 1
10. Charger Trouble 2
11. Charger 1 on Boost

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 12. Charger 1 on Float
13. Charger 1 Failure(Float)
14. Charger 1 Failure (FCBC)
15. Charger 2 on Boost
16. Charger 2 on Float
17. Charger 2 Failure(Float)
18. Charger 2 Failure (FCBC)
19. Charger 1 Float Current
20. Charger 1 Boost Current
21. Charger 2 Float Current
22. Charger 2 Boost Current
23. Input MCCB Incomer-1 ON (DCDB)
24. Input MCCB Incomer-2 ON (DCDB)
25. DCDB Buscoupler MCCB OFF
26. DC Earth Fault Relay Operated Sec-I
27. DC Earth Fault Relay Operated Sec-II
28. 415 V AC Supply MCCB-1 Trip
29. 415 V AC Supply MCCB-2 Trip
30. Over Temperature Indication
31. DC Overvoltage and Undervoltage relay operated
32. AC Supply Trouble (Charger)

DG Set
1. DG Set Breaker ON
2. DG Set Breaker OFF
3. Low Lube Oil Pressure
4. High Water Temperature
5. Engine Over Speed
6. Low Fuel in Service Tank
7. Over load Trip
8. Voltage RY, YB and BR
9. Current from DG set R, Y and B

Fire Fighting
1. Zone 1 Fire
2. Zone 2 Fire
3. Zone 3 Fire
4. Zone 4 Fire
5. Zone 5 Fire

Other Signal
1. PLCC Exchange Fail
2. Time Synch. Signal Fail
3. GPS Signal Fail
4. Current from Station transformer
5. Voltage from Station Transformer
6. Isolator Status of Station Transformer
7. Ambient Temperature

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 APPENDIX 3:

PRECOMMISSIONING CHECKLIST FOR SUBSTATION

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 APPENDIX 4: CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY AND THERMAL LOADING
The transmission line parameter for various conductor is available in CEA website. Those parameter are in P.U.
However some of the mostly used conductor details in AEGCL is listed below in ohm/kM.

PU/KM @ 100 MVA PU/KM @ 100 MVA

SL Voltage (Positive Seq.) as per CEA (Zero Seq.) AS per CEA
No Type of Level
Conductor (kV) Configuration Circuit R1 X1 Z1 R0 X0 Z0
0.0000 0.0000 4.36504 0.0000 0.0001 0.00016
1 ACSR Zebra 765 Hexa D/C 02096 436 E-05 3839 576 2208
0.0000 0.0001 0.00015 0.0057 0.0005 0.00573
2 ACSR Zebra S/C 105 59 9346 08 94 8824
ACSR 0.0000 0.0001 0.00015 0.0001 0.0006 0.00064
3 Moose S/C 09167 58 8266 55 25 3933
ACSR 0.0000 0.0001 0.00015 0.0001 0.0006 0.00064
4 Moose D/C 09177 582 8466 557 246 3714
AAAC 0.0000 0.0001 0.00016 0.0053 0.0006 0.00535
5 Moose Quad S/C 0979 676 7886 2 26 6704
0.0000 0.0001 0.00018 0.0076 0.0006 0.00764
6 ACSR Zebra Triple S/C 14 87 7523 16 949 7636
ACSR 0.0000 0.0002 0.00020 0.0001 0.0007 0.00078
7 Moose S/C 1862 075 8334 012 75 1579
ACSR 0.0000 0.0001 0.00019 0.0001 0.0006 0.00069
8 Moose D/C 18 923 3141 672 711 1615
AAAC 0.0000 0.0002 0.00020 0.0001 0.0007 0.00078
9 Moose 400 Twin S/C 1934 065 7404 051 73 0112
ACSR 0.0000 0.0005 0.00058 0.0004 0.0024 0.00245
10 Moose 220 Twin S/C 4304 819 349 2 14 0264
0.0001 0.0008 0.00083 0.0004 0.0027 0.00278
11 ACSR Zebra S/C 44 22 4518 23 57 9261
ACSR 0.0001 0.0008 0.00083 0.0004 0.0027 0.00280
12 Moose S/C 547 249 9281 545 67 4079
0.0001 0.0008 0.00083 0.0004 0.0027 0.00280
13 AAAC Zebra 220 Single S/C 547 249 9281 54 67 3998
ACSR 0.0009 0.0022 0.00240 0.0023 0.0093 0.00959
14 Panther 132 Single S/C 31 16 3626 28 1 665

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 SL Ohms/KM @ 100 MVA Ohms/KM @ 100 MVA
No Voltage Zbase (Positive Seq.) Line (Zero Seq.)
Type of Level 100 Angl
Conductor (kV) Configuration Circuit MVA R1 X1 Z1 e R0 X0 Z0
ACSR 87.24
1 Zebra 765 Hexa D/C 5852 0.0123 0.2552 0.2555 77 0.2247 0.9223 0.9493
ACSR 86.22
2 Zebra S/C 1600 0.0168 0.2544 0.2550 18 9.1328 0.9504 9.1821
ACSR 86.67
3 Moose S/C 1600 0.0147 0.2528 0.2532 95 0.2480 1.0000 1.0303
ACSR 86.68
4 Moose D/C 1600 0.0147 0.2531 0.2535 01 0.2491 0.9994 1.0299
AAAC 86.65
5 Moose Quad S/C 1600 0.0157 0.2682 0.2686 70 8.5120 1.0016 8.5707
ACSR 85.71
6 Zebra Triple S/C 1600 0.0224 0.2992 0.3000 85 12.1856 1.1118 12.2362
ACSR 84.87
7 Moose S/C 1600 0.0298 0.3320 0.3333 23 0.1619 1.2400 1.2505
ACSR 84.65
8 Moose D/C 1600 0.0288 0.3077 0.3090 25 0.2675 1.0738 1.1066
AAAC 84.64
9 Moose 400 Twin S/C 1600 0.0309 0.3304 0.3318 95 0.1682 1.2368 1.2482
ACSR 85.76
10 Moose 220 Twin S/C 484 0.0208 0.2816 0.2824 98 0.2033 1.1684 1.1859
ACSR 80.06
11 Zebra S/C 484 0.0697 0.3978 0.4039 36 0.2047 1.3344 1.3500
ACSR 79.37
12 Moose S/C 484 0.0749 0.3993 0.4062 82 0.2200 1.3392 1.3572
AAAC 79.37
13 Zebra 220 Single S/C 484 0.0749 0.3993 0.4062 82 0.2197 1.3392 1.3571
ACSR 67.21
14 Panther 132 Single S/C 174 0.1622 0.3861 0.4188 14 0.4056 1.6222 1.6721

Thermal Load of Conductors

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 Thermal loading of HTLS conductor
High Temperature (HTLS) low sag conductors
1. ACSS (Aluminium Conductor Steel Supported)
2. TACSR (Thermal Alloy Conductor Steel Re-inforced)
3. STACIR (Super thermal Aluminium Conductor Invar Reinforced)
4. ACCC (Aluminium Conductor Composite Core) ACCR (Aluminium Conductor Composite Reinforced

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 APPENDIX 5: CONVENTIONAL FERRULE USED IN CONTROL PANELS

CABLE FERRULE MARKING

1. A : USED FOR CURRENT TRANSFORMER (Special Purpose Core)

(a) differential if connected to Transformer

(b) distance if connected to line.

LV SIDE
HV SIDE
A11 R Phase A111
A31 Y Phase A131
A51 B Phase A151
A71 NEUTRAL A171

For Distance relay the ferrule will be A11, A31, A51, A71

2. C: USED FOR CURRENT TRANSFORMER ( PROTECTION CORE)

Overcurrent and Earth Fault And Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault

MARKINGS
C11 R Phase
C31 Y Phase
C51 B Phase
C71 NEUTRAL

If used for LV side of the Transformer it will be C111, C131, C151, C171

3. D: USED FOR CURRENT TRANSFORMER ( METERING CORE)

MARKINGS
D11 R Phase
D31 Y Phase
D51 B Phase
D71 NEUTRAL

If used for LV side of the Transformer it will be D111, D131, D151, D171

4. E: USED FOR POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

HV SIDE/LV SIDE
E11/E111 R Phase
E31E131 Y Phase
E51/E151 B Phase
E71/E171 NEUTRAL

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 5. G: CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

(a) G11 } Synchronising

(b) G13

6. H: AC SUPPLY FOR PANEL

(a) For 1 phase : H1 - Phase

H2 - Neutral

(b) For 3 Phase : H1 - R Phase

H2 - Y Phase
H3 - B Phase
H4 - Neutral

7. J : DC SUPPLY

J1 + and J2 -

8. K : DC FOR OPERATION AND PROTECTION

K1 + and K2 -

9. L : DC FOR INDICTATION AND ALARM (ANNUNCIATION CIRCUIT)

L1 + and L2 -

10. M : AC SUPPLY FOR MOTOR

(a) For 1 phase : M1 - Phase

M2 - Neutral

(b) For 3 Phase : M1 - R Phase

M2 - Y Phase
M3 - B Phase
M4 - Neutral

11. S : CT SECONDARY

(a) 1s1 , 1s2 and 1s3

(b) 2s1 , 2s2 and 2s3
(c) 3s1 , 3s2 and 3s3

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 APPENDIX 6: FAULT ANALYSIS REPORT

1. Tripping of 400kV Kukumara-Silchar Line on 28 th April 2017

(As per Additional Agenda for Protection Sub group committee Meeting on 05.05.17 at NERLDC,
Shillong. Agenda No 1. Grid Disturbance on 28th April’17)
There was two incident of tripping of 400kV Kukumara-Silchar line on 28th April 2017. The first was
around 18:41 Hrs and second was at 22:14 Hrs. But in both the cases there was no Zone 3 tripping as
indicated in DR at 400kV Kukumara GSS.
1st case: Tripping on 28th April 2017 at 18:41 Hrs.
Disturbance Recorder Details

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 Sequence of tripping:
1. Zone 1 tripped with carrier send.

2. Autoreclosing start and in progress.

3. Again tripped at Zone 1 with Zone 2 & 3 start but no tripping of Zone 2 & 3. The line
tripped in zone 1 and SOTF after AR.

2nd case: Tripping on 28th April 2017 at 10:14 Hrs.

Disturbance Recorder Details

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 Sequence of tripping
1. Zone 1 tripped with carrier send. Zone 2 & 3 start but no tripping.

2. Trip 1-pole and Autoreclose start.

3. Autoreclose was successful.

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 Conclusion:
In both the above case the 400kV Kukumara-Silchar line tripped in Zone 1 at 400kV Kukumara GSS.
There is no Zone 2 & 3 tripped. However, in the 1st case Autoreclosing was unsuccessful due to
persisting fault. And in the 2nd case Autoreclosure was successful.

2. Tripping of Sarusajai-Kahilipara Line II/III/IV on 28th April 2017

Tripping: 18:58 Hrs, 28th April, 2017

Analysis

 The Sarusajai-Kahilipara –IV CB at sarusajai end tripped showing Zone-1 and 0.9kM.
 The CB of the Sarusajai-Kahilipara –IV at kahilipara end also tripped but at Zone 2 timing. The
distance was not recorded in the log book. Also the disturbance record was over-write by recent
pickup.
 This fault was seen by relay 1, 3 & 4 in their respective zone 2 in forward direction.
 The tripping of relay 3 in zone 2 timing (300mS) is possible if the fault was fed for more than
300mS. So that it initiate the tripping after 300mS.
 The relay 4 & 5 was the fault in zone 2, so both the relay tripped at zone 2 timing.
 Similarly the case with relay 1.
 The relay 2 didn’t tripped, indicating the fault might have cleared before it initiate tripping.
 The PT Voltage in the display of relay 5 was showing 150kV. However the voltage in the back
of relay terminal was around 110V phase to phase. The Analog card of this relay was replaced
with spare card and the voltage reading found to be correct (132kV).

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 Remedy

 This zone 2 tripping of the relays for a fault in one of the line can be avoided by carrier inter-
tripping.
 PLCC had confirmed that the said PLCC panel at Sarusajai end is faulty due to the amplifier
unit. And thus the carrier protection is not possible at present.
 If the amplifier unit is rectified, through checking of carrier inter-tripping between Sarusajai
and kahilipara is need.
 Also the 48V DC source for PLCC is not yet commissioned

3. Frequent tripping of 220kV Samaguri-Sonabil-I Line

Observation:
 Tripping of 220kV Samaguri-Sonabil feeder as per SLDC for the month of March 2017.

SL Element Tripping time Restoration time Duration(Forced) Reason of

no. name Date Time Date Time Hrs mins tripping
220 KV
R Y B PHASE
1 SMG - 2.3.17 18:18 2.3.17 18:30 12
FAULT
SONABIL
220 KV
R Y B PHASE
2 SMG - 2.3.17 18:30 3.3.17 07:25 12 55
FAULT
SONABIL
R Y B PHASE
FAULT, Z-1 ,
19.9 KM AT
220 KV
SMG , R Y B
3 SMG - 05.03.17 16:25 05.03.17 16:33 8
PHASE
SONABIL
FAULT, Z-1 ,
20.5 KM AT
SNBL
R Y B PHASE
220 KV
FAULT, Z-1 ,
4 SMG - 05.03.17 16:43 05.03.17 17:16 33
16.3 KM AT
SONABIL
SMG ,
R Y B PHASE
FAULT, Z-1 ,
12 KM AT
SMG , R Y B
PHASE
220 KV
FAULT, Z-1 ,
5 SMG - 05.03.17 17:38 06.03.17 12:30 18 53
20.8 KM AT
SONABIL
SNBL

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 R-Y-B phase,
Z-1 DISTANCE
18.6 KM AT
220 KV
SMG, E/F , Z-1
6 SMG - 09.03.17 18:01 09.03.17 18:23
DISATNCE
SONABIL
17.4 KM AT
SONABIL
22
R-Y-B phase,
Z-1 DISTANCE
17.2 KM AT
220 KV SONABIL, E/F
7 SMG - 10.03.17 18:11 10.03.17 18:27 , R Y B PHASE
SONABIL FAULT, Z-1
DISATNCE
18.3 KM AT
16 SMG
R Y B PHASE
FAULT, Z-1 ,
220 KV DISTANCE
8 SMG - 11.03.17 11:10 11.03.17 11:20 10 17.9 KM AT
SONABIL SONABIL ,
GT, Z-1 , 18.9
KM AT SNBL
R Y B PHASE
FAULT, Z-1 ,
220 KV DISTANCE
9 SMG - 11.03.17 11:20 11.03.17 16:00 4 40 17.9 KM AT
SONABIL SONABIL ,
GT, Z-1 , 18.9
KM AT SNBL
G-TRIP, 86 A
220 KV
7B, 80D ZONE-
10 SMG - 17.3.17 23:30 18.03.17 00:54 1 24
1 DISTANCE
SONABIL
18.2 KM
DPR, RYB
PHASE , Z-1
220 KV 18.4 KM AT
11 SMG - 18.03.17 08:02 18.03.17 08:15 13 SMG, DPR,
SONABIL RYB PHASE ,
Z-1 , 13.1 KM
AT SONABIL
DPR, RYB
PHASE , Z-1
18.4 KM AT
SMG, DPR,
220 KV
RYB PHASE ,
12 SMG - 18.03.17 08:15 18.03.17 08:35 20
Z-1 , 13.1 KM
SONABIL
AT SONABIL

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 DPR, RYB
PHASE , Z-1
220 KV 18.4 KM AT
13 SMG - 18.03.17 08:44 18.03.17 16:28 16 44 SMG, DPR,
SONABIL RYB PHASE ,
Z-1 , 13.1 KM
AT SONABIL
RYB PHASE ,
220 KV 08:33 TRIP RELAY
14 SMG - 19.03.17 08:27 19.03.17 6
Z-1 DISTANCE
SONABIL
12.5KM
RYB PHASE ,
08:42 TRIP RELAY
Z-1 DISTANCE
220 KV
15.1KM
15 SMG - 19.03.17 08:33 19.03.17 9
SONABIL

RYB PHASE ,
220 KV 16:56 TRIP RELAY
16 SMG - 19.03.17 10:01 19.03.17 6 55
Z-1 DISTANCE
SONABIL
15.1KM

220 KV
17 SMG - 22.03.17 11:10 22.03.17 13:10 S/D
SONABIL

220 KV G-TRIP,Z-1,
SMG - 25.03.17 10:53 25.03.17 11:04 11 DISTANCE
SONABIL 16.2KM
R,Y,B PHASE
DISTANCE
18 17.6 KM AT
220 KV
SONABIL,
SMG - 30.03.17 00:37 30.03.17 01:07 40
R,Y,B PHASE
SONABIL
DISTANCE
16.4 KM AT
SAMAGURI

220 KV G-TRIP,Z-1,
19 SMG - 25.03.17 11:05 25.03.17 16:45 5 40 DISTANCE
SONABIL 16.2KM

Cause of Tripping:
As per Nagaon T&T Division, the R-ph conductor of 220 KV SMG-Sonabil-1 feeder had snapped on
dated 17-09-16 in afternoon time over Brahamputra river at koliabhomora Bridge. After that the
snapped portion of the said R-ph conductor was recovered from river. Since, the water level of the

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 river was very high due to monsoon, at that time the re-stringing of the said conductor could not be
done. The circuit was restored by top spare conductor that was provided for both the circuit in
Brahamputra River crossing. The snapped conductor over river crossing was tied to the suspension
tower LOC W2 and LOC W5 at both the end of the river with come along clamps.
This snapped conductor that was tied to the suspension tower causes the faults when there is heavy
wind. Either this snapped conductor should be removed or the re-stringing of the R-phase need to be
done to avoid such frequent tripping.
Also as per the Nagaon T&T Division, bottom conductor of second circuit is also required to be changed as one
portion over river, aluminium strands are broken out and inner steel strands are naked to atmosphere, which can
lead to accident/failure.

4. Tripping of 220kV Sonabil-Samaguri line on 8th June 2017 at 11:25 Hrs

Tripping: 8th June 11:25: As per the fault report collected from the 220kV Sonabil-Samaguri GSS

Analysis
 The 220kV Sonabil-Samaguri-I line tripped on Zone-3 on 8th June 2017. The fault was a high
resistive fault.
 The Line was idle charged from Sonabil end. The fault was temporary and is due to existing
problem of R-phase conductor (which is tied to the suspension tower) snap in Brahmaputra
crossing which was later on charged through ground wire. The fault was very high resistive in
nature and so it was detected by the Distance relay in Zone 3 causing tripping.

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 Remedy
 The Earth fault setting of the said feeder is reviewed and the TMS is lower to 0.2. However the
exact earth fault setting of 220kV Balipara-Sonabil feeder from Balipara is required for
coordination.
 The earth fault setting of 220kV Balipara-Sonabil feeder at Balipara end may also be reviewed
to avoid uninterrupted power supply.
 The rectification of the snapped R-phase conductor which is presently tied to the suspension
tower is essential.
5. Tripping of 132kV Sonabil-Depota and 132kV Sonabil-AIDC Line on Oct 2017

1st Incident: Date: 12.10.17 Time: 14:45 Hrs

Observation:
a. Before tripping the power flow in 132kV Sonabil-Depota line was 36.58 MW and in 132kV
Sonabil-AIDC was 33.89 MW
b. The 132kV Sonabil-AIDC line tripped on Distance Relay Zone 1 with current Iy = 5640A and
Ib = 5530A
c. The tripping for AIDC line was initiated by Distance relay and the tripping for sonabil line was
initiated by Overcurrent relay

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 2 nd Incident: Date: 11.10.17 Time: 10:53 Hrs

Observation:
a. Before Tripping the power flow was 44.82 MW in 132kV Sonabil-Depota line and 38.43 MW in 132kV
Sonabil-AIDC line
b. Both these lines from Sonabil are in the same tower and both the relays of respective feeder have
detected the fault in Y-phase as shown above.
3rd Incident: Date: 09.10.17 Time: 13:33 Hrs

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 Observation:
a. Before tripping the power flow was 45.06 MW in 132kV Sonabil-Depota line and 39.15 MW in
132kV Sonabil-AIDC line.
b. The magnitude of current is shown above

Conclusion:
a. Both these line 132kV Sonabil-Depota and 132kV Sonabil-AIDC are in the same tower.
b. Mostly detected fault was in Y-Phase in both lines
c. The Y-Phase is the bottom conductor of the tower in both the feeder.

d. It is also observed that the same type of fault occur in this line only in day time from 10:00 Hrs
to 15:00 Hrs.
e. It is suggested that the bottom conductor (Y-Phase) clearance with any vegetation should be
minimum 3 meters so that during day time due to sag the clearance is sufficient to maintain the
lines.
f. Four relays of the two lines are recording the same fault in each feeder.

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 REPORT ON FEEDER FAULT ANALYSIS OF TRANSMISSION LINE OF AEGCL
1. Grid disturbances under Samaguri Division
1.1.1 Report of 132kV Samaguri-Khaloigaon(Nagaon) Line as per Samaguri Division

FAULT PERIOD
REMEDIAL
Sl. TRIPPING RESTORATIO
DURATIO REASONS OF FAULT ACTION REMARKS
No. DATE TIME (IN N TIME (IN
N TAKEN
HRS) HRS)
100 MVA
08-07- 2 HRS 1 TRANSFORMER
1 16.26 18.27
2017 MIN TRIPPED AT
SAMAGURI END
KHALOIGAON
13-07-
2 11.55 12.03 8 MIN TRIPPED AT
2017
SAMAGURI END
DISTANCE RELAY
21-07-
3 10.55 11.01 6 MIN OPERATED AT ZONE 1
2017
SAMAGURI
23-07- 4 HRS 5 MAINTENANCE AT
4 8.01 12.06
2017 MINS SAMAGURI
27-07- DIRECTIONAL RELAY
5 3.15 3.38 23 MINS
2017 OPERATED
DISTANCE RELAY
28-08- ZONE 1 =
1 2.41 2.48 7 MINS OPERATED AT
2017 17.1KM
KHALOIGAON
03-09- MAINTENANCE AT
1 8.25 9.11 46 MINS
2017 SAMAGURI
04-09- 1 HR 3 MAINTENANCE AT
2 16.39 17.42
2017 MINS SAMAGURI
09-09- 1 HR 22 MAINTENANCE AT
3 9.02 10.24
2017 MINS SAMAGURI
09-09- 1 HR 33 MAINTENANCE AT
4 15.33 17.06
2017 MINS SAMAGURI
DISTANCE RELAY
17-09-
5 10.54 11 6 MINS OPERATED AT
2017 DISTANCE
SAMAGURI
NOT
DISTANCE RELAY
17-09- LOCATED
6 13.28 13.34 6 MINS OPERATED AT
2017
KHALOIGAON
24-09- 2 HRS 33 MAINTENANCE AT
7 8.36 11.09
2017 MINS SAMAGURI

1.1.2 Tripping analysis:

The 100kMVA 220/132kV Trnasformer tripped because its 132kV Jumper snapped close to 132kV Bus.
The 132kV Samaguri –Khaloigaon line is a radial line. In all the cases it had tripped at Samaguri end
showing Zone 1as per Samaguri control room log book record. It did not trip at Khaloigaon end.
Therefore the tripping is correct but which Phase got tripped, distance to fault is not in details in the
control room log book. As there is Siemens relay last eight (8) faults can be retrieved manually by
pressing F3 button and also the phase will be indicated by LED in the front panel of the relay.

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 1.2.1 Report of 220kV Samaguri-Mariani-II Line as per Samaguri Division
FAULT PERIOD
REMEDIAL
Sl. REASONS OF
TRIPPIN RESTORATI DURATI ACTION REMARKS
No. DATE FAULT
G TIME ON TIME ON TAKEN
GENERAL
1 05-07-2017 10.55 AM 11.10 AM 15 MIN DISTANCE- 14.9 KM
TRIP
GENERAL
2 05-07-2017 11.11 AM 11.19 AM 08 MIN DISTANCE- 12.8 KM
TRIP
GENERAL
3 08-07-2017 4.50 AM 5.05 AM 15 MIN DISTANCE- 72 KM
TRIP
GENERAL DISTANCE- 127.3
4 08-07-2017 5.50 AM 5.57 AM 07 MIN
TRIP KM
GENERAL
5 14-07-2017 12.45 PM 13.04 PM 19 MIN DISTANCE- 86 KM
TRIP
GENERAL
6 18-07-2017 13.25 PM 13.40 PM 15 MIN
TRIP
GENERAL
7 19-07-2017 11.45 AM 11.52 AM 07 MIN DISTANCE- 97 KM
TRIP
GENERAL
1 06-08-2017 11.55 AM 12.03 PM 8 MIN DISTANCE- 90 KM
TRIP
GENERAL
2 17-08-2017 11.40 AM 12.04 PM 24 MIN DISTANCE- 96.2 KM
TRIP
GENERAL
3 21-08-2017 12.35 PM 12.58 PM 23 MIN DISTANCE- 87.4 KM
TRIP
GENERAL
4 22-08-2017 11.27 AM 11.35 AM 8 MIN DISTANCE- 6.2 KM
TRIP
GENERAL
1 16-09-2017 10.45 AM 10.53 AM 8 MIN DISTANCE- 49.8 KM
TRIP

1.2.2 Tripping Analysis

The 220kV Samaguri-Mariani Line is of 164 kM. The Zone 1 distance (80% of Protected
line) is 131.2kM. From the above tripping details it has been observed that the tripping
distance is less than 131.2kM. So the line tripped at Zone 1. The cause of tripping whether
vegetation fault or conductor snapped etc is not mentioned. The “General Trip” mentioned
above is a relay internal function which will be indicated whenever there is any fault (i.e
Zone fault, SOTF, Overcurrent, Earth Fault etc) detected by the relay. By pressing the F3
button (Siemens Relay) last eight (8) faults can be retrieved which will indicate the distance
to fault, phase selection, Zone and magnitude of current. Moreover the distance shown by
the numerical relay is not exact; it will show only approximate distance.
As the restoration time in all the above cases is minimal it perhaps might be concluded that
the faults were temporary vegetation fault.

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 1.3.1 Report of 220kV Samaguri-Sonabil-II Line as per Samaguri Division. The 220kV
Samaguri-Sonabil-I is idle charged.
FAULT PERIOD
REMEDIAL
Sl. REASONS OF
TRIPPING RESTORATION ACTION REMARKS
No. DATE DURATION FAULT
TIME TIME TAKEN
GENERAL
1 05-07-2017 10.50 AM 11:00 AM 10 MIN TRIP
GENERAL DISTANCE- 4.9
2 17-07-2017 8.16 AM 8.30 AM 14 MIN TRIP KM
GENERAL DISTANCE- 7.7
3 18-07-2017 11.53 AM 12.02 AM 9 MIN TRIP KM
GENERAL DISTANCE- 40.8
4 28-07-2017 07.07 AM 7.15 AM 8 MIN
TRIP KM
GENERAL DISTANCE- 63.5
1 04-08-2017 10.37 PM 8.53 PM 16 MIN
TRIP KM
GENERAL DISTANCE- 7.1
2 19-08-2017 11.33 AM 11.38 AM 5 MIN
TRIP KM
GENERAL DISTANCE- 43.6
3 27-08-2017 6.59 AM 7.12 AM 13 MIN
TRIP KM
GENERAL DISTANCE- 7.8
1 02-09-2017 11.43 AM 11.49 AM 6 MIN
TRIP KM
GENERAL DISTANCE- 8.1
2 25-09-2017 10.15 AM 10.25 AM 10 MIN
TRIP KM

1.3.2 Tripping Analysis

As mentioned above on 4 th August 2017 the 220kV Samaguri-Sonabil-II feeder tripped at
Samaguri end showing 63.5 kM. As per Sonabil control room log book the fault was closer to
the Balipara substation in 220kV Sonabil-Balipara feeder. The 220kV Balipara-Sonabil feeder
tripped on Zone 2 at Sonabil substation and Zone 1 on Balipara substation. The same fault is
seen by the relay of 220kV Samaguri-Sonabil-II feeder in Zone 2 at Samaguri substation.
Therefore both the circuit breaker tripped simultaneously. The cause of tripping whether
vegetation fault or conductor snapped etc is not mentioned. Moreover the distance shown by
the numerical relay is not exact; it will show only approximate distance.
As the restoration time in all the above cases is minimal it perhaps might be concluded that the
faults were temporary vegetation fault.

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 2. Grid Disturbance under Salakati Division

2.1.1 Report of 220kV Salakati-Agia-I & II Line as per Salakati Division

2.1.2 Tripping Analysis

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 As per the Salakati and Agia control room log book the 220kV Salakati –Agia-I became faulty
on 23.07.17 at 01:45 Hrs. The Distance Relay of 220kV Salakati-Agia-I tripped at both Salakati
and Agia end. The 220kV Salakati-Agia-II tripped in Zone 2 at Salakati end for the same fault.
Therefore the tripping is correct. The Line was in shutdown from 06:30 Hrs to 16:40 Hrs on
23.07.2017. Similar is the case on 06.08.2017. Rest of the tripping is temporary vegetation and
tripping are correct.
3. Grid disturbance under Dhaligaon Division
3.1.1 Report as per Dhaligaon Division

3.1.2 Tripping Analysis

From the above report it is seen that all the relays are working properly in time during conductor
snap and disc failure to evade electrical hazard.

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 4. Grid disturbance under Rangia Division

4.1.1 The Major grid disturbance at Rangia GSS

Power flow

4.1.2 Observation:

a. As per the Rangia control room record the 132kV Kamalpur and 132kV Rangia use to take power
from Bhutan isolating 132kV Kahilipara- Kamalpur (idle charged) and 132kV Kamalpur-Sishugram
(idle Charged).

b. It has been observed by shift-in-charge that just after the above arrangement the 132kV Voltage at
Rangia bus is 136kV, however gradually it deceases from 136 kV to 113kV (or below) with load and
observed frequency at that moment of time is 49.88HZ and finally get tripped at Bhutan end.

c. A snap shoot of the voltage indicated in the relay (taken by Control room shift-in-charge) is below:

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 d. The CVT voltage have also been measured in the Secondary terminal in switched yard and found to
be 94.00V (Phase to Phase).

e. If 132kV Kamalpur is connected to either Kahilipara or Sishugram the voltage profile at Rangia
substation is well maintained at 132kV.

f. No tripping data could be retrieved from Bhutan end.

5. Grid disturbance under Kahilipara Division

5.1.1 Major Grid disturbance on 19th August 2017

5.1.2 Tripping Analysis

On 19th August 2017 at 21:02 Hrs the 33kV Y Phase drop jumper between 33kV bus and 33kV
feeder circuit breaker snapped leading to the tripping of all the five (5) transformers in overcurrent.
The fault current is shown in the above diagram. Since all the transformers are in parallel cascade
tripping occurred.
The 132kV Sarusajai-Sishugram line also tripped in this incident. This was due to the reason that as
the fault current was shared by all the transformers tripping time occur in more than 1.5 Sec which
lead to the tripping of 132kV Sarusajai-Sishugram feeder.

5.2.1 Tripping of Kahilipara 30 MVA Transformer –V on Overfluxing

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 Observation:
a. On 17th September 2017 there was heavy storm and rainfall due to which most of the APDCL lines were
faulty. From the SLDC log sheet during 17:00 Hrs, 18:00 Hrs and 19:00 Hrs there was under-drawal of 764
MW, 625 MW and 480 MW respectively. The net demand met at 17:00hrs, 18:00 hrs and 19:00 hrs was
735.81MW, 1005.49MW and 1195.54MW respectively.
b. Whereas on 16th September 2017 at 17:00hrs, 18:00 hrs and 19:00 hrs the net demand met was 1179.77MW,
1340.79 MW and 1498.42 MW respectively.
c. Therefore due to non availability of APDCL line the 132kV voltage increase and this has been recorded in
Narengi GSS and CTPS GSS as well.

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 APPENDIX 7: TESTING OF RELAYS

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 APPENDIX 8: NEW ELEMENT CHARGING PROCEDURE

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 BIBILOGRAPHY

1. “Task Force for Power System Analysis under Contingencies” March 2014

2. Operation and Maintenance of GIS by CED Engineering.com, NY

3. CBIP website.

4. POSOCO website.

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