Aircraft Propulsion (AN F312)

Lecture 5
Dr. Sayan Das
BITS Pilani
Hyderabad
Pilani Campus Campus Department of Mechanical Engineering
 The thrust equation is:

Thrust,
where 𝒇 = 𝑚̇ /𝑚̇

when

Thrust,
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Propulsive efficiency 𝒑 : Relative amount of K.E. of the air at the inlet, utilized in obtaining the power output

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝜂 = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐾. 𝐸. 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

𝑈𝑇
𝑜𝑟 𝜂 = If the exhaust nozzle is unchoked,
1
𝑈𝑇 + 2 𝑚̇ 𝑢 − 𝑈
and the fuel air ratio is neglected, we
can write:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡
𝜂 =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐾. 𝐸. 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝜂 = 2/(1 + 𝑢 /𝑈)
𝑈𝑇
𝑜𝑟 𝜂 =
1 1
𝑚̇ 𝑢 − 𝑚̇ 𝑈
2 2
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Total Thrust,

For unchoked nozzle, propulsive efficiency,

̇
where , bypass ratio
̇

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Turbine

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1. Propulsive Thrust

2. Propulsive Efficiency

3. Thermal Efficiency

4. Propeller Efficiency

5. Take off Thrust

6. Specific Fuel Consumption

7. Aircraft Range

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 or

(For an unchoked nozzle and negligible f)

For two stream turbofan or propfan engines: For turboprop and turboshaft engines:

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Equivalent Thrust Power (ETP)

𝑻𝑼
So
𝑬𝑺𝑷

Overall Efficiency,

O ̇

For an unchoked nozzle and negligible f:

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Takeoff thrust: Minimum thrust needed for the aircraft to take off under its own power at static condition.

For a constant thermal efficiency and flow rate:

Thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC): Rate of consumption of fuel per unit thrust generated.

(For turbojet engines: TSFC usually varies between 0.075-0.11 kg/N.hr)

(For turbofan engines: More economic and range is 0.03-0.05 kg/N.hr)

̇
For Turboprop engines, SFC:

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Assume: Entire flight trajectory comprises of cruising at a certain altitude.
While cruising: Thrust 𝑇 = Drag 𝐷 and Lift 𝐿 = Weight 𝑚𝑔
𝑇 𝑚𝑔 𝐷
= = 1 ⇒ 𝑇 = 𝐷 = 𝑚𝑔
𝐷 𝐿 𝐿

𝑑𝑚
Now ∶ 𝑚̇ = −
𝑑𝑡

𝑈 1 𝐿 𝑚
On integration, total range, 𝑆 = ln (Breguet’s Equation)
𝑔 𝑇𝑆𝐹𝐶 𝐷 𝑚

𝜂 𝑄 𝐿 𝑚
In terms of overall efficiency, 𝑆 = ln
𝑔 𝐷 𝑚

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Air flows through a jet engine at the rate of 30 kg/s and the fuel flow rate is 1 kg/s. The exhaust gases leave the
jet nozzle with a relative velocity of 610 m/s. Pressure equilibrium exists over the exit plane. Compute the
velocity of the airplane if the thrust power is 1.12 × 106 W.

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A turbojet engine is powering a fighter airplane. Its cruise altitude and Mach number are 10 km and 0.8,
respectively. The exhaust gases leave the nozzle at a speed of 570 m/s and a pressure of 0.67 bar. The exhaust
nozzle is characterized by the ratio ̇ =0.006 m2 × s/kg. The fuel-to-air ratio is 0.02.

Use: and

Calculate:

1. The specific thrust ̇

2. The propulsive efficiency.

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A turbofan engine is powering an aircraft flying at Mach number 0.9, at an altitude of 33,000 ft, where the
ambient temperature and pressure are −50.4° and 26.2 kPa. The engine BPR is 3, and the hot airflow passing
through the engine core is 22.7 kg/s. Preliminary analysis provided the following results:
.

Calculate the thrust force and the propulsive efficiency.

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For a turbofan engine with unchoked nozzles, prove that the value of the maximum overall efficiency is given by
the relation:

where the flight speed u is given by the relation:

.
Deduce the appropriate relations corresponding to a single-stream engine (ramjet, scramjet, and turbojet engines).

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COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS

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• Performing an order of Magnitude analysis with the continuity equation and the Euler’s Equation we were able
to show that Ma<<1 for an incompressible fluid.
• The momentum disturbance in an already compact/compressed medium (a highly compressed gas or any liquid)
propagates at an infinite speed through the medium
• The momentum disturbance travels through a “not-so-compressed” gas in the form of a wave front at a finite
speed – this speed is usually known as the sonic speed.

wavefront Transformed reference Important assumption: 1D flow, 𝑢 ≠ 𝑢 𝑦

𝑝 + 𝑑𝑝 𝑝 Using the conservation of mass and linear momentum, we get

c-du c
c 𝜌 + 𝑑ρ 𝜌 an important property, related to the elasticity of the medium
𝑑𝑢 0

x
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• Lets consider an isentropic process: reversible + adiabatic process
• A reversible process is a very slow process.
• Let us consider an ideal gas. Only then, = 𝑘, where 𝛾 = 𝑐 /𝑐 and 𝑐 − 𝑐 = 𝑅.
• For ideal gases: both cp and cv are functions of temperature.
• So we henceforth consider calorically perfect gases, where cp and cv are constant for any particular gas.

Hence for a calorically perfect gas undergoing an isentropic process, the sonic velocity is: 𝒄 = 𝜸𝑹𝑻.
Here R is the characteristic gas constant (0.287 kJ/kgK) and not the universal gas constant, 𝑅 = 8.314 ⋅

(Not the most general expression)

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Thank You

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