Network Models

Objectives
Network Models ƒ Find connected paths through the network(s)

SIE 510 ƒ Estimate costs of moving through the network

Spring 2005
ƒ Manage/analyze parts of the network or assets
From Miller, H. and S. Shaw. 2001. Geographic Information associated with the network
Systems for Transportation. Oxford:Oxford University Press.

Requires representation of topology and geometry of

February 1, 2005 the network

Network Model Topics Network Models and Graph Theory

ƒ Graph theory as underlying mathematical model Graph theory supplies the mathematical framework for networks
A graph is a set of vertices and relations between vertices
ƒ Network representation applied to transportation
systems Graph components

ƒ Vertices – uniquely identified, represent members of a set

ƒ Linear referencing systems
ƒ Edges – represent relationships among members of the set
edges are ordered pairs of vertices
ƒ Dynamic segmentation
directed edge – relation applies in one direction
undirected edge – relation applies in both directions

1
Network Models and Graph Theory Network Models
Planar graph Non-planar graph
„ Directed Link: a topological straight line
connection between two ordered nodes

Embedded in a Euclidean plane, Does not required vertices

NodeID #1 NodeID #2
requires a vertex at edge crossings at edge crossings
Networks – graph for explicitly representing interaction - „ Directed chain – a directed link with intermediate shape
connected set of nodes and links points between two ordered nodes
Nodes – vertices representing origin, termini or relays,
uniquely identified
NodeID #1 NodeID #2
Links – edges representing conduits for flow between nodes,
identified by labeled node pairs, for a directed graph the node
order is significant

Network representation of Road network representation

transportation systems
Transportation systems typically represented as directed
networks

Transportation system often partitioned into modal

specific sub-networks

Roadway, subway, air, rail, bus,

Links correspond to streets or roads

Often stored as separate networks with transfer links to
represent connections Nodes correspond to street intersections
Generalized cost function represents the unit cost to traverse a
link

2
 Transit network representation Node-link model 32
31
8
7
23
Line haul links 6 Link ID From Node To Node Length
Transfer stop
6 20 23 22
20
7 23 31 86
stops
8 31 32 69

Node ID X Y Relational model

20 235.00 420.00 for node-link
23 250.11 436.00 consists of link and
31 324.05 460.35 node relations
32 410.65 472.80

Weaknesses of Planar Network Link Table

2 Link-ID From-Node To-Node
Most GIS require planar embedding of the node-link model 10 1
1 10 30
30
2 30 40
ƒ Planar embedding forces nodes at all intersections 4 40 5 50
3 3 30 20
Does not account for overpasses, underpasses or ramps 4 30 40
20 5 40 50
ƒ Assumes links are homogenous – an attribute is constant over
a link Turn Table Node Table
ƒ Limited support for one to many and many to many relations Node-ID From-link To-Link Impedance Node-ID attributes
30 1 3 5 10
Relations of many physical and logical transportation 30 1 4 10 20
entities are complex 30 1 2 -1 30
Route 202
30 1 1 -1
Route 202 Route 9 40
40 4 2 -1
50
Route 9

40 4 5 5
50 5 5 5 Addition of a turn table
relation addresses planar
embedding limitation

3
Turn Table Representation Spatial Referencing Systems

21 „A spatial reference system defines the parameters

Over pass – under pass situation
and rules to situate a measurement in space.
20 23
„The essential parameters for any spatial reference
Node ID From Arc To Arc Impedance system are an origin and units.
31
2 20 21 -1
2 20 23 0 „These are the required parameters for a linear
2 20 31 -1 spatial referencing system.

Spatial Referencing Systems Linear Referencing Systems

155 miles 210, 398 Components

ƒ Datum – set of objects with directly measured locations

Z Axis
Y Axis ƒ Network - digital spatial representation of nodes and links
feet
Y Axis
35,107 ƒ Linear referencing method – method to determine a
0,0,0
0 0,0 X Axis position within the network using a defined path and an
X Axis
offset distance along the path
feet
Linear 2-D 3-D

4
Linear Referencing Methods Linear Referencing Systems
Support the association of “events” with positions within a
Road name - Mile point transportation network
9 Point events
Route 2 30
u te Accident event coded as:
5.0 10.0 Linear event Ro
Referenced as Route 2 MP 5.5 Route 22, Milepost 147.5
Control Sections Point events

2
Linear events

Route 2
Control section 1 Control section 2 Control section 3
Linear event Passing zone coded as
Route 22, Milepost 126.125
Link and Node
Link 43 to Milepost 134.25

Node 30 Referenced along link 43 Node 40

from node 30

Linear Referencing Systems Maintaining relationships

Widely used by Departments of Transportation since distances Physical roadway Æ Network
along roads were easier to collect than 2D positions and most
Physical marker
assets are assumed to be on the road. ( anchor point)

ƒ Often collected on-road by Distance Measuring Instrument

1 Physical measurement
(DMI)
Physical marker
ƒ Easy to report on-road attributes (e.g. accident ½ One physical roadway
Multiple spatial representations
mile south of Milepost 153 on I-95) (network links)

Anchor Point Anchor Section

ƒ Can be easily understood by users (e.g. ambulance driver) Identifier Identifier
Location description From anchor point
To anchor point
ƒ Changing with the growing use of GPS Measured distance
Linear Datum

5
Dynamic segmentation Spatial object for each attribute
Linkage of linearly referenced events (discrete or interval) Route 9
to a set of network spatial objects at run time. Route 101

Allows multiple sets of attributes to be associated RM102 RM105 RM108.5

with any portion of a linear feature RM108
RM1 RM9 RM11 RM17
ƒ Removes the need for a set of spatial objects for
Multiple sets of linearly referenced events
each attribute.

Without dynamic segmentation each event requires a node

ƒ Creates attribute based objects as needed.
on the segment to indicate beginning and end of an
attribute value

Dynamic segmentation example

Assume a set of pavement condition events referenced
using the LRM Road Name - mile-point

Route 101
RM 0 RM 22 RM 57 RM 177

Pav cond Route ID Start End Pavement

event# Marker Marker cond
10 101 RM0 RM22 Fair
11 101 RM22 RM57 Poor
12 101 RM57 RM177 Good

How do we place these events on the network?

6
Measured attribute –
Pavement condition
Maintaining relations
RM 0 RM 22 RM 57 RM 177
Datum to Network
101
Route
5
Sections 5 5
2 3
10 2 3
Links-nodes
6 7 8 One to one
Datum Node 23 Link 13 Node 24
Anchor section
Maintains precisely
Anchor points
measured distances
Anchor point 10 Anchor section 2 Anchor point 11
One to many
Real world Node 23 Link 13 Node 24
road section

Anchor section 2 Anchor section 3 Anchor section 4

Maintaining relations Links, Routes and

8
Network to LRM components
Sections 7
3
Many to many 2 Route # 5
6 Route # Route ID
Node 23 Link 13 Node 24
1 5 101

Route A Sect Link From To From To Pos Route

ID ID Measure Measure Pos #
Route B
1 6 0 22 0 100 5

2 7 22 108 0 100 5
Sections
3 8 108 177 0 50 5

7
Dynamic Segmentation for Multi-modal
Routing ITS data models
Virtual network database design based on route systems Improve use of existing capacity of systems
that capture functional dependencies in multi-modal
networks Suite of roadway sensor devices contribute to dynamic
model of the network system and its load
Topological network stored independently
For auto-routes as
direction of travel Goal is to provide real time information to travelers, to
Node 23 Node 24 traffic control devices, variable message signs
Link 13

Bus stop Bus route

Attributes maintained as routes systems and events

Need for 3D data models For complex overpass,

Adding complex lane and turn underpass, multi-ramp
configurations to the data model systems

Need model to represent

multiple lanes, lane change
constraints, lane splits and
merges, temporary lane
modifications, lane-lane
turns at intersections

Dynamic segmentation
approach assigns route to
each lane

8
Network Update Issues Address Geocoding
22 North Main
A B C
90 Node 65
10
0 100
11 Chain 159 89
Node 63
Chain From To From To From To
ID Node Node LADD LADD RADD RADD

159 63 65 10 90 11 89

AB/AC
100 * .15 = 15
12/80 = .15