NBE3U

FMSS ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

Glossary of Common Literary Terms

♦ Allegory: an allegory is a narrative in which the characters often stand for abstract concepts. An
allegory generally teaches a lesson by means of an interesting story.

♦ Alliteration: the repetition at close intervals of consonant sounds for a purpose. For example: wailing
in the winter wind.

♦ Allusion: a reference to something in literature, history, mythology, religious texts, etc., considered
common knowledge.

♦ Archetype: an image, character, plot, or pattern of circumstances that recurs throughout literature
consistently enough to be considered a universal concept or situation.

♦ Ambiguity: Double or even multiple meanings.

♦ Analogy: a point by point comparison between two dissimilar things for the purpose of clarifying the
less familiar of the two things.

♦ Antagonist: the character or force that opposes the protagonist. (It can be a character, an animal, a
force, or a weakness of the character.)

♦ Apostrophe: the device, usually in poetry, of calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person, or to
a place, thing, or personified abstraction either to begin a poem or to make a dramatic break in
thought somewhere within the poem.

♦ Assonance: the repetition at close intervals of vowel sounds for a purpose. For example: mad as a
hatter.

♦ Ballad: a narrative poem that was originally meant to be sung. Ballads are generally about ordinary
people who have unusual adventures, with a single tragic incident as the central focus. They contain
dialogue and repetition, and imply more than they actually tell.

♦ Cacophony: Harsh, clashing, or dissonant sounds, often produced by combinations of words that
require a clipped, explosive delivery, or words that contain a number of plosive consonants such as b,
d, g, k, p, and t; the opposite of EUPHONY.

♦ Character: the vehicle (person, animal, creation) that moves the story forward. A character may be
main or minor, depending on his or her role in the work of literature. While some characters are two
dimensional, with one or two dominant traits, a fully developed character has a unique complex of
traits. A) dynamic characters often change as the plot unfolds. B) static characters remain the same.

♦ Characterization: refers to the techniques employed by writers to develop characters. 1) The writer
may use physical description. 2) Dialogue spoken by the character and by other characters reveals
character traits. 3) A character’s action may be a means of characterization. 4) The reactions of
another character may also be revealing. 5) A character’s thoughts and feelings are also a means of
characterization.

♦ Climax: the point at which the conflict of the story begins to reach a turning point and begins to be
resolved.

♦ Conflict: the struggle between two opposing forces that is the basis of the plot. 1) internal conflict -
character struggling with him/herself, 2) external conflicts – character struggling with forces outside of
him/herself. For example,. Nature, god, society, another person, technology, etc.
♦ Connotation: the associations, images, or impressions carried by a word, as opposed to the word’s
literal meaning.

♦ Consonance: the close repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after differing vowel
sounds.

♦ Denotation: the precise, literal meaning of a word, without emotional associations or overtones.

♦ Denouement: the final unraveling or outcome of the plot in drama or fiction during which the
complications and conflicts of the plot are resolved.

♦ Diction: word choice

♦ Enjambment: the carrying of sense and grammatical structure in a poem beyond the end of one line,
COUPLET, or STANZA and into the next.

♦Euphemism: A figure of speech in which an indirect statement is substituted for a direct one in an effort
to avoid bluntness. Writers use euphemistic terms in an effort to mention a disagreeable idea in an
agreeable manner. An example is passed on for dead.

♦ Euphony: A succession of sweetly melodious sounds; the opposite of CACOPHONY. The term is
applied to smoothly flowing POETRY or PROSE.

♦ Exposition: background information at the beginning of the story, such as setting, characters and
conflicts. In a short story the exposition appears in the opening paragraphs; in a novel the exposition is
usually part of the first chapter.

♦ Fable: a brief tale told to illustrate a moral.

♦ Falling Action: events that lead to a resolution after the climax.

♦ Figurative Language: language employing figures of speech; language that cannot be taken literally or
only literally.

♦ Flashback: a scene, or an incident that happened before the beginning of a story, or at an earlier point
in the narrative.

♦ Foil: a character who provides a striking contrast to another character.

♦ Foreshadowing: a writer’s use of hints or clues to indicate events that will occur later in the narrative. ♦

♦ Hyperbole: an exaggeration for emphasis or humorous effect.

♦ Imagery: words and phrases that create vivid experiences or a picture for the reader.

♦ Irony: a contrast between appearance and actuality:

a. Verbal irony: a writer says one thing, but means something entirely different.

b. Situational irony: occurs when something happens that is entirely different

from what is expected.
 c. Dramatic irony: occurs when the reader knows information that the
characters do not.

♦Juxtaposition: By putting two separate concepts or objects next to each other, you create a contrast
that shows the difference or similarity between them

♦ Literal: A word for word interpretation for what is written or said.

♦ Metaphor: a figure of speech in which a comparison or analogy is made between two seemingly
unlike things, as in the phrase “evening of life.”

♦ Metonymy: a figure of speech that substitutes the name of a related object, person, or idea for the
subject at hand.

♦ Mood: the feeling, or atmosphere, that a writer creates for the reader. Connotative words, sensory
images, and figurative language contribute to the mood of a selection, as do the sound and rhythm of
the language.

♦ Motif: A unifying element in an artistic work, especially any recurrent image, symbol, theme,
character type, subject or narrative detail.

♦ Narrator: the person from whose point of view events are conveyed.
♦ First person: the narrator is a character in the story, uses the pronoun “I.”
The first person narrator does not have to be the main character in the story.
♦ Third person: is indicated by the pronouns he, she and they. The third person narrator is not a
participant in the action and thus maintains a certain distance from the characters.
A) In third person omniscient point of view, the narrator is all-knowing about the thoughts and
feelings of the characters.
B) The third person limited point of view deals with a writer presenting events as
experienced by only one character. This type of narrator does not have full knowledge of
situations, past or future events.
C) In third person objective the story conveys only the external details of the
characters—never their thoughts or inner motivations.

♦ Onomatopoeia. The formation or use of words. Such as: buzz, or cuckoo, whose meaning is
suggested by the sound of the word itself. (boom, click, plop)

♦ Oxymoron: a figure of speech in which two contradictory words or phrases are combined in a single
expression, giving the effect of a condensed paradox: “wise fool,” “cruel kindness.”

♦ Paradox: a statement or situation containing obvious contradictions, but is nevertheless true.

♦ Parallelism: the use of similar grammatical form gives items equal weight, as in Lincoln’s line “of the
people, by the people, for the people.” Attention to parallelism generally makes both spoken and
written expression more concise, clear and powerful.

♦ Parody: an imitation of a serious work of literature for the purpose of criticism or humorous effect or
for flattering tribute.

♦ Pathetic Fallacy: the act of giving human emotions to non-human objects. Pathetic fallacy is often
used to describe the environment. The weather and season can be described with human emotions
to reflect the mood of a character or create a tone.

♦ Personification: a figure of speech in which human qualities or characteristics are given to an animal,
 object, or concept.

♦ Plot: the plan of action or sequence of events of the story.

♦ Point of view: the vantage point, or stance from which a story is told, the eye and mind through which
the action is perceived. (See also narrator.)

♦ Protagonist: the central character in a story; the one upon whom the actions center. The protagonist
faces a problem and must undergo some conflict to solve it.

♦ Pun: A form of wit, not necessarily funny, involving a play on a word with two or more meanings. ♦

♦ Resolution: the final unwinding, or resolving of the conflicts and complications in the plot.

♦ Rhyme scheme: the pattern of end rhyme in a poem.

♦ Rising Action: That part of the plot that leads through a series of events of increasing interest and
power to the climax or turning point. The rising action begins with an inciting moment, an action or
event that sets a conflict of opposing forces into motion.

♦ Satire: the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s stupidity or
vices. There are two important things to remember about satire: (1) It makes fun of a person, idea, or
institution, and (2) its purpose is not just to entertain, but also to inform or make people think.

♦ Setting: the time and place in which the action of a story occurs.

♦ Simile: a figure of speech in which two seemingly unlike things are compared. The comparison is
made explicit by the use of a word or phrase such as: like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or
seems— as in: He was strong as a bull.

♦ Soliloquy: A dramatic convention in which a character in a play, alone on stage, speaks his or her
thoughts aloud. The audience is provided with information about the characters’ motives, plans, and
state of mind.

♦ Stream of Consciousness: the technique of presenting the flow of thoughts, responses, and
sensations of one or more characters is called stream of consciousness.

♦ Style: the way in which a piece of literature is written. Style refers not to what is said, but how it is
said.

♦ Suspense: the tension or excitement felt by the reader as he or she becomes involved in the story. ♦

♦ Syllogism: a logical argument based on deductive reasoning.

♦ Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.

♦ Symbol: a person, object, idea or action that stands for something else. It is usually something literal
that stands for something figurative. For example: Roads can stand for choices.

♦ Synecdoche: a figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole thing. ♦

♦ Syntax: the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences

♦ Theme: the central idea in a literary work. The theme is usually an idea about life or about people.
Writers sometimes state the story’s theme outright, but more often they simply tell the story and let the
reader discover the theme. Therefore, theme is an idea revealed by the events of the story; plot is
simply what happens in the story; it is not the theme.

♦ Tone: the writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward a subject.

♦ Understatement: a type of verbal IRONY in which something is purposely represented as being far
less important than it actually is; also called meiosis.