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• Programming & Logic Techniques

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© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 1

Chapter -1
Definition of Program……………………………………….3
Programmer………………………………………………….4
User….……………………………………………………….5
Programming Life Cycle……………………………………6
Programming Elements…………………………………...10
Exercise…………………………………………………….20

Definition of Program
A Set of Instruction is called as

program. A program is a collection of
instruction that tells the computer to carry out
a defined task. It is a procedure to
transforming the input data into information.

Programmer
A Person who write a program for user is called as

programmer.

User
• Who operate the program is called as user.

Programming Life Cycle :
 Statement of Problem
 Mathematical Decision
 Flowchart
 Psuedocode
 Dryrun
 Testing
 Coding
Psuedocode…
• Statement of Problem: What the problem of program
asked and how to solving that program.
• Knowledge of mathematical decision.
• Flow Chart :A Graphical presentation of logical step
that involve in a program is called flow chart.
Start
Sum = 0
Input a, b
Sum = a+b
Print Sum
Stop
Continued Flowchart Graphics
• Pseudocode : Instead of using symbol to represent
program logic step is called pseudocode. Also We
can Define Psuedocode is a program analysis tools
that is used for planning program logic. It is an
imitation of actual computer instruction written
ordinary natural language Such as English.
Example
Begin
Input n1,n2
Sum=n1+n2
Display Sum
End

• Dry Run : Dryrun is a manual way of testing on a algorithm for its
correctness and functionality.
• Testing : To Test the Program (True or False)
• Coding : In Which language to develop a program.
Characteristics Features of Program
 Accuracy (Should able to provide accurate result.)

 Reliability (Should display correct error message it it is out of defined
Scope. Should not accept 5 digits if it is designed for 3 digits.)
 Efficiency (The program should able to manage the resources)
 Ease to use (The program should provide sufficient help to the user)
 Ease of Modification (Should be able to change without much modification of
the program)
 Readability (The program provide easy labels and interface for the user for which
it can be understand easily.)

Programming Elements
(Variable)
1. Variable : Variable is a quantity which may vary (Changes)
during program execution.
It is a memory Elements which allocates some memory space
in the memory.
Some Points on Variable
 Variable is a combination of alphabets, digits or underscore.
 Variable name must be within 32 characters.
 It should be started from an alphabet.
 Variable name does not support the blank space or any special
symbol like @, &, #, $, !, ^ etc Except (_) underscore.
 It can be uppercase and lowercase both; Usually C variables
are in lowercase letters.

(Variable)
 Keyword or reserve word are not used as variable.
 We can declare more than one variable in a single line.
 All the variable should be declare before the use inside in the
program.
Valid Variable Invalid Variable

Basic_Pay Student name Space is not Allowed
Name 123 Only digits are there, no character
Address $A Can’t begin with special character
Example of Variables :-
Age =25
City =“CUTTACK”
Counter = counter +1

(Constant)
2. Constant :
A Constant is a value which never changes during program
execution. It is a quantity which value remain unchanged during
program execution.
There are three types of constant :
i. Numeric
ii. String
iii. Character
Numeric is also again devided into two types
a. Integer
b. Float

Examples : (Constant)
Numeric Constant :
1335
Float Constant
25.60
Character Constant (Used in Single Quote)
‘r’
‘5’
String Constant (Used in Double Quote)
“Ram”
“MIIT”
“MIIT is the Computer Education”

Examples : (DataType)
Invalid Constants :
22,100 Comma is not allowed in numeric Constant

22 100 Space is not allowed
‘MIIT” Quatotation mark is not given properly
‘MIIT’Computers” Quatotation mark is not given properly
3. Data Types :
Data can be termed as a combination of one or more alphabets

(a-z), digits (0 – 9) and/or symbols that represents facts, figures,
ideas, objects, incidents. As a result of the elements that are
combined to form data and also due to the purpose for which it is
used.
Data can be various types :-

(DataType)
Data Types
 Alphabets
 Numeric
 Alphanumeric
 Logical
 Date
 Currency

Expression (Expression)
Expression is a combination of operators and operands
that express some computed value. The operators can be
various types. Such As
 Arithmetic
 Relational
 Logical
 String
The operands can consists of variable constants and functions.

(Expression)
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are those that performs computations on numeric

values.
() Parentheses
^ Exponentiation
- Negation
* Multiplication
/ Division
+ Addition
- Subtraction

(Expression)
Relational Operators
These operators are used to establish comparative relationship

between two operands or expression
= Equal to
< Less Than
<= Less than or equal to
# Not Equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to

(Expression)
Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine several relational expression

to form a complex condition.
AND Result TRUE, When both the adjoining

expression are true
OR Results TRUE, When either or both the adjoining

expression are true.
NOT Negates the result of the expression.

Exercise - 1
1. Fill in the blanks:
a. A set of instructions is called ______________.
b. In Constant the __________ remain unchanged during the execution
of program.
c. The main function of a computer program is to process ________.
d. 32767 is __________ type of constant.
e. In logical data type data values are either _______ or _______.
f. ____________ is the combination of operator and operands that
express some computed value.
g. Type of operators are ________, ________, ________& ________.
h. Type of function are ________, ________ & ________.
i. ________ operators are used to establish relationship between two
operands or expression.
2. Write Short notes on the following

a. Variable c. Constant
b. Program Life Cycle d. Operators

Exercise – 1
3. Multiple Choice
I. Which of the following term is not related to computer.
a. Output b. Process
c. Program d. Polish
II. Whose value changes during processing it.
a. Value b. Variable
c. Constant d. None of above.
III. Which of the following is not constant
a. 1234 b. “MIIT”
c. NIAT c. 3.14
IV. Tick the valid arithmetic operator.
a. ( ) b. +
c. * d. None of the above
V. Characteristic feature of a program is
a. Survey b. Life Cycle
c. Reliability d. Basic_Pay
VI. In ______ logical operator, result TRUE, if both adjoining expression have the
same logical value, I.e. both are true or both are false.
a. NOT b. XOR
c. EQV d. IMP

Chapter –2
Flow Chart
 System Flowchart
Program Flowchart
Flowchart Symbol
Program Structure
Type of processing
Sequence
 Selection
 Iteration or loop

Flowchart
Flowchart is a graphical or pictorial presentation of the logical steps
and sequence involve in a procedure or a program. The Two types of
flowcharts are most widely used
1. System Flowchart
2. Program Flowchart
System Flowchart : System Flowchart describes data flow operation

for a data processing system. It provides a logical diagram of how the
system operates.

Flowchart Symbols
Terminal Symbol : The Terminal Symbol appears at
only two places in a flowchart. The Beginning and at the
End.
Flow Line :The flow-line show the order in which the

program will execute the operations of a flowchart. The
Ideal direction of flow within a flowchart is from top to
bottom and from left to right.
Input/Output :Input or output symbols used for taking

input data or giving out results or messages.
Process : Process symbols show where within a

programs logic assignment statements are found or
indicates the state foreword computation assignment
operation.

Flowchart Symbols
 Decision : The Decision symbol used to show a logical operation
in a flowchart. A logical operation is one in which a question
posed. Sometimes called Condition.There are two possible
answer to the question that is yes or no. The decision symbol
then passes control to one or two possible points within the
flowchart depending on the answer.
 Connectors : Connectors shows where a sequence of operations

continue if they are connected to another part of the flowchart.
There are two types of connectors
1. On page connector
2. Off page connector
1. On page Connectors : These are used when the next
operation is to be executed in on the same page of the
flowchart.
2. Off Page Connector : Off page connectors are used when
the next operation is to be executed in on a different page of
the flowchart.
Exercise - 2
1. Fill in the blanks:
a. ____________ is a graphical presentation of the logical steps and
sequence involved in a program.
b. _____________ box appears at the beginning and end of the
flowchart.
c. _____________ box is used for taking input or giving output or
messages.
d. _____________ is used in a flowchart when the next operation is to
be executed is in a different page.
e. ____________ is the link between the computer and the user
through which one can give instruction to the computer.
f. A __________ is a set of instructions.
g. When a set of ______________ need to be executed a number of
times in a program is called Iteration or loop.
2. State True or False
1. A set of program is called an instructions.
2. The decision symbol is used to show a logical operation in a
flowchart.
3. Connectors are used for taking input or giving output or message.
Exercise - 2
4. Relational operators are used for checking multiple conditions, also
results in true or false value.
5. In selection construct two or more sets of statements are written but
only one of these sets is executed or selected.
6. Onpage connectors are used when the next operation is to be
executed in, on the same page of the flowchart.
7. Flowchart is a logical presentation of the logical steps and sequences
involved in a procedure or a program.
8. AND, OR & NOT are relational operators and are used for comparing
values.
9. When all the instructions are executed one after another in a program
is called sequentially structured program.
3. Write Short notes on the followings :
a. Flowchart b. Iteration/Loop
c Relational Operator

Chapter – 3
Type of Processing
Inspite of differences in structure of programs, the flow of
logic in all the programs can be explained as a combination of one or
more of the following structures.
Sequence
Selection
Loop or Iteration

Type of Processing (Sequence)
 Sequence : When all the instruction are executed one after
another in a program, is called sequentially structured program.
In sequence processing the instructions are not repeated and
the order of execution is also not changed.
Question Bank :
1. Draw a flowchart to calculate simple interest.
2. Draw a flowchart to input a Fahrenheit value and convert into
celcious.
3. Draw a flowchart to find out the area and perimeter of a circle.
4. Draw a flow chat to find out the area of a rectangle .
5. Draw a flow chat to input a day value and convert into how
many days and how many month are there.

Type of Processing (Selection)
 Selection : In stead of executing all instructions some times only
suitable instructions are executed depending upon the inputs and
conditions involved. In selection constructs two or more statements
are written. But only one of these sets is executed or selected.
The selection/conditional construct are three category :
1. One way selection construct
2. Two way selection construct
3. Multiple selection construct
1. One way selection construct : In this construct if the condition is
true then the action takes place and then go to the next statement
and if false the actions skipped and go to the next statement.
Example : Input a number, If the number is equal to 5 then add five to
the inputed numer and then print the number else print only the
input number.

Example of One Way Selection Construct
Start
Input A
If N
A=5
Y
A=a+5
Print A
Stop

2. Two way Selection Construct : If the Condition is true then action
takes place and then go the next statement or if false the action
takes place and then go the next statement.
Example : Draw a flow chart to find out the greatest number between
two numbers.

Question Bank for Two way Selection:
i. Input a number and check it whether it is a odd or even number.
ii. Input the age to find out whether the person is citizen or not.
iii. In a company an employee’s pay as under
if the BASIC < 15000 then
HRA = 10% of BASIC
DA=25% of BASIC
If his BASIC > 15000 then
HRA=15% of BASIC
DA= 30% of BASIC.
Now draw a flowchart to find out the Gross salary.

Question Bank for Two way Selection:
IV. The current year and the year in which the employee join in the
organization is entered. If the number of year for which the
employee has served in the organization
Year is > 5 then BONOUS is 2500/-
otherwise BONOUS is not given.
Draw a flow chart to display the BONOUS.

3. Multiple Selection Construct : Two way selection construct can be
further extended to allow multiple selection. In place of the action
another condition must be setup. This enable one to setup multiway
selection. These are also two types :
1. Complex IF 2. Nested IF
Syntax
Complex If:

Example of Complex If

Question Bank for Multi Way Selection (Complex IF)
i. A Travel Company Charges the following rates for a tour, If a person
buys
< 5 Tickets then Ticket Per Pc = Rs. 10
>5 and <10 then ticket per pc =Rs.8
>10 then ticket per pc = Rs.7
Draw a flowchart to calcualate the customer Bill Amount.

Type of Processing Selection
Example of Nested IF`
Start
N Y
If Print B
Input A, B, C If B > C
A>B
N
Y
N
If a>c Print C
Y
Print A
Stop

Question Bank for Multi Way Selection (Nested IF)
i. Input Three Numbers and display the lowest number.

Type of Processing (Loop)
Loop : An It or loop is required when a set of statements needs to be
executed a number of times in a program. This construct is especially
useful when similar processing is required on a number of input items.
Every loop has 4 basic steps :
1. Initial Processing :In this step the program sets variable to their initial
values and executes additional starting operation. It is also called loop
initialization.
2. Loop body: The set of statements which have to be repeatedly executed.
3. Loop Modification : Includes values or variables to be processed in the
loop body which are updated in this part of loop and loop contains are
also incremented in this part of the loop.
4. Loop Exit : In this part of the loop, condition is setup which the computer
can check to know whether it is time to stop. This step include any final
calculation and output. The end operation is also part of final processing
or loop exit.
Syntax :
Loop Initialization
Loop Body
Loop Modification
Loop Exit

Question & Start
Solve : Display the
Input N
1st 10 Natural
Number. N=1
If
N
Stop
N <= 10
Y
Print N
N= N+1

Question Bank :
1. Draw a Flowchart to display all the even numbers between 10 to 50.

2. Draw a Flowchart to display the first 50 natural numbers and finally
display the sum of all numbers.
3. Draw a Flowchart to calculate average marks of 20 students.
4. Draw a Flowchart to display all odd numbers less than 50.
5. Draw a Flowchart to calculate the factorial of “n” natural numbers.
6. Draw a Flowchart to input a number and to reverse it.
7. Draw a Flowchart to input three sets of value of Principal, Time, Rate
of interest and calculate the simple interest.
8. Input a name and reverse it.
9. Draw a Flowchart to input a number and display the addition results of
digits of the number.

Programming Aids
Checking Program Design : Once a program has been typed in, different
types of errors may show up. These includes
1. Syntax / Semantic Errors

2. Logic Errors
3. Run time Errors
1. Syntax / Semantic Errors : Syntax is a rules governing the structure of

the relationship between syntax, words and phrases in a language
statements. A syntax error occurs when a program can’t understand
the commands that has been entered.
2. Logic Errors : Logic Errors refers to a sequence of operations
performed by a software or hardware. Logic errors are the errors that
have been entered in the instructions created because of the mistake
made by a programmer.
For Example : Find out the addition result of A & B and display in C.
C=A+B but while typing the programmer has typed C=A-B;

Programming Aids
This program will run properly but will give incorrect result. Because the
value of C is will not be the sum of A and B. But it will be the substraction
result of A and B. Which is quite wrong.
Such Errors can only be detected with the help of test data that will give the
input value of A & B and the resultant value that should come out from
the program as a result of the operation performed on A and B. If the
result given by the computer and the result manually with the help of a
calculator are same, then you can say that there is no more logic error.
Otherwise a logic error may be present in the program.
3. Runtime Error : Runtime error occurs when a program runs on the

computer and the result are achieved due to some misinterpretation of a
particular instructions. It occurs when instructions are not able to
understand by the computer. To overcome this problem there is built in
error detector in the language interpreter or compiller will give the
message and that will reflect the reason for the runtime error.
For Example : Dividing a number with Zero which results in a vary large
value of the quotient.

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• Programming & Logic Techniques

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 1

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 2

A Set of Instruction is called as

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 3

A Person who write a program for user is called as

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 4

• Who operate the program is called as user.

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 5

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 8

Characteristics Features of Program

 Accuracy (Should able to provide accurate result.)

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 9

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 10

Valid Variable Invalid Variable

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 11

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 12

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 13

22,100 Comma is not allowed in numeric Constant

Data can be termed as a combination of one or more alphabets

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 14

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 15

The operands can consists of variable constants and functions.

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 16

Arithmetic operators are those that performs computations on numeric

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 17

These operators are used to establish comparative relationship

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 18

Logical operators are used to combine several relational expression

AND Result TRUE, When both the adjoining

OR Results TRUE, When either or both the adjoining

NOT Negates the result of the expression.

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 19

2. Write Short notes on the following

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 20

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 21

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 22

System Flowchart : System Flowchart describes data flow operation

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 23

Flow Line :The flow-line show the order in which the

Input/Output :Input or output symbols used for taking

Process : Process symbols show where within a

© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 24

 Connectors : Connectors shows where a sequence of operations

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© Copyright Reserved for : MIIT Computer Education, Bargarh 28

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