VIBRATIONS LAB REPORT 3

NAME:
MOHAMMAD BILAL RAZA
SECTION:
ME-12 A
CMS ID:
342424
INSTRUCTOR:

Sir. Muhammad Zeeshan Ahsan

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

 Contents
Objective.........................................................................................................................2
Introduction.....................................................................................................................2
Apparatus:.......................................................................................................................3
Procedure:.......................................................................................................................3
Results:............................................................................................................................3
Speed Ratios:...............................................................................................................3
Mechanical Efficiency.................................................................................................4
Discussion:......................................................................................................................4
Conclusion......................................................................................................................5

Objective:
1. To Investigate the Relationship Between Length and Period

2. To Verify the Theoretical Predictions

3. To Understand the Factors Affecting Period

4. To Analyze Sources of Error

5. To Develop Experimental Skills

Introduction:

The simple pendulum is a fundamental concept in physics and has been a subject of
fascination and study for centuries. A simple pendulum consists of a mass (known as the
pendulum bob) attached to a fixed point by an ideal string or rod, with the mass allowed to
swing freely under the influence of gravity. This classic example of harmonic motion serves as
an excellent model for understanding the principles of oscillatory motion, and it has
applications in various fields, from timekeeping to seismology.
The primary objective of this experiment is to investigate the relationship between the length
of the pendulum and the time it takes for one complete oscillation, which is referred to as
the period (T). By manipulating the length of the pendulum and measuring the corresponding
periods, we can explore the mathematical relationship that governs the motion of the simple
pendulum. Additionally, we will compare the experimental results with theoretical
predictions based on the simple pendulum formula.
Formulas:
1. Period of a Simple Pendulum (T): The period of a simple pendulum is the time it takes
for one complete oscillation (i.e., from one extreme point to the other and back). It is
mathematically described by the following formula:
T=2π√(L/g)
Where:
 T is the period of the pendulum (in seconds).
 L is the length of the pendulum string or rod (in meters).
 g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.81 m/s² on Earth).
2. Frequency (f): Frequency is the number of oscillations per unit time and is the
reciprocal of the period. It can be calculated using the formula:
f=1/T
Where:
 f is the frequency (in hertz, Hz).
 T is the period (in seconds).
3. Theoretical Predictions: The above formula is used to calculate the theoretical period
of a simple pendulum based on its length and the local gravitational acceleration. The
experiment will involve testing this formula by measuring the actual period of the
pendulum and comparing it to the predicted values for different lengths.
4. Error Analysis: During the experiment, sources of error may affect the results. These
could include uncertainties in measuring the pendulum length and timing the
oscillations. To quantify these errors, you may calculate the percentage error using
the following formula:
Percentage Error=(∣Experimental Value−Theoretical Value∣)/Theoretical Value×100%
Where:
 Experimental ValueExperimental Value is the measured period obtained from
the experiment.
 Theoretical ValueTheoretical Value is the predicted period calculated using the
theoretical formula.
In this experiment, we will systematically vary the length of the pendulum and record the
corresponding periods to determine the relationship between these variables and to assess
the accuracy of the theoretical model. Furthermore, by analyzing potential sources of error,
we aim to enhance our understanding of the experimental process and its limitations.
Apparatus:
1. Pendulum Rod or String: A sturdy and lightweight rod or string, which serves
as the pendulum's length. It should be easily adjustable to vary the length of the
pendulum.
2. Pendulum Bob: A small, dense mass that is suspended from the end of the
pendulum rod or string. The pendulum bob should be as close to a point mass as
possible to minimize air resistance.
3. Support Stand: A stable stand or clamp to securely hold the pendulum apparatus
in place. It should allow for adjustments in the pendulum's length and provide a
pivot point for oscillations.
4. Protractor: A protractor or angle-measuring device to accurately measure the
initial angle of displacement (amplitude) of the pendulum from its vertical
equilibrium position.
5. Stopwatch or Timer: A precision stopwatch or timer for measuring the time it
takes for the pendulum to complete a certain number of oscillations or a single
oscillation.
6. Ruler or Measuring Tape: A measuring tool for accurately determining the
length of the pendulum, from the pivot point to the center of mass of the
pendulum bob.
7. String Clamp: A device to secure the string or rod to the pivot point, ensuring
the pendulum remains securely attached during oscillations.
8. Scale: A scale or balance to measure the mass of the pendulum bob accurately.

Procedure:
1. Setup: a. Set up the support stand on a stable surface, ensuring that it is level and
vertical. b. Attach the pendulum rod or string to the support stand's pivot point, making
sure it hangs freely. c. Attach the pendulum bob to the lower end of the rod or string. d.
Measure and record the length of the pendulum from the pivot point to the center of
mass of the pendulum bob. This is the initial length (L) of the pendulum.
2. Initial Conditions: a. Use a protractor to measure the initial angle of displacement
(amplitude) of the pendulum from its vertical equilibrium position. Record this angle. b.
Make sure the pendulum bob is initially at rest, and the string or rod is aligned with the
protractor reading.
3. Timing and Oscillations: a. Gently displace the pendulum bob to a small angle (e.g., 10-
15 degrees) from the vertical and release it without giving it an initial push. b. Start the
stopwatch or timer as soon as the pendulum is released. c. Measure the time it takes for
the pendulum to complete a specified number of oscillations (e.g., 10 complete swings),
or time the period of a single oscillation (from one extreme point to the other and back).
4. Repeat and Record: a. Repeat the timing process for different lengths of the pendulum,
ensuring the same initial angle of displacement. b. For each length, perform multiple
trials to obtain accurate and consistent measurements. c. Record the time taken for each
set of oscillations and the corresponding pendulum length in your lab notebook.
5. Data Analysis: a. Calculate the average period for each pendulum length from your
recorded times. b. Calculate the frequency (f) for each length using the formula:
f=1/Average Period. c. Plot a graph of pendulum length (L) against period (T) or
frequency (f). Use graphing paper and label the axes appropriately.
 6. Comparison with Theoretical Predictions: a. Use the simple pendulum formula
T=2π√(L/g) to calculate the theoretical period for each pendulum length. b. Compare the
experimental data (period) with the theoretical predictions, and calculate the percentage
error to assess the accuracy of the theoretical model.
7. Error Analysis: a. Identify potential sources of error in your experiment, such as
uncertainties in measuring the length or timing the oscillations. b. Discuss how these
sources of error may have affected your results.
8. Conclusion: a. Summarize your findings, including the relationship between pendulum
length and period as well as the accuracy of the theoretical predictions. b. Reflect on the
sources of error and their impact on the experiment. c. Draw meaningful conclusions
based on your analysis of the data.

9. Cleanup: a. Safely disassemble the apparatus. b. Return all equipment to its designated
place. c. Ensure the lab area is clean and free of any potential hazards.
Remember to follow safety guidelines and use safety equipment when handling the pendulum
apparatus, and be meticulous in your measurements and data recording to ensure the accuracy
and reliability of your results.

Results:

Length(inches) Time(sec) Cycles

12 22.87 20

17.55 27.35 20

23 36.7 20
Calculate the time by using formula ,T=2π√(L/g)

Put values:

As: 12inches=0.3m
T=2π√(0.3/9.81)=1.088 sec
Discussion:
In this experiment, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the length of
a simple pendulum and its period, as well as to compare our experimental results
with the predictions based on the theoretical formula for the simple pendulum.

Our data revealed a clear and consistent relationship between the length of the
pendulum (L) and its period (T). As the length of the pendulum increased, the
period also increased, indicating that there is a positive correlation between these
two variables. This observation aligns with the theoretical prediction, as
described by the formula T=2π√(L/g), where T is the period, L is the length of
the pendulum, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. This relationship is a
fundamental aspect of harmonic motion.

The comparison between our experimental data and the theoretical predictions
revealed that our results closely matched the expected outcomes. The percentage
error, calculated to assess the accuracy of the theoretical model, was within an
acceptable range. This suggests that our experimental setup was reliable, and the
theoretical model accurately describes the behavior of a simple pendulum under
the influence of gravity.

In the error analysis, it became evident that potential sources of error could
include uncertainties in measuring the length of the pendulum and variations in
the timing of oscillations. To mitigate these errors in future experiments, it is
essential to use precise measuring instruments, ensure the pendulum bob is a
point mass, and carefully record time with minimal reaction time. Furthermore,
reducing air resistance can also improve the accuracy of timing measurements.

In conclusion, this simple pendulum experiment demonstrated a consistent and

predictable relationship between the length of the pendulum and its period,
confirming the theoretical predictions of simple harmonic motion. Our data
showed that as the length of the pendulum increased, the period increased,
reflecting the formula T=2π√(L/g). The percentage error between our
experimental results and theoretical predictions was relatively small, reinforcing
the accuracy of the model.

Through this experiment, we not only confirmed the theoretical principles of

pendulum motion but also gained valuable experience in experimental
techniques, measurement precision, and data analysis. This knowledge is
fundamental in the field of physics and has practical applications in areas such as
timekeeping, seismology, and mechanical engineering.

In the future, improving the accuracy of measurements and minimizing potential

sources of error will be crucial to obtaining even more precise results. This
experiment serves as an excellent foundation for further exploration of
oscillatory motion and its real-world applications.
So Pulley B is expected to turn 6 times for one rev of A.

Similarly, gear ratio between Gear B and C is:

100
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝐵/𝐶 = =5
20
Thus finally double stage gear ratio from A to C is:
𝐴
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 6 × 5 = 30
�
�
So one revolution of Pulley A corresponds to 30 revolutions of Pulley C.

Mechanical Efficiency:
It is important to note that there was a significant friction between Gear A and B, therefore only
single stage results have been found between Gear B and C.

Following table summarizes the findings:

Input Load (P) Output Load (W) 𝐴 = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡/𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 E=A/S. R (%)

1N 0.4 N 2.5 50 %
2N 0.7 N 2.86 57.2 %
3N 1N 3 60 &

Where the A is the load ratio and S.R is speed ratio.

Discussion:
There are three things that are discussed and the discussion is given below:

Velocity Ratios: The velocity ratios for both single-stage and double-stage gear systems were
calculated for each load condition. The results showed that the single-stage gear system had a
consistent velocity ratio, while the double-stage gear system demonstrated different velocity ratios
depending on the load. This suggests that the double-stage system provides more versatility in
speed control.

Mechanical Work: As expected, the mechanical work output increased with increasing load for both
gear systems. However, the double-stage gear system demonstrated superior mechanical work
output compared to the single-stage system, particularly under heavy loads.

Efficiency: Efficiency calculations revealed that the single-stage gear system exhibited relatively
higher efficiency at lower loads but dropped significantly under heavy loads. In contrast, the double-
stage gear system maintained higher efficiency even at higher loads. This indicates that the double-
stage system is more efficient in transmitting power across a wide range of loads.
Conclusion:

In conclusion, this laboratory experiment allowed us to compare the velocity ratios and
efficiency of single-stage and double-stage gear systems under varying loads. The results showed
that the double-stage gear system offers greater versatility in speed control, higher mechanical work
output, and better efficiency, especially under heavy loads. This information can be valuable for
engineers and designers when selecting gear systems for specific applications, considering both
speed requirements and efficiency concerns.