PHYSICS FINALS NOTES:

Motion in a Straight Line

Motion and Rest: Motion involves changing position over time, while rest signifies no change in position over time, w
Point Mass Object: Objects with travel distances much larger than their dimensions can be treated as point masses.
Types of Motion: Includes One Dimensional Motion (e.g., straight-line motion), Two Dimensional Motion (e.g., circula
Distance and Displacement

Distance: Defined as the total length of the actual path traveled by an object; a scalar quantity.
Displacement: The shortest distance between an object's initial and final positions; a vector quantity.
Speed and Velocity

Speed: Describes the rate of change of position of an object in any direction; scalar in nature.
Velocity: Indicates the rate of change of displacement of an object in a particular direction; a vector quantity.
Relative Velocity: Represents the change in position between objects with respect to each other.
Average Velocity: Calculated as the total displacement divided by the total time taken.
Acceleration

Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity; a vector quantity.

Positive/Negative Acceleration: Positive acceleration implies increasing velocity over time, while negative acceleration

Motion Under Gravity: Describes the motion of objects under the influence of gravity

Graphs of Motion

Displacement-Time Graph: The slope of this graph provides the average velocity of the object.
Velocity-Time Graph: The slope of this graph gives the average acceleration experienced by the object.

Vectors:

Vectors are physical quantities that require both magnitude and direction for complete representation. They adhere

Polar Vectors: These vectors have a starting point or point of application, such as displacement or force.
Axial Vectors: Represent rotational effects and act along the axis of rotation, following the right-hand screw rule, incl
Scalars: Physical quantities that require only magnitude for representation, such as distance, speed, and work.
Tensors: These quantities have different values in different directions at the same point, like moment of inertia or pr
Types of Vectors:

Equal Vectors: Two vectors with equal magnitude and direction.

Negative Vectors: Vectors with equal magnitude but opposite directions.
Zero Vector: A vector with zero magnitude and an undefined direction, denoted by 0.
Unit Vector: A vector with unit magnitude, representing direction only.
Addition of Vectors:

Triangle Law of Vectors: The resultant of two vectors acting at a point is represented by the third side of the triangle
Parallelogram Law of Vectors: The resultant of two vectors acting at a point is represented by the diagonal of the par
Polygon Law of Vectors: The resultant of multiple vectors acting on a particle at a time is represented by the closing s
Rotation of a Vector:

A vector changes with rotation unless the angle is an integral multiple of

2π.
The vector remains unchanged when the frame of reference is rotated or translated, although its components may c
Resolution of a Vector:

Vectors can be resolved into rectangular components. If a vector A subtends an angle θ with the x-axis:

Horizontal component
Ax=Acosθ
Vertical component
Ay=Asinθ
Scalar and Vector Multiplication:

Scalar Product (Dot Product):

A⋅B=ABcosθ
Vector Product (Cross Product):
A∗B=ABsinθ
Direction of Vector Cross Product:

Determined by the right-hand screw rule or right-hand thumb rule.

(i) Right Hand Screw Rule Rotate a right handed screw from first vector (A) towards second
vector (B). The direction in which the right handed screw moves gives the direction of vector
(C).
(ii) Right Hand Thumb Rule Curl the fingers of your right hand from A to B. Then, the
direction of the erect thumb will point in the direction of A * B.

Inertia:

Definition: The property of an object by which it resists changes to its state of motion.
Types of Inertia:
Inertia of Rest: Object tends to stay at rest.
Inertia of Motion: Object tends to remain in motion.
Inertia of Direction: Object resists changes in its direction of motion.
Force:

Definition: Push or pull acting upon an object, causing its state of motion to change.
Types of Forces:
Contact Forces: Act through direct contact.
Action at a Distance Forces: Act without direct contact.
Impulsive Force:

Force acting for a short duration, causing a significant change in momentum.

Linear Momentum:

Definition: Product of mass and velocity.

Formula:
p=m⋅v
Unit: kg·m/s
Impulse:

Definition: Change in momentum due to an applied force over a time interval.

Formula:
J=F⋅Δt
Newton’s Laws of Motion:

First Law (Law of Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Second Law (F = ma): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force applied and inversely proport
Third Law (Action and Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum:

Total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant if no external force acts on it.
Weight:

Force exerted on an object due to gravity.

w=m⋅g
Apparent Weight in a Lift:

Depends on the acceleration of the lift.

Varies when the lift accelerates or decelerates.
Rocket:

Example of variable mass system.

Thrust depends on the rate of combustion of fuel.
Friction:

Force resisting the motion of an object.

Types: Static, Kinetic, Rolling friction.
Motion on an Inclined Plane:

Analysis of forces acting on an object on an inclined plane.

Calculation of acceleration and tension in the string.
Tension:

Force transmitted through a string or rope.

Different scenarios analyzed for systems with tension.

Gravitation is the force of attraction between objects in the universe.

It is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature.
Newton's Law of Gravitation states that the force between two point masses is proportional to the product of their m
tween them.
Gravitational force is central, conservative, and the weakest among the fundamental forces.
It's universal and acts between all objects in the universe.
Gravitational force provides centripetal force for objects in orbital motion.
Newton's third law applies to gravitational forces, making them action-reaction pairs.

Gravitational Field

Gravitational field is the region around a mass where its gravitational force is experienced by other objects.
The intensity of the gravitational field at a point is the force per unit mass at that point.

Gravitational Potential and Potential Energy

Gravitational potential (Vg) is the work done per unit mass in bringing a very light body from infinity to a point.
Gravitational potential energy (U) is the energy associated with an object due to its position in a gravitational field.
Satellites

Satellites are objects that orbit planets.

Time period of satellite motion

There are geostationary and polar satellites, each serving different purposes.
Escape Velocity and Weightlessness

Escape velocity (ve) is the minimum velocity required to escape a planet's gravitational pull.
Weightlessness is achieved when the effective weight of an object is zero, experienced in free fall, in spacecraft, or at
Kepler's Laws

Kepler's laws describe the motion of planets around the Sun in elliptical orbits and relate to orbital geometry and tim

Work

Work is done when a force acts on an object and causes it to move in the direction of the force.
The work done by a force F is given by W=F⋅s⋅cosθ, where s is the displacement and θ is the angle between the forc
Work is a scalar quantity measured in joules (J) or ergs (CGS unit).
Work done by a force is positive for acute angles and negative for obtuse angles.
It is zero when the displacement is perpendicular to the force.
Work done by variable forces can be calculated by integrating
F⋅ds, representing the area under the force-displacement graph.
Work done by the force of gravity is given by
W=mgh, where
g is the acceleration due to gravity and
ℎ
h is the height.
Work done in compressing or stretching a spring is
W= 1/2kx^2
, where
k is the spring constant and
x is the displacement from the mean position.
Work done by a couple for an angular displacement θ is
W=τ⋅θ, where
τ is the torque of the couple.
Power

Power is the rate of doing work and is given by P=F⋅v⋅cosθ, where

v is the velocity.
Power is measured in watts (W) and is a scalar quantity.
Other units of power include kilowatt (kW) and horsepower (hp).
Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work and exists in various forms like mechanical, chemical, light, heat, sound, nuclear, an
Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energies and remains constant if only conservative forces are i
Kinetic energy
K= 1/2mv^2 and potential energy U are defined based on motion and position, respectively.
Collision

Collisions involve short interactions where forces are applied between two or more particles.
Elastic collisions conserve both momentum and kinetic energy, while inelastic collisions conserve momentum but no
Coefficient of restitution (e) measures the relative velocity of separation to the velocity of approach in a collision.
Collisions can be one-dimensional (head-on) or two-dimensional (oblique).