particle is a mass point; it possesses a mass but has Polar coordinates system - Here, a point is chosen as

no size. the pole and a ray from this point is taken as the
A body is said to be Rigid if the distance between polar axis. Basically, we have two parameters namely
any two material points of the body remains angle and radius.
constant, that is, if the body does not deform. Vector - The position of an object on a plane, relative
Kinematics is the branch of dynamics which to an origin, is uniquely specified by the Cartesian
describes the motion of bodies without reference to coordinates (x, y), or the polar coordinates (r, θ).
the forces which either cause the motion or are position vector is intuitively described in terms of its
generated as a result of the motion. magnitude r and direction θ.
Kinematics is often described as the “geometry of Component Method - This method is more
motion”. It is not concerned with the causes of convenient to use especially when dealing with more
motion. than two vectors.
Kinetics deals with the relationships between the Plane motion occurs often enough in engineering
forces acting on the body and the resulting motion. applications to warrant special attention.
Absolute Motion is used when the motion is Rectilinear, the motion in which If the path of a
described with respect to a fixed reference frame particle is a straight line. In rectilinear motion, we
(coordinate system). consider that the particle is moving in one-direction.
Relative motion describes the motion with respect Position is defined in terms of frame of reference.
to a moving coordinate system. position-time graph shows the motion of the
Force-Mass-Acceleration (FMA) method is a particle (car).
straightforward application of the Newton-Euler laws Displacement is defined as the change in position
of motion, which relate the forces acting on the body during some time interval.
to its mass and acceleration. Average Velocity is the rate at which the
Work-Energy and Impulse-Momentum methods are displacement occurs.
integral forms of Newton-Euler laws of motion (the Average Speed. Speed is a scalar quantity. The
equations of motion are integrated with respect to average speed is not (necessarily) the magnitude of
position or time). the average velocity.
Slope of the Tangent Line - One interpretation of the Instantaneous velocity is the limit of the average
derivative of a function at a point. The derivative velocity as the time interval becomes infinitesimally
may be thought of as the limit of the slopes of the short, or as the time interval approaches zero.
secant lines passing through a fixed point on a curve The instantaneous speed is the magnitude of the
and other points on the curve that get closer and instantaneous velocity.
closer to the fixed point. Average Acceleration is the rate of change of the
Instantaneous Velocity of a function representing velocity.
the position of a particle along a line at time t, where instantaneous acceleration is the limit of the
y = s(t). average acceleration as the change in time
The derivative may be thought of as a limit of the approaches 0.
Average Velocities between a fixed time and other Motion is the phenomenon in which an object
times that get closer and closer to the fixed time. If changes its position over time.
this limit exists, it is defined to be the instantaneous Time - The very idea of prediction stems from the
velocity at time t for the function, y = s(t). fact that time t always moves forward.
Instantaneous rate of change – Third Interpretation Position-Time Graph the slope of the tangent to the
of derivative. The derivative may be thought of as position curve at a certain time represents the
the limit of the average rates of change between a instantaneous velocity. The inverse of the curvature
fixed point and other points on the curve that get of the position curve at a certain time is related to
closer and closer to the fixed point. the instantaneous acceleration.
coordinate system is used to determine each point velocity-time graph the slope of the tangent to the
uniquely in a plane. velocity curve at a certain time represents the
Rene Descartes – developed the coordinate system. instantaneous acceleration. The area under the
Rectangular coordinates system (Cartesian velocity curve is the position up to a constant.
coordinate) to locate the position of a point in a Acceleration – Time graph. The area under the
plane using two perpendicular lines, we use the acceleration curve is the velocity up to a constant.
cartesian coordinate system.
Free Fall (Vertical Motion). The acceleration due to Work (W) is the energy transferred to or from an
the gravitational force is constant, to a good object as the result of the action of a force.
approximation, near the surface of Earth. Energy is a scalar quantity associated with the state
A projectile is any object that is given an initial (or condition) of one or more objects.
velocity and then follows a path determined entirely Energy is a number that we associate with a system
by the effects of gravitational acceleration and air of one or more objects.
resistance. We define power as the time rate at which work is
Trajectory - The path followed by a projectile. done.
Projectile motion is always confined to a vertical Thermal Energy is due to the two surfaces rubbing
plane determined by the direction of the initial against each other, which is basically friction.
velocity. Internal Energy is energy responsible for transfer
Constant Velocity with horizontal motion from one type to another inside the object. In
Constant acceleration with vertical motion thermodynamics, thermal energy is just the internal
A particle is in uniform circular motion if it travels energy of the system.
around a circle or a circular arc at constant (uniform) CONSERVATION OF ENERGY FOR RIGID BODY When
speed. a rigid body, or a system of rigid bodies, moves
Centripetal Acceleration - The acceleration is always under the action of conservative forces, we can
directed radially inward. Because of this, the express the principle of work and energy in a
acceleration associated with uniform circular motion modified form.
is called a centripetal (meaning “center seeking”) Impulse refers to the change in momentum
acceleration. experienced by an object when a force is applied to
Rotation is the motion of a rigid body in which the it over a specific period of time.
particles move in circular paths with their centers on Collision refers to an event where two or more
a fixed straight line called the axis of rotation. objects come into contact and exert forces on each
Path coordinates, also known as normal-tangential other for a finite period of time.
(n-t) coordinates, describe the motion of a particle in Elastic Collision, both momentum and kinetic energy
terms of components that are normal and tangent to are conserved.
its path. Inelastic Collision, momentum is conserved, but
Normal and Tangential Components (coordinates) kinetic energy is not.
Figure shows the path of a particle that moves in the Head-On Collision occurs when two objects collide
xy-plane. directly toward each other, moving in opposite
Dependent motion - Sometimes, the position of a directions along the same line of motion.
particle depends upon the position of another Rear-End Collision occurs when one object collides
particle or of several other particles. with the rear of another object, typically when they
Kinetics of Particles It is the study of geometry of are moving in the same direction.
translation motion with reference to the cause of Oblique Collision occurs when the objects involved
motion of any object whose mass is considered but have different directions or angles of motion relative
dimension is not considered. to each other.
Kinetics of Rigid Bodies It is the study of geometry of Coefficient Of Restitution is a value that represents
translation or rotational or general plane motion the elasticity or "bounciness" of a collision between
with reference to the cause of motion where mass two objects.
and dimensions are both considered.
Newtonian or inertial reference frame. When
applying the equation of motion, it is important that
the acceleration of the particle be measured with
respect to a reference frame that is either fixed or
translates with a constant velocity.
D'Alembert's Principle is a general principle that
states that for any system of particles in equilibrium,
the sum of the forces acting on each particle, plus
the sum of the product of each particle's mass and
acceleration, is zero.