Technical Engineering College

Energy Department
COURSE: Fluid Mechanics
Class: Second 2022 - 2023

Experiment Name
linear heat conduction unit

Submitted by: Ayman Qaim Jader

Experiment No: 2
Date of experiment:14/02/2024
Date of submission:21/02/2024

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EVALUATION

Overall, Mark

Name of evaluator: Mr.Mohammad & Mr. Sarwar

Contents
Objective ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Equipment ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Procedure .................................................................................................................................................. 4
Data ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
Calculation and result ............................................................................................................................... 5
Discussion and Conclusion. ...................................................................................................................... 6
Reference .................................................................................................................................................. 9

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Objective

The objectives of a linear heat conduction unit can vary depending on the specific
design and application. However, some common objectives include:
• To investigate the fundamental principles of heat conduction
• To measure the thermal conductivity of different materials
• To verify Fourier's law of heat conduction
• To design and test heat exchangers
• To compare the thermal conductivities of different materials
• To study the transient behavior of heat conduction

Figure.1

Linear heat conduction unit

Introduction

Linear heat conduction refers to the transfer of heat along a simple bar or
material. When there is a temperature difference across a plane wall of
thickness (ΔX) and area (A), heat flows through the wall due to
conduction. The rate of heat transfer per unit time (Q) can be expressed
using Fourier’s Law:
𝑑𝑡
Q= 𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥

Q: is the heat flux (rate of heat transfer per unit area),

K: is the thermal conductivity of the material.
A: area of material m2
dx/dt: is the temperature gradient (change in temperature with respect to
distance)(1)

3
Equipment
1.experimental setup for linear heat conduction

2.experimental setup for radial heat conduction

3.measuring object
4.display and control unit

Figure.2

WL372 linear heat

conduction unit equipment

Procedure

1.at first install intermediate section piece that it’s type(Brass 25mm).
2.connect linear head conduction cable to the display and control Unit.
3.turn on the Unit and put switch on manual, put power on minimum or medium
range too much like 90 watt is enough.
4.at last wait a little to device reach the wanted power then you can write down
each Temperature that shown on device

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Data

Power=90 watt

Temperature(C) K(w/m.C)

132.6

124.2

114.9

100.4

89.5

78.6

63.1

52.1

40.3

Calculation and result

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Discussion and Conclusion.

Q1/ Why we use the water in linear heat conduction unit

1. Efficient heat removal:
o High specific heat capacity: Water has a high specific heat
capacity, meaning it can absorb a significant amount of heat before its own
temperature increases noticeably. This makes it highly effective in removing
heat from the object under study in the linear heat conduction unit.
o Good thermal conductivity: Water also has a good thermal
conductivity, meaning it can conduct heat away from the object
efficiently. This ensures that the heat is removed quickly and
uniformly, leading to accurate measurements and analysis.
2. Practical aspects:
o Readily available: Water is readily available, inexpensive, and non-
toxic, making it a convenient and practical choice for use in laboratory
experiments.
o Controllable flow rate: The flow rate of water can be easily
controlled, allowing for precise regulation of the heat removal rate. This is
crucial for studying steady-state and transient heat conduction phenomena.
o Transparent: In some setups, transparent tanks or tubes are used for
containing the water. This allows for visual observation of the temperature
distribution within the object, providing valuable insights into the heat
conduction process.(3)

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Q2/ Make a diagram between Temperature and Length?

140 𝑤
point ∆𝑇 (℃ ) K ( 𝑚.℃)
120 1 0 0
2 8.4 218.6
100
3 9.3 197.498
80
4 14.5 126.7
T

60 5 10.9 168.5
6 10.9 168.5
40
7 15.5 118.49
20 8 11 166.97
9 11.8 155.65
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
X

Chart:1

Diagram between T & X

Q3/ How (Temperature) effect on thermal conductivity (K)

As a result we know that The relationship between Temperature and
thermal conductivity is opposite as the temperature increase ,thermal
conductivity decrease.

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Q4/ How we can know that the material is in steady state?
1. Temperature Independence:
o Direct Measurement: The most direct way is to measure the temperature at
several points within the material at different times. In steady state, the
temperature at any given point should be independent of time. This means
you should observe no significant change in temperature readings over a
reasonable period.
o Transient Period: Remember that any heat transfer process initially
undergoes a transient period before reaching steady state. Ensure enough
time has passed after applying the thermal boundary conditions for the
transient effects to die down..
2. Heat Flow Balance:
o Heat In vs. Heat Out: In steady state, the rate of heat entering the material
must equal the rate of heat leaving it. This can be verified by measuring or
calculating the heat fluxes at the boundaries (in/out) and ensuring they are
equal.
o Internal Generation: If the material itself generates heat internally, then the
sum of external heat fluxes and internal generation must be balanced by the
heat leaving the material.
Q5/ How does the thermal conductivity at points 3–4 and 6–7 different
from each other?

Because heat conduction is being detected in a steady-state for points 3

to 4, and a transient condition for points 6 to 7, there is a variation in
thermal conductivity between those measurements at those locations.(4)

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Reference

1. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer" by Frank P. Incropera, David P. DeWitt,

Theodore L. Bergman, and Adrienne S. Lavine
2. "Introduction to Heat Transfer" by Adrian Bejan
3. Heat Transfer" by Yunus A. Cengel
4. Linear Heat Conduction" on HyperPhysics