Ppts Notes

Operating System Concepts
SunBeam Institute of
Information & Technology,
Hinjwadi, Pune & Karad.
Sunbeam Infotech www.sunbeaminfo.com

# PreCAT Course
- Subject Name : Operating System Concepts.
- CCAT Exam : Section-B -- 9 Questions.
- Mostly all the questions are concept oriented.
- Reference Book:
1. Operating System Concepts, By Galvin.

* Introduction:
- Why there is need of an OS?
- What is an OS?
- Booting in brief
- Functions of an OS

* UNIX System Architecture Design

- Major subsystem of an UNIX system: File subsystem & Process Control
subsystem.
- System Calls & its catagories
- Dual Mode Operation
* Process Management
- What is Process & PCB?
- States of the process
- CPU scheduling & CPU scheduling algorithms
- Inter Process Communication: Shared Memory Model & Message
Passing Model

* Process Management
- Process Synchronization/Co-ordination
- Deadlocks & deadlock handling methods
* Memory Management
- Swapping
- Memory Allocation Methods
- Internal Fragmentation & External Fragmentation
- Segmentation
- Paging
- Virtual Memory Management

* File Management
- What is file?
- What is filesystem & filesystem structure?
- Disk space allocation methods
- Disk scheduling algorithms

Q. Why there is a need of an OS?

- Computer is a machine/hardware, does different tasks efficiently &
accurately. Computer hardware mainly contains Processor, Memory
Devices & IO Devices.
- Basic functions of computer:
1. Data Storage
2. Data Processing
3. Data Movement
4. Control
- As any user cannot communicates/interacts directly with computer
hardware to do different tasks, and hence there is need of some
interface between user and hardware.


Q. What is an Operating System?

- An OS is a system software (i.e. collection of system
programs) which acts as an interface between user and hardware.
- An OS also acts as an interface between programs and
hardware.
- An OS allocates resources like main memory, CPU time, i/o
devices access etc... to all running programs, hence it is also
called as a resource allocator.
- An OS controls an execution of all programs and it also controls
hardware devices which are connected to the computer system
and hence it is also called as a control program.

Q. What is an Operating System?

- An OS manages limited available resources among all running
programs, hence it is also called as a resource manager.
- From End User: An OS is a software (i.e. collection of programs)
comes either in CD/DVD, has following main components:
1. Kernel: It is a core program/part of an OS which runs continuosly
into the main memory does basic minimal functionalities of it.
e.g. Linux: vmlinuz, Windows: ntoskrnl.exe
2. Utility Softwares: e.g. disk manager, windows firewall, anti-virus
software etc...
3. Application Softwares: e.g. google chrome, shell, notepad,
msoffice etc...

# Functions of an OS:
Basic minimal functionalities/Kernel functionalities:
1. Process Management
2. Memory Management
3. Hardware Abstraction
4. CPU Scheduling
5. File & IO Management
Extra utility functionalities/optional:
6. Protection & Security
7. User Interfacing
8. Networking

# Booting Process:
- Bootable Device/Bootable Partition: if any storage
device/partition contains a special program called as bootstrap
program in its first sector i.e. in a boot sector then it is referred
as a bootable device/partition.
- Peripheral Devices: devices which are connected to the
motherboard externally referred as peripheral devices or
peripherals.
- There are two steps of booting:
1. Machine Boot
2. System Boot

1. Machine Boot:
Step1: when we switch on the power supply current gets passed
to the motherboard, on which ROM memory is there which
contains one microprogram referred as BIOS, gets executes first.
First step of BIOS is POST(Power On Self Test), under POST it
checks wheather all peripherals are connected properly or not
and their working status.
Step2: after POST, BIOS executes bootstrap loader program,
which searches for an available bootable devices in a system and
as per the priority decided in a BIOS settings it selects any one
bootable device at a time.

2. System Boot:
Step3: upon selection of a bootable device, bootloader
program (e.g. Linux - GRUB, LILO, Windows - NTLDR) in that
bootable device gets executes and displays list of names of an
operating systems installed on it, from which user need to select
any one OS for booting.
Step4: upon selection of any one OS from the list, bootstrap
program of that OS gets invoked, which first locates the kernel
and load it into the main memory.
- Kernel of any OS resides inside the main memory till we do not
shutdowns the machine.

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Operating System Concepts

Sunbeam Infotech www.sunbeaminfo.com

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* UNIX System Architecture Design

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Sunbeam Infotech www.sunbeaminfo.com

Sunbeam Infotech www.sunbeaminfo.com

Q. Why there is a need of an OS?

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Sunbeam Infotech www.sunbeaminfo.com

Q. What is an Operating System?

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Q. What is an Operating System?

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