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RES Introduction

The document discusses various renewable energy sources in India such as solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, tidal, and ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). It provides details on the installed capacity of different energy sources in India as of May 2023. It highlights the importance and potential of renewable sources while also noting some challenges like intermittency and high costs. Specific renewable technologies are explained including how energy is generated from the sun, wind, biomass, tides, and differences in ocean water temperatures.

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18 views

RES Introduction

The document discusses various renewable energy sources in India such as solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, tidal, and ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). It provides details on the installed capacity of different energy sources in India as of May 2023. It highlights the importance and potential of renewable sources while also noting some challenges like intermittency and high costs. Specific renewable technologies are explained including how energy is generated from the sun, wind, biomass, tides, and differences in ocean water temperatures.

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asfvkjsv asgbaegb
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Renewable Energy Sources

By
P.Umamaheswarrao
1.Total Installed Capacity (As on 31.05.2023) - Source : Central
Electricity Authority (CEA)
INSTALLED GENERATION CAPACITY (SECTOR WISE) AS ON
31.05.2023

Sector MW % of Total
Central Sector 1,00,055 24.0%
State Sector 1,05,726 25.3%
Private Sector 2,11,887 50.7%
Total 4,17,668
Installed GENERATION CAPACITY(FUELWISE) AS ON 31.05.2023
CATAGORY INSTALLED % of SHARE IN Total
GENERATION
CAPACITY(MW)
Fossil Fuel
Coal 205,235 49.1%
Lignite 6,620 1.6%
Gas 24,824 6.0%
Diesel 589 0.1%
Total Fossil Fuel 2,37,269 56.8 %
Non-Fossil Fuel
RES (Incl. Hydro) 173,619 41.4%
Hydro 46,850 11.2 %
Wind, Solar & Other RE 125,692 30.2 %
Wind 42,868 10.3 %
Solar 67,078 16.1 %
BM Power/Cogen 10,248 2.5 %
Waste to Energy 554 0.1 %
Small Hydro Power 4,944 1.2 %
Nuclear 6,780 1.6%
Total Non-Fossil Fuel 179,322 43.0%
Total Installed Capacity 4,17,668 100%

(Fossil Fuel & Non-Fossil Fuel)


Why renewable energy

• There are many energy sources today that are


extremely limited in supply. Some of these sources
include oil, natural gas, and coal.
• It is a matter of time before they will be exhausted.
Estimates are that they can only meet our energy
demands for another fifty to seventy years.
• So in an effort to find alternative forms of energy, the
world has turned to renewable energy sources as the
solution.
Importance of Non conventional energy sources
Non-Conventional/Renewable Energy Sources
• The sources of energy which are being produced
continuously in nature and are in exhaustible are called
renewable sources of energy (or) non-conventional
energy. Some of these sources are:
(a) Solar energy
(b) Wind energy
(c) Geothermal energy
(d) Tidal energy
(e) Wave energy
(f) ocean thermal energy
(g) Biomass
Demerits of Renewable energy sources

• Renewable energy is intermittent


• Energy Storage Is a Challenge
• Renewable energy sources have geographic
limitations
• Higher Capital Costs
• One disadvantage with renewable energy is that it is
difficult to generate the quantities of electricity that
are as large as those produced by traditional fossil
fuel generators.
Solar energy
• Energy from the sun is called solar energy. The Sun’s
energy comes from nuclear fusion reaction that take
place deep in the Sun.
• It has the greatest potential of all the sources of
renewable energy. Solar energy can be a major source of
power.
• About 5,000 trillion kWh per year energy is incident
over India's land area with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh
per sq. m per day.
• Its potential is 178 billion MW which is about 20,000
times the world’s demand. Sun’s energy can be utilized
as thermal and photovoltaic.
• India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7 kWh/m2 for
300 to 330 days in a year.
• National Institute of Solar Energy has assessed the Country’s
solar potential of about 748 GW assuming 3% of the waste land
area to be covered by Solar PV modules.
• India has an estimated renewable energy potential of about 900
GW from sources like Wind – 102 GW, Bio-energy – 25 GW, Small
Hydro – 20 GW and Solar power – 750 GW.
Wind Energy
• Wind power is not a new development as this power, in the form
of traditional windmills-for grinding corn, pumping water, sailing
ships - have been used for centuries.
• Now wind power is harnessed to generate electricity in a larger
scale with better technology.
• Wind energy is basically harnessing of wind power to
produce electricity. The kinetic energy of the wind is
converted to electrical energy.
• A wind mill converts the kinetic energy of moving air into
Mechanical energy that can be either used directly to run the
Machine or to run the generator to produce electricity.
• A minimum wind speed of 3 m/s is needed.
• Coastal, hilly and valley areas are suitable for this process.
Availability of wind energy in India
S. No. State Wind Potential at Wind Potential
100 m (GW) at 120 m (GW)
1 Gujarat 84.43 142.56
2 Rajasthan 18.77 127.75
3 Maharashtra 45.39 98.21
4 Tamil Nadu 33.79 68.75
5 Madhya 10.48 15.40
Pradesh
6 Karnataka 55.85 124.15
7 Andhra 44.22 74.90
Pradesh
Total 7 windy 292.97 651.72
states
8 Others 9.28 43.78
Total 302.25 695.50
Biomass
• Bio-mass means organic matter.
• Biomass is another renewable source of energy in the form
of wood, agricultural residues, etc.
• We have plenty of agricultural and forest resources for
production of bio-mass. Bio-mass is produced in nature
through photosynthesis achieved by solar energy
conversion.
• The potential for agricultural residues alone is estimated as
480 mt with residues from food grains contributing about
100mt.
• These can be burnt directly to generate steam for use in
steam turbine for power generation or they can be gasified
and the gas used in an internal combustion engine for
agricultural pumping or power generation.
• Power generation is being tried on a small scale upto 1 MW.
Biomass may prove a useful fuel for localised power generation in
rural areas where electric transmission lines have not reached.
The Bio-Mass resources falls into three categories:
1.Bio-Mass in its traditional solid form. (e.g. Wood, agriwaste etc.)
This form is directly burned to get energy.
2.Bio-Mass in its non-traditional form (converted into liquid form) In
this category the Bio-Mass is converted into liquid form such as
Ethanol & Methanol, which can be used as liquid fuel in engines
3.Bio-Mass in Fermented form. In this category Bio-mass is fermented
to obtain its Gaseous fuel called Bio-Gas. Bio-gas has 55-65%
Methane, 30-40% CO2 and rest impurities containing H2, H2S and
some N2
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

• This is the energy which lies embedded within the earth. According
to various theories the earth has a molten core.
• The steam and hot water comes naturally to the surface of the
earth in some locations of the earth.
• The earth contains large amounts of geothermal energy with
temperature as high as 44000C. This energy comes from magma,
molten rock material beneath the surface of the earth.
• In other regions, the hot material is close enough to the earth’s
surface to heat the underground water trapped by impermeable
rock and form steam.
• Geysers and hot springs are natural areas where hot water and
steam come to the surface.
• Geothermal Energy is energy stored in the form of
heat beneath the surface of the solid earth
• Geo = Earth Thermal = Heat
• Hot water is pumped from deep underground through a well under high
pressure. When the water reaches the surface, the pressure is dropped,
which causes the water to turn into steam.
• The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that
produces electricity.
• The steam cools off in a cooling tower and condenses back to water.
• The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth to begin the process
again.
Tidal Energy
• This periodic rise and fall of the water level of sea is
called tide. These tides can be used to produce electrical
power which is known as tidal power.
• Tidal energy is energy that can be trapped from sea.
• Tides are generated primarily by the gravitational
attraction between the earth and the Moon.
• They arise twice a day in Mid-Ocean. The tidal range is
only a Meter. Basically in a tidal power station water at
high tide is first trapped in a artificial basin and then
allowed to escape at low tide.
• The escaping water is used to drive water turbines,
which in turn drive electrical generators.
• When the water is above the mean sea level it is called
flood tide, and when it is below it’s called ebb tide.
• To harness the tides, a dam would be built, across the mouth of
the bay. It, will have large gates in it and also low head
hydraulic reversible turbines are installed in it.
• A tidal basin is formed, which gets separated from the sea, by
dam.
• The difference in water level is obtained between the basin and
sea.
• The constructed basin is filled during high tide and emptied
during low tide passing through sluices turbine respectively.
• By using reversible water turbines, turbine can be run
continuously, both during high tide and low tide.
• The turbine is coupled to generator, potential energy of the
water stored in the basin as well as energy during high tide, is
used to drive the turbine, which is coupled to generator,
generating electricity.
Principle of tidal power generation
OTEC
• This is also an indirect method of utilizing solar
energy.
• A large amount of solar energy is collected and
stored in tropical oceans.
• The surface of the water acts as the collector for
solar heat, while the upper layer of the sea
constitutes infinite heat storage reservoir.
• Ocean thermal energy conversion utilizes the
temperature difference between warm surface
seawater at about 28 0C and the cold deep sea water
at 5-7 0C at a depth of 800-1000 m in tropical areas.
• Advantages of an OTEC system
• It is a clean and pollution free renewable source of energy.
• Power generated by this system is continuous. Only a small variation
in output takes place from season to season. In simple words we can
say, the system is independent of weather.
• By making only small changes in design, conventional power plants
can be used in this system.
• It can produce the desalinated water and nutrients for mariculture at
the same time.
Disadvantages of an OTEC system
• Capital investment is very high.
• Conversion efficiency is very low about 3-4% due to the small
temperature difference between the surface water and deep water
• The low efficiency of these plants coupled with high capital cost and
maintenance cost makes them uneconomical for small plants.

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