Notes Grade+7

What is an HTML File?
HTML COMMON TAGS

 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
 An HTML file is a text file containing small markup tags
 The markup tags tell the Web browser how to display the page
 An HTML file must have an htm or html file extension
 An HTML file can be created using a simple text editor
Type in the following text in “NOTEPAD”:
<html>
<head>
<title>Title of page</title>
</head>
<body>
Hello World! This is my first homepage. This text is bold
</body>
</html>
Save the file as "mypage.html".
Start your Internet browser. Select "Open" (or "Open Page") in the File menu of your
browser. A dialog box will appear. Select "Browse" (or "Choose File") and locate the HTML file
you just created - "mypage.html" - select it and click "Open". Now you should see an address in
the dialog box, for example "C:\MyDocuments\webdesign\mypage.html". Click OK, and the
browser will display the page.
Example Explained
The first tag in your HTML document is <html>. This tag tells your browser that this is
the start of an HTML document. The last tag in your document is </html>. This tag tells your
browser that this is the end of the HTML document.
The text between the <head> tag and the </head> tag is header information. Header
information is not displayed in the browser window. The text between the <title> tags is the title
of your document. The title is displayed in your browser's caption. The text between the <body>
tags is the text that will be displayed in your browser. The text between the and tags
will be displayed in a bold font.
-1-
HTML ELEMENTS
HTML documents are text files made up of HTML elements. HTML elements are
defined using HTML tags.
HTML Tags
 HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements

 HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters < and >
 The surrounding characters are called angle brackets
 HTML tags normally come in pairs like and 
 The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
 The text between the start and end tags is the element content
 HTML tags are not case sensitive, means the same as 
This text is bold
The purpose of the tag is to define an HTML element that should be displayed as bold.
Tag Attributes
Tags can have attributes. Attributes can provide additional information about the HTML
elements on your page.
This tag defines the body element of your HTML page: <body>. With an added bgcolor
attribute, you can tell the browser that the background color of your page should be red, like this:
<body bgcolor="red">
This tag defines an HTML table: <table>. With an added border attribute, you can tell the
browser that the table should have no borders: <table border="0">. Attributes always come in
name/value pairs like this: name="value". Attributes are always added to the start tag of an
HTML element.
1. HEADINGS
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the largest heading. <h6>
defines the smallest heading.
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
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HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a heading.
2. PARAGRAPHS
Paragraphs are defined with the tag.
This is a paragraph
This is another paragraph
HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a paragraph.
3. LINE BREAKS
The tag is used when you want to end a line, but don't want to start a new paragraph. The
 tag forces a line break wherever you place it.
This is a para graph with line breaks
The tag is an empty tag. It has no closing tag.
4. Comments in HTML
The comment tag is used to insert a comment in the HTML source code. A comment will be
ignored by the browser. You can use comments to explain your code, which can help you when
you edit the source code at a later date.

Note that you need an exclamation point after the opening bracket, but not before the closing
bracket.
HTML TEXT FORMATTING

HTML defines a lot of elements for formatting output, like bold or italic text. How to View
HTML Source? To find out, click the VIEW option in your browser's toolbar and select
SOURCE or PAGE SOURCE. This will open a window that shows you the HTML code of the
page.
1. Text Formatting Tags
Tag Description
 Defines italic text. Recommend using 
 Defines bold text. Recommend using 
 Defines emphasized text. Renders as italic text.
-3-
Example
Source Output
Italic text Italic text
Bold text Bold text
Emphasized text Emphasized
Strong text text Strong text
What is the difference between & and & , and will both
become deprecated tags. Using and are the tags that will be cross-browser
compatible as browsers move forward to embrace the new standards in HTML (e.g., XHTML)
2. HTML Links
HTML uses a hyperlink to link to another document on the Web. HTML uses the <a>
(anchor) tag to create a link to another document. An anchor can point to any resource on the
Web: an HTML page, an image, a sound file, a movie, etc.
The syntax of creating an anchor:
<a href="url">Text to be displayed</a>
The <a> tag is used to create an anchor to link from, the href attribute is used to address the
document to link to, and the words between the open and close of the anchor tag will be
displayed as a hyperlink.
This anchor defines a link to W3Schools:
<a href="http://www.google.co.in/">Google</a>
The line above will look like this in a browser:
The Target Attribute

With the target attribute, you can define where the linked document will be opened.
The line below will open the document in a new browser window:
<a href="http://www.google.co.in/" target="_blank">Google</a>
The Anchor Tag and the Name Attribute

The name attribute is used to create a named anchor. When using named anchors we can create
links that can jump directly into a specific section on a page, instead of letting the user scroll
around to find what he/she is looking for.
Below is the syntax of a named anchor:
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<a name="label">Text to be displayed</a>
The name attribute is used to create a named anchor. The name of the anchor can be any text you
care to use.
The line below defines a named anchor:
<a name="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>
You should notice that a named anchor is not displayed in a special way. To link directly to the
"tips" section, add a # sign and the name of the anchor to the end of a URL, like this:
<a
href="http://www.amyschan.com/mypage.html#tips">
Jump to the Useful Tips Section</a>
HTML LISTS
HTML supports ordered, unordered and definition lists.
1. Unordered Lists
An unordered list is a list of items. The list items are marked with bullets (typically small
black circles).
An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Here is how it looks in a browser:
 Coffee
 Milk
Inside a list item you can put paragraphs, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.
2. Ordered Lists
An ordered list is also a list of items. The list items are marked with numbers.
An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Here is how it looks in a browser:
1. Coffee
2. Milk
Inside a list item you can put paragraphs, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc
-5-
HTML IMAGES
With HTML you can display images in a document.
The Image Tag and the src Attribute

In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag. To display an image on a page, you
need to use the src attribute. Src stands for "source". The value of the src attribute is the URL of
the image you want to display on your page.
The syntax of defining an image: <img src="url">
The URL points to the location where the image is stored. An image named "boat.gif"
located in the directory "images" on "www.w3schools.com" has the URL:
http://www.w3schools.com/images/boat.gif. The browser puts the image where the image tag
occurs in the document. If you put an image tag between two paragraphs, the browser shows the
first paragraph, then the image, and then the second paragraph.
The Alt Attribute

The alt attribute is used to define an "alternate text" for an image. The value of the alt attribute is
an author-defined text:
<img src="images/logo.jpg” alt="Google logo">

The "alt" attribute tells the reader what he or she is missing on a page if the browser can't load
images. The browser will then display the alternate text instead of the image. It is a good practice
to include the "alt" attribute for each image on a page, to improve the display and usefulness of
your document for people who have text-only browsers.
HTML BACKGROUNDS
A good background can make a Web site look really great.
Backgrounds
The <body> tag has two attributes where you can specify backgrounds. The background can be a
color or an image.
1. Bgcolor
The bgcolor attribute specifies a background-color for an HTML page. The value of this attribute
can be a hexadecimal number, an RGB value, or a color name:
<body bgcolor="#000000">
<body bgcolor="rgb(0,0,0)">
<body bgcolor="black">
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The lines above all set the background-color to black.
2. Background
The background attribute specifies a background-image for an HTML page. The
value of this attribute is the URL of the image you want to use. If the image is
smaller than the browser window, the image will repeat itself until it fills the entire
<body background="images/cloudswirl.jpg">
<body background="http://www.amyschan.com/images/cloudswirl.jpg">
browser window.
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Sorting
Sorting lists is a common spreadsheet task that allows you to easily
reorder your data. The most common type of sorting is alphabetical
ordering, which you can do in ascending or descending order.
There are two types of Sorting in MS-Excel:
1. Ascending (A-Z)
2. Descending. (Z-A)
To sort in alphabetical order:

 Select a cell in the column you want to sort (In this
example, we choose a cell in column A).
 Click the Sort & Filter command in the Editing group on
the Home tab.
 Select Sort A to Z. Now the information in the Category
column is organized in alphabetical order.
You can Sort in reverse alphabetical order by choosing Sort Z to A in the

list.
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To sort from smallest to largest:
 Select a cell in the column you want to sort (a column
with numbers).
the Home tab.
 Select From Smallest to Largest. Now the information is
organized from the smallest to largest amount.
You can sort in reverse numerical order by choosing From Largest to

Smallest in the list.
To sort multiple levels:

the Home tab.
 Select Custom Sort from the list to open the dialog box.
OR
 Select the Data tab.
 Locate the Sort and Filter group.
 Click the Sort command to open the Custom Sort dialog
box. From here, you can sort by one item or multiple
items.
 Click the drop-down arrow in the Column Sort by field,

then choose one of the options—in this example,
Category.
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 Choose what to sort on. In this example, we'll leave the
default as Value.
 Choose how to order the results. Leave it as A to Z so it
is organized alphabetically.
 Click Add Level to add another item to sort by.
 Select an option in the Column Then by field. In this

example, we chose Unit Cost.
 Choose what to sort on. In this example, we'll leave the
default as Value.
 Choose how to order the results. Leave it as smallest to
largest.
 Click OK.
- 10 -
The spreadsheet has been sorted. All of the categories are organized in
alphabetical order, and within each category the unit cost is arranged
from smallest to largest.
Grouping cells using the Subtotal

command
Grouping is a useful Excel feature that gives you control over how the
information is displayed. You must sort before you can group. In this
section, we will learn how to create groups using the Subtotal command.
To create groups with subtotals:

 Select any cell with information in it.
 Click the Subtotal command on the Data tab. The
information in your spreadsheet is automatically selected,
and the Subtotal dialog box appears.
- 11 -
 Decide how you want things grouped. In this example, we
will organize by Category.
 Select a function. In this example, we will leave the SUM
function selected.
 Select the column where you want the Subtotal to appear.
In this example, Total Cost is selected by default.
 Click OK. The selected cells are organized into groups
with subtotals.
- 12 -
To collapse or display the group:
 Click the black minus sign, which is the hide detail icon,
to collapse the group.
 Click the black plus sign, which is the show detail icon,
to expand the group.
 Use the Show Details and Hide Details commands in the
Outline group to collapse and display the group as well.
To ungroup select cells:

 Select the cells you want to remove from the group.
 Click the Ungroup command.
 Select Ungroup from the list. A dialog box will appear.
 Click OK.
To ungroup the entire worksheet:

 Select all cells with grouping.
 Click Clear Outline from the menu.
Filtering cells
Filtering, or temporarily hiding, data in a spreadsheet is simple. This
allows you to focus on specific spreadsheet entries.
To filter data: - 13 -
 Click the Filter command on the Data tab. Drop-down
arrows will appear beside each column heading.
 Click the drop-down arrow next to the heading you would

like to filter. For example, if you would like to only view
data regarding Flavors, click the drop-down arrow next
to Category.
- 14 -
 Uncheck Select All.
 Choose Flavor.
 Click OK. All other data will be filtered, or hidden, and
only the Flavor data is visible.
To clear one filter:

 Select one of the drop-down arrows next to a filtered
column.
 Choose Clear Filter From...
- 15 -
To remove all filters, click the Filter command.
- 16 -
AND, OR and NOT gates are basic gates. A table which lists all possible combinations
of input variables and the corresponding outputs is called a “truth table‟. It shows
how the logic circuit’s output responds to various combinations of logic levels at the
inputs.
AND GATE:- An AND gate has two or more inputs but only one output. The output
assumes the logic 1 state only when each one of its inputs is at logic 1 state.
The output assumes logic 0 state even if one of its input is at logic 0 state. AND gate
is also called an “all or nothing‟ gate.
The logic symbol & truth table of two input AND gate are shown in figure 1.a & 1.b
respectively.
OR GATE
Like an AND gate, an OR gate may have two or more inputs but only one output. The
output assumes the logic 1 state, even if one of its inputs is in logic 1 state. Its output
assumes logic 0 state, only when each one of its inputs is in logic 0 state. OR gate is
also called an “any or all‟ gate.
It can also be called an inclusive OR gate because it includes the condition “both the
input can be present‟.
The logic symbol & truth table of two input OR gate are shown in figure 1.c & 1.d
respectively. The symbol for OR operation is “+‟.
- 17 -
NOT GATE
A NOT gate is also known an inverter, has only one input and only one output. It is a
device whose output is always the complement of its input. That is the output of a
not gate assumes the logic 1 state when its input is in logic 0 state and assumes the
logic 0 state when its input is in logic 1 state.
The logic symbol & truth table of NOT gate are shown in figure 1.e & 1.f respectively.
The symbol for NOT operation is “-“-‟(bar).
- 18 -
NAND and NOR GATE
Primary Memory and Secondary Memory
Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily,

like RAM (random access memory), or permanently, like ROM (read-only memory).
Memory devices utilize integrated circuits and are used by operating systems,
software, and hardware.
Why is memory important or needed for a computer?
Each device in a computer operates at different speeds and computer memory gives
your computer a place to quickly access data.
If the CPU had to wait for a secondary storage device, like a hard disk drive, a
computer would be much slower.
Primary Memory
This is the main memory of the computer. CPU can directly read or write on this
memory. It is fixed on the motherboard of the computer.
Primary memory is further divided in two types:
1. RAM (Random Access Memory) - 19 -

2. ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM(Random Access Memory)
RAM is a temporary memory. The information stored in this memory is lost as the
power supply to the computer is turned off. That’s why it is also called Volatile
Memory.
It stores the data and instruction given by the user and also the results produced by
the computer temporarily
ROM(Read only Memory)
Information stored in ROM is permanent in nature, i.e., it holds the data even if the
system is switched off.
It holds the starting instructions for the computer. ROM cannot be overwritten by
the computer. It is also called Non-Volatile Memory.
Secondary Memory
This memory is permanent in nature. It is used to store the different programs and
the information permanently (which were temporarily stored in RAM). It holds the
information till we erase it.
Different types of secondary storage devices are:
1. Hard Disc, Compact Disc,
2. DVD, Pen Drive,
3. Flash Drive, etc.
Hard Disc Drive (HDD)
Hard disk drive is made up of a series of circular disks called platters arranged one
over the other almost ½ inches apart around a spindle.
Disks are made of non-magnetic material like aluminum alloy and coated with 10-20
nm of magnetic material.
CD Drive
CD stands for Compact Disk. CDs are circular disks that use optical rays, usually
lasers, to read and write data.
They are very cheap as you can get 700 MB of storage space for less than a dollar.
CDs are inserted in CD drives built into CPU cabinet.
They are portable as you can eject the drive, remove the CD and carry it with you.
DVD Drive
DVD stands for Digital Versatile Display. DVD are optical devices that can store 15
times the data held by CDs.
They are usually used to store rich multimedia files that need high storage capacity.
DVDs also come in three varieties – read only, recordable (DVD-R) and rewritable
(DVD-RW).
Pen Drive
Pen drive is a portable memory device that uses solid state memory rather than
magnetic fields or lasers to record data.
It uses a technology similar to RAM, except that it is nonvolatile. It is also called USB
drive, key drive or flash memory.
Blu Ray Disk
Blu Ray Disk (BD) is an optical storage media used to store high definition (HD) video
and other multimedia filed. - 20 -
BD uses shorter wavelength laser as compared to CD/DVD. This enables writing arm
to focus more tightly on the disk and hence pack in more data. BDs can store up to
128 GB data.
Primary Vs Secondary Memory

Parameter Primary memory Secondary memory
The primary memory is The secondary memory is
Nature categorized as volatile & always a non-volatile
nonvolatile memories. memory.
Secondary memory is
These memories are also known as a Backup memory
Alias
called internal memory. or Additional memory or
Auxiliary memory.
Data cannot be accessed
directly by the processor. It
Data is directly accessed by is first copied from
Access
the processing unit. secondary memory to
primary memory. Only then
CPU can access it.
It's a volatile memory It's a non-volatile memory
meaning data cannot be so that that data can be
Formation
retained in case of power retained even after power
failure. failure.
Data in the computer’s memory is represented by the two digits

0 and 1.
These two digits are called Binary Digits or Bits.
A bit is the smallest unit of computer’s memory.
Bits=0,1.
1 Byte= 8 bits(e.g,11001011)
1 KB(kilobyte) = 1024 Bytes
1 MB(megabyte) = 1024 KB
1 GB(Gigabyte) = 1024 MB
1 TB(Terabyte) = 1024 GB
1 PB(Petabyte) = 1024 TB - 21 -
1 EB(Exabyte). = 1024 PB
1 ZB(Zettabyte). = 1024 EB
1 ZB(Zettabyte). = 1024 PB
1 YB(Yottabyte). = 1024 ZB
What Is a Computer Network?
A computer network is a connection between two or more network devices, like computers,
routers, and switches, to share network resources.
- 22 -
The establishment of a computer network depends on the requirements of the communication
channel, i.e., the network can be wired or wireless.
Next, let’s look into the types of networks available.
Types of Networks
According to the communication requirements, multiple types of network connections are

available. The most basic type of network classification depends on the network's
geographical coverage.
- 23 -
Below mentioned are different types of networks:
 PAN (Personal Area Network)
 LAN (Local Area Network)
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 WAN (Wide Area Network)
What Is Local Area Network (LAN)?
- 24 -
The Local Area Network (LAN) is designed to connect multiple network devices and systems
within a limited geographical distance. The devices are connected using multiple protocols
for properly and efficiently exchanging data and services.
Attributes of LAN Network:
 The data transmit speed in the LAN network is relatively higher than the other
network types, MAN and WAN.
 LAN uses private network addresses for network connectivity for data and service
exchange, and it uses cable for network connection, decreasing error and
maintaining data security.
Advantages and Disadvantages of LAN Network
Advantages Disadvantages
Need constant administration of

Transmission of data and services is relatively higher than
experienced engineers for
other network connections.
functioning.
The Network Server acts as a central unit for the whole Probability of leak of sensitive data
network. by LAN administration.
Now let’s move on to the next network type, MAN Network.
- 25 -
What Is Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)?
The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network type that covers the network connection
of an entire city or connection of a small area. The area covered by the network is connected
using a wired network, like data cables.
Attributes of MAN Network:
 Network covers an entire town area or a portion of a city.
 Data transmission speed is relatively high due to the installation of optical cables
and wired connections.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of MAN Network:
High probability of attack from

Provides Full-Duplex data transmission in the network
hackers and cybercriminals due to
channel for devices.
large networks.
The network connection area covers an entire city or some The need for good quality hardware
parts using the optic cables.- 26 - and the installation cost is very
high.
What is Wide Area Network (WAN)?
The Wide Area Network (WAN) is designed to connect devices over large distances like
states or between countries. The connection is wireless in most cases and uses radio towers
for communication.
The WAN network can be made up of multiple LAN and MAN networks.
- 27 -
Attributes of WAN Network:
 The speed of the WAN data transfer is lower than in comparison to LAN and
MAN networks due to the large distance covered.
 The WAN network uses a satellite medium to transmit data between multiple
locations and network towers.
Advantages and Disadvantages of WAN Network:
High cost to set up the network and

This network covers a high geographical area and is used for the Support of experienced
large-distance connections. technicians is needed to maintain
the network.
It is difficult to prevent hacking and

They also use radio towers and connect channels for users.
debug a large network.
- 28 -
Difference Between LAN, MAN, and WAN
Basis LAN MAN WAN
Several computers
The WAN
LAN is a network that enables the can be connected to
network extends
communication between many MAN in the same
to a much greater
linked devices. It is in charge of city or separately. It
Meaning area. It can link
establishing connections among encompasses a
multiple
neighborhood units, including greater region,
countries
universities and schools. including minor
together.
towns and cities.
MAN can be either A single

LAN is a private and secured public or private. A company may not
Network
network. Hospitals, schools, offices, lot of businesses and own WAN. It can
Authority
etc., can own it. telephone companies be private or
could own them. public.
Speed The Internet speed provided through MAN provides a WAN provides a
LAN is fast. modest Internet slow Internet
- 29 -
connection speed. connection.
MAN's maintenance WAN

Maintenance LAN maintenance is very easy. is easier compared to maintenance is
LAN. very difficult.
Congestion is
more in WAN
Congestion is less in the LAN
Congestion It is more in MAN. when compared
network.
to LAN and
MAN.
In MAN, bandwidth WAN bandwidth

Bandwidth The bandwidth in LAN is very high.
is less. is quite limited.
It is very easy to design a LAN It isn't easy to design It is complicated

Designing
network. a MAN network. to design WAN.
How to Set Up The Networks?
- 30 -
LAN
Ethernet is the foundation of all existing LANs, whether wired or wireless. Computers and
servers can connect via cables or wirelessly. WiFi Access Points provide wireless
connectivity in combination with a wired network. WAP-enabled devices serve as a link
between PCs and networks. A WAP may connect a hundred or even a thousand wireless
individuals to a network. Servers on a LAN are generally connected by wire.
MAN
A metropolitan area network combines many LANs with a fiber optic as the basis. It offers
services akin to those offered by an internet service provider for broad area networks. MANs
can use microwave or infrared lasers to connect Local Area Networks wirelessly. MANs are
often owned by just one significant organization and are mainly created for towns or cities to
give a high data connection.
WAN
Users and computers in one area may interact with users and computers in other locations via
a WAN, composed of two or more interconnected Local Area Networks or Metropolitan Area
Networks. Computers in a Wide Area Network are linked by public networks such as phone
lines, satellite connections, or leased lines. To extend the network's capabilities across
locations, costly leased lines are usually used to build WANs. At each end of a leased line, a
router is attached.
How Do These Networks Function?
LAN
A local area network is a collection of computers and other technology with a common
communication line or wireless network and, in most cases, the facilities of an individual
- 31
server or processor within a limited geographic -
region. Typically, the server houses shared
data storage and applications for many computer users.
MAN
Multiple LANs are connected by metropolitan area networks using specialized wireless and
wired foundations. A MAN may link to a network exchange point and a local exchange
carrier to offer connections between LANs and instantaneous communication between the
MAN and the open Internet.
WAN
A point to another service that can employ traditional dial-up lines or modems to link the
device to the phone line. Point-to-point WAN service suppliers include both local mobile
phone providers and long-distance operators.
Characteristics of These Networks
LAN
 LANs are simple to construct and maintain.
 To link the LAN networks, a centralized database is needed.
 A private owner owns the network.
MAN
 The geographical region covered exceeds that of LAN.
 Through this network, there is more than one computer connected.
WAN
 WAN covers the biggest region, comparable to a nation.
 WANs can be networked all over the

- 32world.
-
 Through phone lines or satellites, the networks are connected.
Benefits of These Networks
LAN
 Its main advantages are the local area network's rapid, simple setup and low cost.
 Keeping everything stored on the server safe and secure is done through data
protection.
 LAN model and established ethernet cabling allow a system linked to a LAN to
interact directly at a very high speed.
MAN
 MAN offers more security than WAN and is simpler to deploy.
 Due to MAN's lower resource requirements than WAN, MAN deployment costs
are lower than WAN. It reduces the cost of implementation.
 MANs may be controlled centrally, making network traffic monitoring and control
easier.
WAN
 WAN has a wide geographical coverage.
 The information connected to every device in the relevant network can be shared
through the WAN network.
Disadvantages of the Networks
LAN
 Local area networks are only utilized in structures since they cannot be used in
larger regions.
- 33 -
 Unauthorized users may access data if the server's equipment is not appropriately
configured and there is a technology issue.
 There are restrictions on how many devices may be connected to LANs.
MAN
 Because of the huge size, it is difficult to safeguard the system from hackers.
 To link MAN from one location to another, extra cables are necessary. MAN
necessitates the use of fiber optic connections, which are relatively costly.
 MAN takes up a lot of space, making managing a big network difficult.
WAN
 Because WAN networks combine more technologies, they have more security
issues when compared to LAN and MAN networks.
 Because of their enormous geographical coverage, WANs are complex and

convoluted.
 A lot of time must be spent troubleshooting the WAN network.
- 34 -

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What is an HTML File?

HTML COMMON TAGS

Type in the following text in “NOTEPAD”:

 HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements

<b>This text is bold</b>

Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

<p>This <br> is a para<br>graph with line breaks</p>

The <br> tag is an empty tag. It has no closing tag.

HTML TEXT FORMATTING

The syntax of creating an anchor:

<a href="url">Text to be displayed</a>

This anchor defines a link to W3Schools:

The line above will look like this in a browser:

The Target Attribute

The Anchor Tag and the Name Attribute

The Image Tag and the src Attribute

The Alt Attribute

<img src="images/logo.jpg” alt="Google logo">

There are two types of Sorting in MS-Excel:

To sort in alphabetical order:

You can Sort in reverse alphabetical order by choosing Sort Z to A in the

You can sort in reverse numerical order by choosing From Largest to

To sort multiple levels:

 Click the drop-down arrow in the Column Sort by field,

 Select an option in the Column Then by field. In this

Grouping cells using the Subtotal

To create groups with subtotals:

To ungroup select cells:

To ungroup the entire worksheet:

 Click the drop-down arrow next to the heading you would

To clear one filter:

Primary Memory and Secondary Memory

 Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily,

Why is memory important or needed for a computer?

1. RAM (Random Access Memory) - 19 -

Primary Vs Secondary Memory

 Data in the computer’s memory is represented by the two digits

Next, let’s look into the types of networks available.

According to the communication requirements, multiple types of network connections are

 PAN (Personal Area Network)

 LAN (Local Area Network)

 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

 WAN (Wide Area Network)

What Is Local Area Network (LAN)?

Attributes of LAN Network:

Advantages and Disadvantages of LAN Network

Need constant administration of

Now let’s move on to the next network type, MAN Network.

Attributes of MAN Network:

 Network covers an entire town area or a portion of a city.

 Advantages and Disadvantages of MAN Network:

High probability of attack from

What is Wide Area Network (WAN)?

Advantages and Disadvantages of WAN Network:

High cost to set up the network and

It is difficult to prevent hacking and

Basis LAN MAN WAN

MAN can be either A single

Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily,

Data in the computer’s memory is represented by the two digits