Lecture 03 Relation

Relation
Lecture 3
1
Cartesian product (review)
Let
A={a1, a2, ..ak} and
B={b1,b2,..bm}.
The Cartesian product A x B is defined by a set of ordered

pairs
{(a1 , b1), (a1, b2), … (a1, bm), …, (ak,bm)}.
Cartesian product defines a product set, or a set of all

ordered arrangements of elements in sets in the Cartesian
product.
2
Binary relation
Definition: Let A and B be two sets. A binary relation
from A to B is a subset of a Cartesian product A x B.
• Let R  A  B means R is a set of ordered pairs of the

form (a,b) where a ϵ A and b ϵ B.
• We use the notation a R b to denote (a,b) ϵ R and a R b

to denote (a,b) ϵ R. If a R b, we say a is related to b by R.
Example: Let A={a,b,c} and B={1,2,3}.
• Is R={(a,1),(b,2),(c,2)} a relation from A to B?
3
Binary relation


• Is R={(a,1),(b,2),(c,2)} a relation from A to B? Yes.

• Is Q={(1,a),(2,b)} a relation from A to B?
4
Binary relation



• Is Q={(1,a),(2,b)} a relation from A to B? No.
• Is P={(a,a),(b,c),(b,a)} a relation from A to A?
5
Binary relation



• Is P={(a,a),(b,c),(b,a)} a relation from A to A? Yes
6
Representing Binary relation
We can graphically represent a binary relation R as follows:
• if a R b then draw an arrow from a to b.
a→b
Example:
• Let A = {0, 1, 2}, B = {u,v} and
R = { (0,u), (0,v), (1,v), (2,u) }

• Note: R  A  B
• Graph: 2
0 u
7
1 V
Representing Binary relation
We can graphically represent a binary relation R as follows:
• if a R b then draw an arrow from a to b.
a→b
Example:
• Let A = {0, 1, 2}, B = {u,v} and
R = { (0,u), (0,v), (1,v), (2,u) }

• Note: R  A  B
• Table: R u v R u v
0 x x 0 1 1
1 x 1 0 1
2 x 2 1 0 8
Relation and Function
Relations represent one to many relationships between
elements in A and B.
• Example: a 1
b 3
• What is the difference between a relation and a function

from A to B?
9
Relation and Function
Relations represent one to many relationships between
elements in A and B.
• Example: a 1
b 3
• What is the difference between a relation and a function

from A to B?
A function defined on sets A,B A → B assigns to each
element in the domain set A exactly one element from B. So
it is a special relation. a 1
2
b 3 10
Relation on the set
Definition: A relation on the set A is a relation from A to
itself.
Example 1:
• Let A = {1,2,3,4} and Rdiv = {(x,y)| x divides y} y%x==0
• What does Rdiv consist of? 21
• Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}
R 1 2 3 4
1 x x x x
2 x x
3 x
4 x 11
Relation on the set
Definition: A relation on the set A is a relation from A to
itself.
Example 2:
• Let A = {1,2,3,4}.
• Define a R≠ b if and only if a ≠ b.
R≠ = {(a,b)| a ≠ b}
R≠={(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,4),(4,1),(4,2),(4,3)}
R 1 2 3 4
1 x x x
2 x x x
3 x x x
4 x x x 12
Binary Relation
Theorem: The number of binary relations on a set A, where
| A | = n is:
n2
Proof:
2
• If | A | = n then the cardinality of the Cartesian product
| A x A | = n 2.
• R is a binary relation on A if R  A  A (that is, R is a subset
of A x A).
• The number of subsets of a set with k elements : 2k
A A
• The number of subsets of A x A is : 2 2 n2
13
Binary Relation
Example: Let A = {1,2} |A|=2
• What is A x A = {(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(2,2)} |AXA|=4
• List of possible relations (subsets of A x A):

Ø 1
{(1,1)} {(1,2)} {(2,1)} {(2,2)} 4
{(1,1), (1,2)} {(1,1),(2,1)} {(1,1),(2,2)} 6
{(1,2),(2,1)} {(1,2),(2,2)} {(2,1),(2,2)}
{(1,1),(1,2),(2,1)} {(1,1),(1,2),(2,2)} 4
{(1,1),(2,1),(2,2)} {(1,2),(2,1),(2,2)}
{(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(2,2)} 1
Use formula: 24 = 16 16
14
Reflexive Relation
Definition (reflexive relation) : A relation R on a set A is
called reflexive if (a,a) ϵ R for every element a ϵ A.
Example 1:
• Assume relation Rdiv ={(a b), if a |b} on A = {1,2,3,4}
Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}
• Is Rdiv reflexive?
15
Reflexive Relation
Example 1:
Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}
• Answer: Yes. (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), and (4,4) ϵ A.
16
Reflexive Relation
Reflexive relation
• Rdiv ={(a b), if a |b} on A = {1,2,3,4}
• Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}

1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
A relation R is reflexive if and only if R has 1 in every

position on its main diagonal.
17
Reflexive Relation
Example 2:
• Relation Rfun on A = {1,2,3,4} defined as:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,2),(3,3)}.
• Is Rfun reflexive?
18
Reflexive Relation
Example 2:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,2),(3,3)}.
• No. It is not reflexive since (1,1) ,(4,4) Rfun.
19
Irreflexive Relation
Definition (irreflexive relation): A relation R on a set A is
called irreflexive if (a,a) R for every a ϵ A.
Example 1:
• Assume relation R≠ on A={1,2,3,4}, such that a R≠ b if and
only if a ≠ b.
R≠ =
{(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,4),(4,1),(4,2),(
4,3)}
• Is R≠ irreflexive?
20
called irreflexive if (a,a) R for every a ϵ A.
Example 1:
• Assume relation R≠ on A={1,2,3,4}, such that a R≠ b if and
only if a ≠ b.
R≠ =
{(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,4),(4,1),(4,2),(
4,3)}
• Is R≠ irreflexive?
Answer: Yes. Because (1,1),(2,2),(3,3) and (4,4)  R≠ 21

Irreflexive relation
• R≠ on A={1,2,3,4}, such that a R≠ b if and only if a ≠ b.
• R≠={(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,4),(4,1),(4,2),(4,3)}
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
A relation R is irreflexive if and only if R has 0 in every

position on its main diagonal
22
called irreflexive if (a,a) R for every a ϵ A.
Example 2:
• Rfun on A = {1,2,3,4} defined as:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,2),(3,3)}.
• Is Rfun irreflexive?
23
called irreflexive if (a,a) R for every a ϵ A.
Example 2:
• Rfun on A = {1,2,3,4} defined as:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,2),(3,3)}.
• Is Rfun irreflexive?
• Answer: No. Because (2,2) and (3,3) ϵ Rfun
24
Symmetric Relation
Definition (symmetric relation): A relation R on a set A is
called
symmetric if
. a, b  A( a, b)  R  (b, a )  R
Example 1:
• Rdiv ={(a b), if a |b} on A = {1,2,3,4}

• Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}
• Is Rdiv symmetric?
25
Symmetric Relation
called symmetric if
. a, b  A( a, b)  R  (b, a )  R
Example 1:
• Rdiv ={(a b), if a |b} on A = {1,2,3,4}

• Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}
• Answer: No. It is not symmetric since (1,2) ϵ R but

(2,1)R. 26
Symmetric Relation
called symmetric if
a, b  A(a, b)  R  (b, a )  R
Example 2:
R≠={(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,4),(4,1),(4,
2),(4,3)}
• Is R≠ symmetric ?
27
Symmetric Relation
called symmetric if
a, b  A(a, b)  R  (b, a )  R
Example 2:
R≠={(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,4),(4,1),(4,
2),(4,3)}
Answer: Yes. a, b  A( a, b)  R  (b, a )  R 28

Symmetric Relation
Symmetric relation:

•R≠={(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,4),(4,1),(4
,2),(4,3)}
. 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
A relation R is symmetric if and only if mij = mji for all i,j.
29
Symmetric Relation
called symmetric if
a, b  A(a, b)  R  (b, a )  R
Example 3:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,2),(3,3)}.
• Is Rfun symmetric?
30
Symmetric Relation

called symmetric if
a, b  A(a, b)  R  (b, a )  R
Example 3:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,2),(3,3)}.
• Is Rfun symmetric?
• Answer: No. For (1,2) ϵ Rfun there is no (2,1) ϵ Rfun

31
Asymmetric Relation
Definition (asymmetric relation): A relation on a set A is
called anti-symmetric if
• (a,b) ϵ R → (b,a) R where a, b ϵ A.
Example 3:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,1),(3,2)}.
• Is Rfun asymmetric?
32
Asymmetric Relation
Example 3:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,1),(3,2)}.
no. It is not asymmetric 33

Asymmetric Relation
Example 3:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,3),(3,3)}.
34
Asymmetric Relation
Example 3:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,3),(3,3)}.
Answer: no. It is not asymmetric 35

Anti-symmetric Relation
Definition (anti-symmetric relation): A relation on a set A
is called anti-symmetric if
• [(a,b) ϵ R and (b,a) ϵ R] → a = b where a, b ϵ A.
Example 3:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,2),(3,3)}.
• Is Rfun anti-symmetric?
36
Definition (anti-symmetric relation): A relation on a set A
is called anti-symmetric if
• [(a,b) ϵ R and (b,a) ϵ R] → a = b where a, b ϵ A.
Example 3:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,2),(3,3)}.
• Is Rfun anti-symmetric?
• Answer: Yes. It is anti-symmetric 37

Antisymmetric relation
• relation Rfun = {(1,2),(2,2),(3,3)}
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
A relation is antisymmetric if and only if m ij = 1 → mji = 0 for

i≠ j.
38
Transitive Relation
Definition (transitive relation): A relation R on a set A is
called transitive if
• [(a,b) ϵ R and (b,c) ϵ R] → (a,c) ϵ R for all a, b, c ϵ A.
• Example 1:
• Rdiv ={(a b), if a |b} on A = {1,2,3,4}
• Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}
• Is Rdiv transitive? 11 12 12 12 22 12 13 33 13
11 13 13 12 24 14 14 44 14
11 14 14 22 24 24 33 33 33
24 44 24 44 44 44 39
Transitive Relation
• Example 1:
• Rdiv ={(a b), if a |b} on A = {1,2,3,4}
• Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}
• Is Rdiv transitive?
• Answer: Yes.
40
Transitive Relation
• Example 2:
•
R≠={(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,4),(4,1),(4,
2),(4,3)}
• Is R≠ transitive ?
41
Transitive Relation
calledtransitive if
• Example 2:

•R≠={(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,4),(4,1),(4,
2),(4,3)}
• Answer: No. It is not transitive since (1,2) ϵ R and (2,1) ϵ R

but (1,1) is not an element of R. 42
Transitive Relation
Example 3:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,2),(3,3)}.
• Is Rfun transitive? 12 22 12
22 22 22
33 33 33
abbc ac
43
Transitive Relation
Example 3:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,2),(3,3)}.
• Is Rfun transitive?
• Answer: Yes. It is transitive.
44
Transitive Relation
Find the smallest relation containing the relation
{(1, 2), (1, 4), (3, 3), (4, 1)} that is
a) reflexive and transitive.
b) symmetric and transitive.
c) reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. on {1,2,3,4}
45
Transitive Relation
{(1, 2), (1, 4), (3, 3), (4, 1)} that is
a) reflexive and transitive. A={1,2,3,4}
R = {(1,1), (1,2) (1,4) (2,2) (3,3) (4,1) (4,2) (4,4) }
R= {(11)(12)(13)(14)
(21)(22)(23)(24)
(31)(32)(33)(34)
(41)(42)(43)(44)}
46
Transitive Relation
{(1, 2), (1, 4), (3, 3), (4, 1)} that is
b) symmetric and transitive.
R = {(1,1), (1, 2) (1, 4) (2,1) (2, 2) (2,4) (3, 3) (4,1) (4, 2)

(4,4) }
47
Transitive Relation
{(1, 2), (1, 4), (3, 3), (4, 1)} that is
c) reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
R = {(1,1), (1, 2) (1, 4) (2,1) (2,2) (2,4) (3, 3) (4,1) (4, 2) (4,4) }
48
Intermission
49
Cartesian product (review)
Let
A={a1, a2, ..ak} and
B={b1,b2,..bm}.
The Cartesian product A x B is defined by a set of ordered

pairs
{(a1 , b1), (a1, b2), … (a1, bm), …, (ak,bm)}.
Cartesian product defines a product set, or a set of all

ordered arrangements of elements in sets in the Cartesian
product.
50
Binary relation


• Is R={(a,1),(b,2),(c,2)} a relation from A to B?
51
Binary relation



• Is Q={(1,a),(2,b)} a relation from A to B?
52
Binary relation



53
Reflexive Relation
Example 1:
Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}
54
Reflexive Relation
Example 1:
Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}
• Answer: Yes. (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), and (4,4) ϵ A.
55
Reflexive Relation
Example 2:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,2),(3,3)}.
56
Reflexive Relation
Example 2:
• Rfun = {(1,2),(2,2),(3,3)}.
• No. It is not reflexive since (1,1) ,(4,4) Rfun.
57
Symmetric Relation
called symmetric if
a, b  A(a, b)  R  (b, a )  R
Example 1:
• Rdiv ={(a b), if a |b} on A = {1,2,3,4}

• Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}
58
Symmetric Relation
called symmetric if
. a, b  A( a, b)  R  (b, a )  R
Example 1:
• Rdiv ={(a b), if a |b} on A = {1,2,3,4}

• Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}
• Answer: No. It is not symmetric since (1,2) ϵ R but

(2,1)R. 59
Symmetric Relation
called symmetric if
a, b  A(a, b)  R  (b, a )  R
Example 2:
R≠={(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,4),(4,1),(4,
2),(4,3)}
60
Symmetric Relation
called symmetric if
a, b  A(a, b)  R  (b, a )  R
Example 2:
R≠={(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,4),(4,1),(4,
2),(4,3)}
Answer: Yes. a, b  A( a, b)  R  (b, a )  R 61

Transitive Relation
[( a, b)  R and (b, c)  R ]  (a, c)  R a, b, c  A
• Example 1:
• Rdiv ={(a b), if a |b} on A = {1,2,3,4}
• Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}
62
Transitive Relation
• Example 1:
• Rdiv ={(a b), if a |b} on A = {1,2,3,4}
• Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}
• Answer: Yes.
Is this one transitive? R={(2,3),(3,4),(2,4)}
63
Transitive Relation
• Example 2:
•
R≠={(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,4),(4,1),(4,
2),(4,3)}
• Is R≠ transitive ? 12 21 11
64
Transitive Relation
calledtransitive if
• Example 2:

•R≠={(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,4),(4,1),(4,
2),(4,3)}
• Answer: No. It is not transitive since (1,2) ϵ R and (2,1) ϵ R

but (1,1) is not an element of R. 65
Combining Relation
Definition: Let A and B be sets. A binary relation from A to B

is a subset of a Cartesian product A x B.

Combining Relations
• Relations are sets → combinations via set operations
• Set operations of: union, intersection, difference and
symmetric difference.
66
Combining Relation
Example:
• Let A = {1,2,3} and B = {u,v} and
• R1 = {(1,u), (2,u), (2,v), (3,u)}
• R2 = {(1,v),(3,u),(3,v)}
What is:
• R1 U R2 = ?
67
Combining Relation
Example:
• Let A = {1,2,3} and B = {u,v} and
• R1 = {(1,u), (2,u), (2,v), (3,u)}
• R2 = {(1,v),(3,u),(3,v)}
What is:
• R1 U R2 = {(1,u),(1,v),(2,u),(2,v),(3,u),(3,v)}
• R1 ∩ R2 = ?
68
Combining Relation
Example:
• Let A = {1,2,3} and B = {u,v} and
• R1 = {(1,u), (2,u), (2,v), (3,u)}
• R2 = {(1,v),(3,u),(3,v)}
What is:
• R1 U R2 = {(1,u),(1,v),(2,u),(2,v),(3,u),(3,v)}
• R1 ∩ R2 = {(3,u)}
• R1 - R2 = ?
69
Combining Relation
Example:
• Let A = {1,2,3} and B = {u,v} and
• R1 = {(1,u), (2,u), (2,v), (3,u)}
• R2 = {(1,v),(3,u),(3,v)}
What is:
• R1 U R2 = {(1,u),(1,v),(2,u),(2,v),(3,u),(3,v)}
• R1 ∩ R2 = {(3,u)}
• R1 - R2 = (1,u),(2,u),(2,v)}
• R2 - R1 = ?
70
Combining Relation
Example:
• Let A = {1,2,3} and B = {u,v} and
• R1 = {(1,u), (2,u), (2,v), (3,u)}
• R2 = {(1,v),(3,u),(3,v)}
What is:
• R1 U R2 = {(1,u),(1,v),(2,u),(2,v),(3,u),(3,v)}
• R1 ∩ R2 = {(3,u)}
• R1 - R2 = (1,u),(2,u),(2,v)}
• R2 - R1 = {(1,v),(3,v)}
71
Composite Relation
Definition: Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B and S

a relation from B to a set C. The composite of R and S is
the relation consisting of the ordered pairs (a,c) where aϵ A
and c ϵ C, and for which there is a b ϵ B such that (a,b) ϵ
R and (b,c) ϵ S. We denote the composite of R and S by
S o R.
Examples:
• Let A = {1,2,3}, B = {0,1,2} and C = {a,b}.
• R = {(1,0), (1,2), (3,1),(3,2)}
• S = {(0,b),(1,a),(2,b)}
• SoR = {(1,b)(3,a)(3,b)}
RoS = {} 72
Composite Relation
Definition: Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B and S

a relation from B to a set C. The composite of R and S is
the relation consisting of the ordered pairs (a,c) where aϵ A
and c ϵ C, and for which there is a b ϵ B such that (a,b) ϵ
R and (b,c) ϵ S. We denote the composite of R and S by
S o R.
Examples:
• Let A = {1,2,3}, B = {0,1,2} and C = {a,b}.
• R = {(1,0), (1,2), (3,1),(3,2)}
• S = {(0,b),(1,a),(2,b)}
• SoR = {(1,b),(3,a),(3,b)}
73
Composite Relation
Definition: Let R be a relation on a set A. The powers Rn, n
= 1,2,3,... is defined inductively by
• R1 = R and Rn+1 = Rn O R.
R2 = R1 O R = {(13)(14)(23)(33)}
R3 = R2 O R = {(13)(23)(33)}
R4 = R3 O R = {(13)(23)(33)}
Examples
• R = {(1,2),(2,3),(2,4), (3,3)} is a relation on A = {1,2,3,4}.
• R1 = {(1,2),(2,3),(2,4), (3,3)}
74
Composite Relation

Examples
• R1 = {(1,2),(2,3),(2,4), (3,3)}
• R2 = ?
75
Composite Relation

Examples
• R1 = {(1,2),(2,3),(2,4), (3,3)}
• R2 = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (3,3)}
• R3 = ?
76
Composite Relation

Examples
• R1 = {(1,2),(2,3),(2,4), (3,3)}
• R2 = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (3,3)}
• R3 = {(1,3), (2,3), (3,3)}
• R4 =
77
Composite Relation

Examples
• R1 = {(1,2),(2,3),(2,4), (3,3)}
• R2 = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (3,3)}
• R3 = {(1,3), (2,3), (3,3)}
• R4 = {(1,3), (2,3), (3,3)}
• Rk = ? when k>3
78
Composite Relation

Examples
• R1 = {(1,2),(2,3),(2,4), (3,3)}
• R2 = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (3,3)}
• R3 = {(1,3), (2,3), (3,3)}
• R4 = {(1,3), (2,3), (3,3)}
• Rk = {(1,3), (2,3), (3,3)}
79
Closure of a Relation
Let R={(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(3,2)} on A ={1 2 3}.
• Is this relation reflexive?
• Answer: ?
80
Let R={(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(3,2)} on A ={1 2 3}.
• Answer: No (2,2) and (3,3) is not in R.
The question is what is the minimal relation S  R that is

reflexive?
• How to make R reflexive with minimum number of
additions?
• Answer: ?
81
Let R={(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(3,2)} on A ={1 2 3}.

• Answer: No (2,2) and (3,3) is not in R.
The question is what is the minimal relation S  R that is

reflexive?
• How to make R reflexive with minimum number of additions?
• Answer: ? Add (2,2) and (3,3)

• Then S= {(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(3,2),(2,2),(3,3)}
• RS
• The minimal set S  R is called the reflexive closure of R
82
Relations can have different properties:

• reflexive,
• symmetric
• transitive
• Because of that we define:

• reflexive,
• symmetric and
• transitive
closures.
83
Definition: Let R be a relation on a set A. A relation S on A with

property P is called the closure of R with respect to P if S is a
subset of every relation Q ( S  Q ) with property P that
contains R ( R  Q ).
84

Example (symmetric closure):

• Assume R={(1,2),(1,3), (2,2)} on A={1,2,3}.
• What is the symmetric closure S of R?
• S=?
85

Example (symmetric closure):

• Assume R={(1,2),(1,3), (2,2)} on A={1,2,3}.
• What is the symmetric closure S of R?
• S = {(1,2),(1,3), (2,2)} U {(2,1), (3,1)}

S = {(1,2),(1,3), (2,2),(2,1), (3,1)}
86

Example (transitive closure):

• Assume R={(1,2), (2,2), (2,3)} on A={1,2,3}.
• Is R transitive?
87

Example (transitive closure):

• Assume R={(1,2), (2,2), (2,3)} on A={1,2,3}.
• Is R transitive? No.
• How to make it transitive?
• S = {(1,2), (2,2), (2,3)} U {(1,3)}
= {(1,2), (2,2), (2,3),(1,3)}
• S is the transitive closure of R
88
Path length
Theorem: Let R be a relation on a set A. There is a path of

length n from a to b if and only if (a,b) ϵ Rn.
Proof (math induction):
89
Path length


• P(1): There is a path of length 1 from a to b if and only if (a,b)
ϵ R1, by the definition of R.
90
Path length


Show: P(n) → P(n+1): Assume there is a path of length n from
a to b if and only if (a,b) ϵ Rn → there is a path of length n+1
from a to b if and only if (a,b) ϵ Rn+1.
91
Path length


Show: P(n) → P(n+1): Assume there is a path of length n from
a to b if and only if (a,b) ϵ Rn → there is a path of length n+1
from a to b if and only if (a,b) ϵ Rn+1.
There is a path of length n+1 from a to b if and only if there

exists an x ϵ A, such that (a,x) ϵ R (a path of length 1) and
(x,b) ϵ Rn is a path of length n from x to b.
92
Path length
Theorem: Let R be a relation on a set A. There is a path of length n from a
to b if and only if (a,b) ϵ Rn.

• P(1): There is a path of length 1 from a to b if and only if (a,b) ϵ R1, by the
definition of R.
Show: P(n) → P(n+1): Assume there is a path of length n from a to b if and
only if (a,b) ϵ Rn → there is a path of length n+1 from a to b if and only if
(a,b) ϵ Rn+1.
There is a path of length n+1 from a to b if and only if there
exists an x ϵ A, such that (a,x) ϵ R (a path of length 1) and (x,b) ϵ Rn is a
path of length n from x to b.
(x,b) ϵ Rn holds due to P(n). Therefore, there is a path of length

n + 1 from a to b. This also implies that (a,b) ϵ Rn+1. 93
Connectivity Relation
Definition: Let R be a relation on a set A. The connectivity
relation R* consists of all pairs (a,b) such that there is a path (of
any length, ie. 1 or 2 or 3 or ...) between a and b in R.

R   Rk
*
k 1
Example:
• A = {1,2,3,4}
• R = {(1,2),(1,4),(2,3),(3,4)}
R1 = {(1,2),(1,4),(2,3),(3,4)}
R2 = R1oR = {(1,3)(2,4)}
R3 = R2oR = {(1,4)}
R4 = R3oR = {} 94

R   Rk
*
k 1
Example:
• A = {1,2,3,4}
• R = {(1,2),(1,4),(2,3),(3,4)}
• R2 =?
95

R   Rk
*
k 1
Example:
• A = {1,2,3,4}
• R = {(1,2),(1,4),(2,3),(3,4)}
• R2 = {(1,3),(2,4)}
• R3 = ?
96

R   Rk
*
k 1
Example:
• A = {1,2,3,4}
• R = {(1,2),(1,4),(2,3),(3,4)}
• R2 = {(1,3),(2,4)}
• R3 = {(1,4)}
•R4 = ?
97

R   Rk
*
k 1
Example:
• A = {1,2,3,4}
• R = {(1,2),(1,4),(2,3),(3,4)}
• R2 = {(1,3),(2,4)}
• R3 = {(1,4)}
•R4 =Ø
• R* =?
98

R   Rk
*
k 1
Example:
• A = {1,2,3,4}
• R = {(1,2),(1,4),(2,3),(3,4)}
• R2 = {(1,3),(2,4)}
• R3 = {(1,4)}
•R4 =Ø
• R* = {(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4),(3,4)}
99
Equivalence relation
Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive at the same

time
A={1,2,3}
R={(1,1)(1,2)(2,1)(2,2)(3,3)}
Is it Reflexive?
100

time
A={1,2,3}
R={(1,1)(1,2)(2,1)(2,2)(3,3)}
Is it Reflexive? yes
It it Symmetric?
101

time
A={1,2,3}
R={(1,1)(1,2)(2,1)(2,2)(3,3)}
It it Symmetric? yes
Is it Transitive?
102
time
A={1,2,3}
R={(1,1)(1,2)(2,1)(2,2)(3,3)}
It it Symmetric? yes
Is it Transitive? yes
103
Is it an Equivalence relation? yes
(mod) congruence Formal Definition
Congruence mod
• Relates two numbers a, a’ to each other relative some base b
• a  a’ (mod b) means that a and a’ have the same remainder
when dividing by b
Let a,a’ be integers and b be a positive integer. We say that a is

congruent to a’ modulo b (denoted by a  a’ (mod b) ) iff b | (a
– a’ ).
Equivalently: a mod b = a’ mod b
Q: Which of the following are true?

1. 3  3 (mod 17)
2. 3  -3 (mod 17)
3. 172  177 (mod 5)
4. -13  13 (mod 26)
104
(mod) congruence
• A:
• 3  3 (mod 17) True.
any number is congruent to itself (3-3 = 0,
divisible by all)
• 3  -3 (mod 17) False.
(3-(-3)) = 6 isn’t divisible by 17.
• 172  177 (mod 5) True.
172-177 = -5 is a multiple of 5
• -13  13 (mod 26) True.
-13-13 = -26 divisible by 26.
105
Equivalence Relation
Definition: A relation R on a set A is called an equivalence

relation if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Example: Let A = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6} and

• R= {(a,b)| a,b ϵ A, a ≡ b mod 3} (a is congruent to b modulo 3)
Congruencies:
• 0 mod 3 = 0 1 mod 3 = 1 2 mod 3 = 2 3 mod 3 = 0
• 4 mod 3 = 1 5 mod 3 = 2 6 mod 3 = 0
106
Definition: A relation R on a set A is called an equivalence

relation if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Example: Let A = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6} and

Congruencies:
• 0 mod 3 = 0 1 mod 3 = 1 2 mod 3 = 2 3 mod 3 = 0
• 4 mod 3 = 1 5 mod 3 = 2 6 mod 3 = 0
Relation R has the following pairs:
• (0,0) (0,3), (3,0), (0,6), (6,0)
• (3,3), (3,6) (6,3), (6,6) (1,1),(1,4), (4,1), (4,4)
• (2,2), (2,5), (5,2), (5,5)
107
Example: Let A = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6} and

• (0,0) (0,3), (3,0), (0,6), (6,0)
• (3,3), (3,6) (6,3), (6,6) (1,1),(1,4), (4,1), (4,4)
• (2,2), (2,5), (5,2), (5,5)
3|(a-b)
R={(0,0) (0,3), (3,0), (0,6), (6,0), (3,3), (3,6) (6,3), (6,6)
(1,1),(1,4), (4,1), (4,4), (2,2), (2,5), (5,2), (5,5)}
Is R reflexive
108
Example: Let A = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6} and

• (0,0) (0,3), (3,0), (0,6), (6,0)
• (3,3), (3,6) (6,3), (6,6) (1,1),(1,4), (4,1), (4,4)
• (2,2), (2,5), (5,2), (5,5)
R={(0,0) (0,3), (3,0), (0,6), (6,0), (3,3), (3,6) (6,3), (6,6)

(1,1),(1,4), (4,1), (4,4), (2,2), (2,5), (5,2), (5,5)}
Is R reflexive Yes
Is R symmetric
109
Example: Let A = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6} and

• (0,0) (0,3), (3,0), (0,6), (6,0)
• (3,3), (3,6) (6,3), (6,6) (1,1),(1,4), (4,1), (4,4)
• (2,2), (2,5), (5,2), (5,5)
R={(0,0) (0,3), (3,0), (0,6), (6,0), (3,3), (3,6) (6,3), (6,6)

(1,1),(1,4), (4,1), (4,4), (2,2), (2,5), (5,2), (5,5)}
Is R reflexive Yes
Is R symmetric Yes
Is R transitive 110
Example: Let A = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6} and
• (0,0) (0,3), (3,0), (0,6), (6,0)
• (3,3), (3,6) (6,3), (6,6) (1,1),(1,4), (4,1), (4,4)
• (2,2), (2,5), (5,2), (5,5)
R={(0,0) (0,3), (3,0), (0,6), (6,0), (3,3), (3,6) (6,3), (6,6)

(1,1),(1,4), (4,1), (4,4), (2,2), (2,5), (5,2), (5,5)}
Is R reflexive Yes
Is R symmetric Yes
Is R transitive Yes
111
Then R is an equivalence relation.
Example on Relation
Let R be the relation on the set {0, 1, 2, 3} containing the

ordered pairs R={(0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0), (2, 2), (3, 0)}. Find
the
a) reflexive closure of R.
b) symmetric closure of R.
112
Find the transitive closures of these relations on {1, 2, 3, 4}.

a) R= {(1, 2), (2,1), (2,3), (3,4), (4,1)}
b) {(2, 1), (2,3), (3,1), (3,4), (4,1), (4, 3)}
R= {(1, 2), (2,1), (2,3), (3,4), (4,1)}

S={(1, 2), (2,1), (2,3), (3,4), (4,1)}
U {(1,1)(1 3) (22)(24) (31)(42)} U{(14)(24)(33)(32) (43)(44)}
113
Which of these relations on {0, 1, 2, 3} are equivalence

relations? Determine the properties of an equivalence relation
that the others lack.
a) {(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} yes
b) {(0, 0), (0, 2), (2, 0), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3)} no
c) {(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} yes
d) {(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2),(3, 3)} no
114
Thank You
115

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Relation

The Cartesian product A x B is defined by a set of ordered

Cartesian product defines a product set, or a set of all

• Let R  A  B means R is a set of ordered pairs of the

• We use the notation a R b to denote (a,b) ϵ R and a R b

Example: Let A={a,b,c} and B={1,2,3}.

• Is R={(a,1),(b,2),(c,2)} a relation from A to B?

• Let R  A  B means R is a set of ordered pairs of the

• We use the notation a R b to denote (a,b) ϵ R and a R b

Example: Let A={a,b,c} and B={1,2,3}.

• Is R={(a,1),(b,2),(c,2)} a relation from A to B? Yes.

• Let R  A  B means R is a set of ordered pairs of the

• We use the notation a R b to denote (a,b) ϵ R and a R b

Example: Let A={a,b,c} and B={1,2,3}.

• Let R  A  B means R is a set of ordered pairs of the

• We use the notation a R b to denote (a,b) ϵ R and a R b

Example: Let A={a,b,c} and B={1,2,3}.

R = { (0,u), (0,v), (1,v), (2,u) }

R = { (0,u), (0,v), (1,v), (2,u) }

• What is the difference between a relation and a function

• What is the difference between a relation and a function

• What does Rdiv consist of? 21

• Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}

• List of possible relations (subsets of A x A):

• Assume relation Rdiv ={(a b), if a |b} on A = {1,2,3,4}

Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}

• Assume relation Rdiv ={(a b), if a |b} on A = {1,2,3,4}

Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}

• Answer: Yes. (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), and (4,4) ϵ A.

• Rdiv = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}

A relation R is reflexive if and only if R has 1 in every

• No. It is not reflexive since (1,1) ,(4,4) Rfun.

Answer: Yes. Because (1,1),(2,2),(3,3) and (4,4)  R≠ 21

• R≠ on A={1,2,3,4}, such that a R≠ b if and only if a ≠ b.

A relation R is irreflexive if and only if R has 0 in every

• Rfun on A = {1,2,3,4} defined as:

• Rfun on A = {1,2,3,4} defined as:

• Answer: No. Because (2,2) and (3,3) ϵ Rfun

• Rdiv ={(a b), if a |b} on A = {1,2,3,4}

• Rdiv ={(a b), if a |b} on A = {1,2,3,4}

• Answer: No. It is not symmetric since (1,2) ϵ R but

• R≠ on A={1,2,3,4}, such that a R≠ b if and only if a ≠ b.

• R≠ on A={1,2,3,4}, such that a R≠ b if and only if a ≠ b.

Answer: Yes. a, b  A( a, b)  R  (b, a )  R 28

• R≠ on A={1,2,3,4}, such that a R≠ b if and only if a ≠ b.

A relation R is symmetric if and only if mij = mji for all i,j.

Definition (symmetric relation): A relation R on a set A is

• Answer: No. For (1,2) ϵ Rfun there is no (2,1) ϵ Rfun

• (a,b) ϵ R → (b,a) R where a, b ϵ A.

• (a,b) ϵ R → (b,a) R where a, b ϵ A.

no. It is not asymmetric 33

• (a,b) ϵ R → (b,a) R where a, b ϵ A.

• (a,b) ϵ R → (b,a) R where a, b ϵ A.

Answer: no. It is not asymmetric 35

• [(a,b) ϵ R and (b,a) ϵ R] → a = b where a, b ϵ A.

• [(a,b) ϵ R and (b,a) ϵ R] → a = b where a, b ϵ A.

• Answer: Yes. It is anti-symmetric 37

A relation is antisymmetric if and only if m ij = 1 → mji = 0 for

• Rdiv ={(a b), if a |b} on A = {1,2,3,4}