FUNCTIONS & RELATIONS

RELATIONS
This chapter deals with establishing binary relation between elements of one set and
elements of another set according to some particular rule of relationship.
1. CARTESIAN PRODUCT:
The Cartesian product of two sets A, B is a non-void set of all ordered pairs (a, b),
where a  A and b  B. This is denoted by A × B
 A × B = {(a, b) | a  A and b  B}
e.g. A = {1, 2}, B = {a, b}
A × B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b)}
Number of elements in set A n(A) = p
n(B) = q
 n(A × B) = pq
2. RELATION:
Every non-zero subset of A × B defined a relation from set A to set B.
If R is a relation from A  B
R : {(a, b) | (a, b)  A × B and a R b}
Note that while defining there is no constraints. One element may be related with two or
more.
EXAMPLES:
(1) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {2, 4, 5}
[Sol. aRb  a and b are relatively prime or co-prime (i.e. HCF is 1)
R = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 2), (5, 4)} ]
(2) A = {Jaipur, Patna, Kanpur, Lucknow} and B = {Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar}
[Sol. aRb  a is capital of b, a  A and b  B
R = {(Jaipur, Rajasthan), (Patna, Bihar), (Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh) }
Basically relation is the number of subsets of A × B
number of relations = no. of ways of selecting a non zero subset of A × B
= mnC1 + mnC2 + ........ + mnCmn
= 2mn – 1 ]
Empty relation: No elements of A is related to any elements of A.
Children
e.g. boys School
aRb  a is the subset of b.
Universal relation: Each elements of A is related to every element of A
e.g. a R b Þ difference between the subsets of 'a' and 'b' is  3
3. DOMAIN AND RANGE OF RELATION:
If R: A  B (R is a relation defined from set A to set B) then the domain of this relation is
Domain: Set of all the first entries in R
{a | (a, b)  R}
Range: Set of all the second entries in R
{b | (a, b)  R}
e.g. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
Relation is aRb  a > b, a  A, b  B
R = {(3, 2), (5, 2), (5, 4), (7, 2), (7, 4), (7, 6) }
Domain = {3, 5, 7}
Range = {2, 4, 6}
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4. INVERSE RELATION:
If relation R is defined from A to B then the inverse relation would be defined from B to
A, i.e
R: A  B  aRb where a  A, b  B
R :BA 
–1 bRa where a  A, b  B
Doman of R = Range of R–1
and Range of R = Domain of R–1
 R–1 = {(b, a) | (a, b)  R}
A relation R is defined on the set of 1st ten natural numbers.
e.g. N is a set of first 10 natural nos.  N = {1, 2, 3, ..., 10} & a, b  N
aRb  a + 2b = 10
R = {(2, 4), (4, 3), (6, 2), (8, 1)}
R–1 = {(4, 2), (3, 4), (2, 6), (1, 8)}
5. IDENTITY RELATION:
A relation defined on a set A is said to be an Identity relation if each & every element of
A is related to itself & only to itself.
e.g. A relation defined on the set of natural nos. is
aRb  a = b where a & b  N
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), .........}
R is an Identity relation
6. CLASSIFICATION OF RELATIONS:

(i) Reflexive: A relation defined on a set A is said to be an Identity relation if each & every
element ofA is related to itself.
i.e. if (a, b)  R then (a, a)  R. However if there is a single ordered pair of
(a, b)  R such (a, a)  R then R is not reflexive.
e.g. A relation defined on (set of natural numbers)
aRb  'a' divides 'b' a, b  N
R would always contain (a, a) because every natural number divides itself and hence it
is a reflexive relation.
Note: Every Identity relation is a reflexive relation but every reflexive relation need not
be an Identity.
(ii) Symmetric: A relation defined on a set is said to be symmetric if aRb  bRa.
If (a, b)  R then (b, a) must be necessarily there in the same relation.
EXAMPLES:
A relation defined on the set of lines.
(1) aRb  a || b
It is a symmetric relation because if line is | | to 'b' then the line 'b' is | | to 'a'.
where (a, b)  L {L is a set of | | lines}
(2) L1RL2  L1  L2 It is a symmetric relation
L1, L2  L {L is a set of lines}
(3) aRb  'a' is borther of 'b' is not a symmetric relation as 'a' may be sister of 'b'.
(4) aRb  'a' is a cousin of 'b'. This is a symmetric relation.

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 If R is symmetric
(1) R = R–1
(2) Rangle of R = Domain of R
(iii) Transitive: A relation on set A is said to be transitive if aRb and bRc implies aRc
i.e. (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R then (a, c)  R
and a, b, c need not be distinct.

EXAMPLES:
(1) A relation R defined on a set of natural numbers N with rule aRb  a<b
R: {(1, 2), (1, 1)}.
In this relation a, b, c are not distinct but it is transitive. It is reflexive but not symmetric
as (2, 1) is missing. Minium number of ordered pair that must be added to make it
reflexive, symmetric and transitive is 2 i.e. (2, 1) and (2, 2).
(2) Only Transitive R = {(x, y) | x < y, x  N, y  N}
Only Symmetric R = {(x, y) | x + y = 10, x  N, y  N}
Only Reflexive R = {(x, y) | x = y or x – y = 1, x  N, y  N}
6. EQUIVALENCE RELATION:
If a relation is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive then it is said to be an equivalence
relation.
EXAMPLES:
(1) A relation defined on N
xRy  x=y
R is an equivalence relation.
(2) A relation defined on a set of | | lines in a plane
aRb  a||b
It is an equivalence relation.
(3) Relation defined on the set of integer (I)
Prove that: xRy  (x – y) is even is an equivalence relation.
[Proof:

Asking: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}; R = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (1, 1), (4, 4), (1, 3), (3, 3), (3, 2)} then
(A) R  S  T (B*) R  T  S (C) S  T  R (D) R  S  T
(4) R = {(1, 2), (2, 3)} add minimum number of ordered pairs to make it an equivalence
relation.
{(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1), (3, 2), (1, 3), (3, 1)} = 7

(5) A = {1, 2, 3, ......., 13, 14}

R = {(x, y) | 3x – y = 10} RST
R = {(x, y) | x is coefficient of y} RST
R = {(x, y) | x is father of y} RST

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 FUNCTIONS
Syllabus IIT JEE : Real valued functions of a real variable, into, onto and one-to-one functions,
sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, composite functions, absolute value,
polynomial, rational, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Even and odd
functions, inverse of a function.
General:
The concept of function is of fundamental importance in almost all branches of
Mathematics. In fact they are the major tool to describe the real world in mathematical
notions. As a matter of fact functions are some special type of relations. A relation R
from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if every element of A has a unique relation
in B. Thus under a function from A to B, each element of A is associated to one and
only one element in B. Now we give a rigorous definition of function as follows.
1. GENERAL DEFINITION :
Definition-1 : Let A and B be two sets and let there exist a rule or manner or
correspondence ‘ f ’ which associates to each element of A, a unique element in B.
Then f is called a function or mapping from A to B. It is denoted by the symbol
f
f : A  B or A  B
which reads ‘ f ’ is a function from A to B’ or ‘f maps A to B,
If an element a  A is associated with an element b  B then b is called ‘the f image of
a’ or ‘image of a under f ’ or ‘the value of the function f at a’. Also a is called the
pre-image of b or argument of b under the function f. We write it as
b = f (a) or f : a  b or f : (a, b)
Function as a set of ordered pairs :
A function f : A  B can be expressed as a set of ordered pairs in which each ordered
pair is such that its first element belongs to A and second element is the corresponding
element of B.
As such a function f : A  B can be considered as a set of ordered pairs (a, f(a) )
where a  A and f (a)  B which is the f image of a. Hence f is a subset of A × B.
As a particular type of relation, we can define a function as follows :
Definition-2 : A relation R from a set A to a set B is called a function if
(i) each element of A is associated with some element of B.
(ii) each element of A has unique image in B.
Thus a function ‘ f ’ from a set A to a set B is a subset of A × B in which each 'a'
belonging to A appears in one and only one ordered pair belonging to f. Hence a
function f is a relation from A to B satisfying the following properties :
Every function from A  B satisfies the following conditions.
(i) f  A × B
(ii)  a  A  (a, f (a))  f and
(iii) (a, b)  f & (a, c)  f  b = c.
Thus the ordered pairs of f must satisfy the property that each element of A appears in
some ordered pair and no two ordered pairs have same first element.
Note : Every function is a relation but every relation is not necessarily a function.
2. DOMAIN, CODOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION :
Let f : A  B, then the set A is known as the domain of f & the set B is known as
codomain of f . The set of all f images of elements of A is known as the range of f .
Thus : Domain of f = {a  a  A, (a, f(a))  f}
Range of f = {f(a)  a  A, f(a)  B, (a, f (a) )  f}
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 It should be noted that range is a subset of codomain . If only the rule of function is
given then the domain of the function is the set of those real numbers, where function
is defined. For a continuous function, the interval from minimum to maximum value of
a function gives the range. (Give domain and range of all common functions)
Let f and g be function with domain D1 and D2 then the functions
Definition: f + g, f – g, fg, f g are defined as
(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g (x); Domain D1  D2
(f – g)(x) = f (x) – g (x); Domain D1  D2
(f g)(x) = f (x) · g (x); Domain D1  D2
f  f (x)
  (x) = ; Domain = {x  D1  D2 | g (x)  0}
g g(x )
e.g. f (x) = x3 + 2x2 and g (x) = 3x2 – 1. Find f ± g, f g and f / g.
3. IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTIONS:
(i) POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION:
If a function f is defined by f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn1 + a2 xn2 + ... + an1 x + an where n is
a non negative integer and a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and a0  0, then f is called
a polynomial function of degree n. A polynomial function is always continuous.
NOTE: (a) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear
function . i.e. f(x) = ax , a  0
(b) There are two polynomial functions , satisfying the relation ;
f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) . They are :
(i) f(x) = xn + 1 & (ii) f(x) = 1  xn , where n is a positive integer.
(c) A polynomial of degree odd has its range (– , ) put a polynomial of degree
even has a range which is always subset of R.
(ii) ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION:
A function f is called an algebraic function if it can be constructed using algebraic
operations such as addition, substraction, multiplication, division and taking roots,
started with polynomials.
x 4  16x 2
e.g. f (x) = x  1 ; g (x) =
2 + (x – 2) × 3 x  1
x x
Note that all polynomial are algebraic but not the converse. Functions which are not
algebraic and known as Transcidential function.
(iii) FRACTIONAL RATIONAL FUNCTION:
A rational function is a function of the form. y = f (x) = g(x) , where g (x) & h (x) are
h (x )
polynomials & h (x)  0. The domain of f (x) is set of realx such that h (x)  0.
2x 4  x 2  1
e.g. f (x) = ; D = {x | x  ± 2}
x2  4
(iv) EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION:
A function f(x) = ax = ex ln a (a > 0 , a  1, x  R) is called an exponential function.
f (x) = ax is called an exponential function because the variable x is the exponent. It
should not be confused with power function. g (x) = x2 in which variable x is the base.
For f (x) = ex domain is R and range is R+.
1
For f (x) = e x domain is R – {0} and range is R+ – {1}. i.e. (0, 1)  (1, )
Note that f(x) & g(x) are inverse of each other & their graphs are as shown.

Bansal Classes Page # 5

 1
Note the graph of f (x) = ln x with domain R+ – {1}, range is R – {0}
(v) LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION: y = logax, x > 0, a > 0, a  1
(vi) ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION:
A function y = f (x) = x is called the absolute value function or Modulus
 x if x  0
function. It is defined as : y = x 
  x if x  0
Forf (x) = | x |, domain is R and range is R+  {0}.
1 |x|
For f (x) = or 2 , domain is R – {0} and range is R+.
|x| x
(vii) SIGNUM FUNCTION:
A function y= f (x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows :
 1 for x  0
y = f (x) =  0 for x  0

  1 for x  0
It is also written as Sgn x = |x|/ x;
x  0 ; f (0) = 0
Note that Sgn(Sgn x) = Sgn x; define y = Sgn (x2 – 1)
(viii) Greatest Integer Or Step Up Function :
The function y = f (x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function where [x] denotes
the greatest integer less than or equal to x . Note that for :
1  x < 0 ; [x] =  1 0x< 1 ; [x] = 0
1x< 2 ; [x] = 1 2x < 3 ; [x] = 2 and so on.
For f (x) = [x], domain is R and range is I.
1 1 
For f (x) = domain is R – [0, 1) and range is  n n  I  {0}  . (discrete)
[x ]  
Properties of greatest integer function :
(a) [x]  x < [x] + 1 and
x  1 < [x]  x , 0  x  [x] < 1
(b) [x + m] = [x] + m if m is an integer.
(c) [x] + [y]  [x + y]  [x] + [y] + 1
(d) [x] + [ x] = 0 if x is an integer
=  1 otherwise.
3 3 3
3
e.g.  [2 cos x ]dx =  [2 cos x ]dx  2I =   1dx  I=–
2
0 0 0

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(ix) FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION :
It is defined as :
g (x) = {x} = x  [x].
e.g. the fractional part of the number 2.1 is
2.1 2 = 0.1 and the fractional part of  3.7 is 0.3.
The period of this function is 1 and graph of this
function is as shown.
For f (x) = {x}, domain is R and range is [0, 1)
1
For f (x) = , domain is R – I, range is (1, )
{x}
Note : {x + n} = {x}
Examples on Domain:
Discuss common domains of all trigonometric; inverse trigonometric; exponential;
logarithmic; polynomials; rational functions along with special functions like [x]; {x} ;
sgn x & |x| together with their graphs.
1  5x
(i) f(x) = sin x  16  x 2 (ii) f (x) = (–, –1)  [0, ) [T/S]
7x  7
 5x  x 2  5x  x 2  2| x| 
(iii) f(x) = log 2   or log 1
(iv) f(x) = cos–1  4  + (ln(3 – x))–1 ;
 4  2
4
(v) f(x) = cos–1[x] (domain & range) [Ans. – 1  x < 2, {, /2, 0} ]
1 x2 1 x
(vi) f(x) = (x < 0) ; h(x) = 
| x| x x2 1 x
1
g(x) = [Ans: ] ; l(x) = log 2{x}3 (x 2  5x  13) [Ans: ]
x | x|
1 3
(vii) f(x) = log x (cos 2x) [Ans. (0,
)  ( , 1)  {2, 3, 4, ..... )] [T/S]
4 4
2 2
(viii) f(x) = x  3x  10ln (x  3) ; {4}  [5, )
1
cos x   1    5 
(ix) f(x) = 2 ;   6 , 3    3 , 6 = S (say) [T/S]
6  35x  6x 2  

cos x  (1 2)  5
(x) f(x) = ; S  2K + < x < 2K + , K  +1, +2, +3 ...........
6  35x  6 x 2 3 3

x  ln( 2  1)if x  0
dt  x  2| x|  
(xi) f(x) =  = ln   =  not defined at x  0
x2  t2  | x|  
0 ln ( 2  1)if x 0
x
[Ans. Domain is R– {0} ; Range is consists of two ln ( 2  1), ln ( 2  1) ; ln t  x 2  t 2 ]

0
  0

dt 1
Note : f (0) =  | t | , as is not defined at x = 0 hence f (0) is not defined.
0 |t|
 2
 
(xii) f(x) =  log x 2 2  9  x {Ans. (2, 3] }
 x 3 
1 1 1
(xiii) f(x) = [x] + log1 – {x}(x2 – 3x + 10) + + sec(sin x)
2| x|
[Ans: (–2, –1)  (–1, 0)  (1, 2)]

Bansal Classes Page # 7

 1 2x 1 FG IJ 1
(xiii) f(x) =  sin 1  
sin (cos x )  x H K l q FG L x OP LM x OPIJ
n 1  tan   tan
H MN 2 Q N 2 QK
FG   IJ l 0 if x  I
[ Ans :  2 , 2  1 , 0 , 1 Note that [x] + [–x] =
H K q ] LM
1 if x  I N
Asking Domain :
(1) f (x) = x + 1C2x – 8 and g (x)= 2x – 8Cx + 1 and h (x) = f (x) . g (x) then domain of
h (x) = {9} and range of h (x) = {1}.
(2) Domain of function: f (x) = 5 x  3 x (x  R); x 2 ; (x  2, x  N)
3x  | x | 4 if x  0
(3) f (x) = =  0 if x  0 [Domain R – {0}; range {2, 4}]
x  2 if x  0

Examples: Find the Range of the function

x x
(i) f(x) = 4 tan x cos x; Ans. (–4, 4) (ii) f(x) = cos4 – sin4 ; Ans. [–1, 1]
5 5
(iii) f(x) = sin x ; Ans. [–1, 1] (iv) f(x) = cos(2sin x) ; Ans. [cos2, 1]
(v) f(x) = sin(log2x) ; Ans. [–1, 1] (vi) f (x) = 3 – 2x ; Ans. range (– , 3]
3x  | x |
(vii) f (x) = ; Ans. D : R – {0}; R : {2, 4}
x
(viii) Let n be a positive integer. If the number of integers in the domain of the function
f (x) = ln (1  x )(x  n )  is 2n – 11, then the value of n is
(A) 8 (B*) 9 (C) 10 (D) 11
(ix) f (x) = cos2x – si n 2x ; A ns. [ – 2 , 2]
 
(x) f(x) = cot2  x   Ans. [0, ) (Asking)
4
  2
4 4    4 
(xi) f(x) = ln(5x2 – 8x + 4) = ln  5  x      =

ln 5 ,  [Domain: x  R]
5  25  
  
(xii) f(x) = log 2 (2  log 2 (16 sin 2 x  1)) ; (–, 1] (Asking)
1 1
Note that f is even and decreasing. Also – < sin x < .
4 4
x2  x  1 2(x 2  1) 1
(xiii) f(x) = 2 ; f (x)= 2 2 = f(1) = ; f(–1)=3
x  x 1 (x  x  1) 3

1 
D : x  R, Range  3 , 3 fig(xiii)
 
ax  b
[Note: Graph of f (x) = is always monotonic. ]
cx  d
x
(xiv) f(x) = [Range : (–, 0) U [e, ) ] fig (xiv)
nx

(xv) f(x) = sin–1x2 + n x  [ x]  cot

o t1 F 1 I
GH 1 2x JK 2

F  7 I
[Ans. range : GH , JK ; Domain is (–1,1) – {0} ]
4 8
2x   

(xvi) f(x) = tan–1 ; range =  4 , 4 
1 x2  
Bansal Classes Page # 8
Examples on Domain & Range
1
(i) f(x) = ; Domain : (0, 1)  (1, ) ; Range : R – {0}
ln x
1
(ii) f(x) = D : x  R; R : [1, 2]
sin x  cos 4 x
4

 sin x  cos x  3 2 
(iii) f(x) = log2  2
 D: x  R ; R : [1, 2]
 
 5 
(iv) f(x)=logcosec x – 1(2 –[sin x]–[sin x]2) D: x  , , ; 0<x < ; Range: (–) T/S
6 6 2
( x  2)( x  1) 2 (2 x  1)
(v) f(x) = x ( x  1) ; f’(x) = [ x( x  1)]2
x 2  5x  4 ( x  4) ( x  1)
(vi) f(x) = 2 = ( x  3) ( x  1)
x  2x  3
  3 7
[Ans: (vii) D = R – {1, –3}; Range = R –   ,1 ; f  (x) = (x  3) 2 ]
 4 

fig (v) fig. (vi)

General tips for plotting the graph of a rational function :

(1) Examine whether denominator has a root or not. If no, then graph is continuous and f
x
is non monotonic. For eg. f (x) = 2 .
x  5x  9
If denominator has roots then f (x) is discontinuous. Such functions can be
monotonic / non monotonic.
x 2  2x  3 ( x  3) ( x  1)
For e.g. f (x) = = (x  4) (x  2)
x 2  2x  8
(2) If numerator and denominator has a common factor ( say x = a) it would mean removable
( x  2) ( x  1)
discontinuity at x = a e.g. f (x) = ( x  3) ( x  2) . Such a function will always be monotonic
i.e. either increasing or decreasing and removable discontinuity at x = 2 .
(3) Compute points where the curve crosses the x-axis and also where it cuts the y-axis by
putting y = 0 and x = 0 respectively and mark points accordingly.
dy
(4) Compute and find the intervals where f (x) is increasing or decreasing and also
dx
where it has horizontal tangent.
(5) In regions where curve is monotonic compute y if x  or x –  to find whether
y is asymptotic or not.
(6) If denominator vanishes say at x = a and (x – a) is not a common factor between
numerator and denominator then examine Limit and Limit to find whether f approaches
x a  x a 
 or – . Now plot the graphs of the following functions
Home Work :
x2 x 2  2x 11 x 2  2x  3
(1) f (x) = 2 x 2  3x  6 (2) f (x) = (3) f (x) =
2(x  3) x 2  2x  8
2
x  3x  2 2
x  x 1 x2 1
(4) f (x) = (5) f (x) = 2 (6) f (x) = 2
x2  x  6 x  x 1 x  3x
Bansal Classes Page # 9
4. EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTION :
Two functions f & g are said to be equal if
(i) The domain of f = the domain of g.
(ii) The range of f = the range of g and
(iii) f(x) = g(x) , for every x belonging to their common domain.
1 x
e.g. f (x) = & g(x) = are identical functions.
x x2
Examples of equal functions
1
(i) f(x) = ln x2 ; g(x) = 2ln x (N.I.) f (x) = cosecx ; g (x) = (I)
sin x
1
(ii) f(x) = cot(cot–1x) ; g(x) = x (I) f (x) = tan x; g (x) = (NI)
cot x
1
f(x) = ln ex ; g(x) = eln x (N.I.) f (x) = sec x; g (x) = (I)
cos x
(iii) f(x) = sin–1(3x – 4x3) ; g(x) = 3sin–1x (N.I.)

(iv) f(x) = sec–1x + cosec–1x ; g(x) = (N.I.)
2
(v) f(x) = cot2x.cos2x ; g(x) = cot2x – cos2x (I)
(vi) f(x) = Sgn (x2 + 1); g(x) = sin2x + cos2x (I)
(vii) f(x) = tan2x.sin2x ; g(x) = tan2x – sin2x (I)
(viii) f(x) = sec2x – tan2x ; g(x) = 1 (N.I.)
1
(ix) f(x) = logxe; g(x) = log x (I) f (x)=sgn(cot–1x); g(x)=sgn(x2 – 4x + 5) (I)
e

1
f(x) = logex ; g(x) = log e (N.I.)
x

(x) f(x) = tan(cot x) ;g(x) = cot(tan–1x)

–1 (I)
(xi) f(x) = x 2  1 ; g(x) = x  1  x  1 (N.I.)
f(x) = 1  x 2 ; g(x) = 1  x  1  x (I)
(xii) f(x) = tanx · cotx ; g(x) = sinx · cosecx (N.I.)
x
ln e
(xiii) f(x) = e ; g(x) = ex (I)
1  cos 2x
(xiv) f(x) = ; g(x) = sin x (N.I.)
2
(xv) f(x) = x 2 ; g(x) = ( x )2 (N.I.)
(xvi) f(x) = log(x + 2) + log(x – 3) ; g(x) = log(x2 – x – 6) (N.I.)
1
(xvii) f(x) = ; g(x) = x 2 (I)
| x|
(xviii) f(x) = x|x| ; g(x) = x2sgn x (I)
2n
x 1
(xix) f(x) = nlim it
 x 2 n  1
; g(x) = sgn(|x| – 1) (I)
(xx) f(x) = sin(sin–1 x) ; g(x) = cos(cos–1x) (I)
1 x
(xxi) f(x) = ; g(x) = (N.I.)
1 1 x
1
x
(xxii) f(x) = [{x}] ; g(x) = {[x]} (I) (note that f(x) and g(x) are constant functions)

Bansal Classes Page # 10

 1
(xxiii) f(x) = e ln cot x
; g(x) = cot–1x (I)
1
(xxiv) f(x) = e ln sec x ; g(x) = sec–1x (N.I.) Identical if x  (–  , –1]  (1, )
(xxv) F(x) = (fog)(x) ; G(x) = (gof) (x) where f(x) = ex ; g(x) = ln x (N.I.)
5. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS:
OneOne Function (Injective mapping):
A function f : A  B is said to be a oneone function or injective mapping if different
elements of A have different f images in B. Thus for x1, x2  A & f(x1), f(x2)B,
f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  f(x1)  f(x2).
Examples: R  R f (x) = x3 + 1 ; f (x) = e – x ; f (x) = ln x
Remember that a linear function is always one-one.
Diagramatically an injective mapping can be shown as

OR

Note:
(i) A continuous function which is always increasing or decreasing in whole domain, then
f(x) is oneone.
(ii) A function is one to one if and only if a horizontal line intersects its graph at most once.
Manyone function: (not injective)
A function f : A  B is said to be a many one function if two or more elements
of A have the same f image in B. Thus f : A  B is many one if for;
x1, x2  A , f(x1) = f(x2) but x1  x2.
Examples : R  R f (x) = [ x ] ; f (x) = | x | ; f (x) = ax2 + bx + c ; f (x) = sin x
Diagramatically a many one mapping can be shown as

OR

Note:
(i) Any continuous function which has atleast one local maximum or local minimum, then
f(x) is manyone. In other words, if a line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of the
function atleast at two points, then f is manyone.
(ii) If a function is oneone, it cannot be manyone and vice versa.
One One + Many One = Total number of mappings.
Onto function (Surjective mapping) :
If the function f : A  B is such that each element in B (codomain) is the f image of
atleast one element in A, then we say that f is a function of A 'onto' B. Thus
f : A  B is surjective iff  b  B,  some a  A such that f (a) = b.
f : R  R f (x) = 2x +1; f : R  R+ f (x) = ex; f : R+  R f (x) = ln x
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as

OR

Bansal Classes Page # 11

 Note that: if range = codomain, then f (x) is onto. Any polynomial of degree odd
and R is onto.
Into function:
If f : A  B is such that there exists atleast one element in codomain which is not the
image of any element in domain, then f(x) is into.
e.g. f : R  R f (x) = [x], | x |, sgn x, f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
Diagramatically into function can be shown as

OR

Note that: If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa . A polynomial of
degree even define from R  R will always be into & a polynomial of degree odd
defined from R  R will always be onto.
Thus a function can be one of these four types :

(a) oneone onto (injective & surjective) (I  S)

(b) oneone into (injective but not surjective) (I  S )

(c) manyone onto (surjective but not injective) (S  I )

(d) manyone into (neither surjective nor injective) ( I  S )

Note :
(i) If f is both injective & surjective, then it is called a Bijective mapping. The bijective
functions are also named as invertible, non singular or biuniform functions.
6. GENERAL DEFINTION:
(a) Identity function :
The function f : A  A defined by f(x) = x  x  A is called the identity of A and is
denoted by IA. It is easy to observe that identity function defined on R is a bijection.
(b) Constant function :
A function f : A  B is said to be a constant function if every element of A has the
same f image in B. Thus f : A  B ; f(x) = c ,  x  A , c  B is a constant function.
Note that the range of a constant function is a singleton and a constant function may be
oneone or manyone, onto or into.
e.g. f (x) = [{x}]; g(x) = sin2x + cos2x; h (x) = sgn(x2 – 3x + 4) etc.
Examples on classification
(1) For 11th class
(a) f (x) = ex + e–x (b) f (x( = 1 x 2 (c) f (x) = x3
(d) f (x( = | x | Sgn x
(e) f: [–1, 1]  [–1, 1] f(x) = sin2x is many one onto (draw graphs)
(f)86/func The function f : [2, )  Y defined by f(x) = x2  4x + 5 is both one-one
and onto if :
(A) Y = R (B*) Y = [1, ) (C) Y = [4, ) (D) [5, )

Bansal Classes Page # 12

(2)(a) f (x) = x3 – 2x2 + 5x + 3 is one-one-onto (as f ' (x) > 0)
(b) f : R  R f(x) = 2x3 – 6x2 – 18x + 17
many one onto function

(3) I f the f uncti on f (x) = x2 + bx + 3 is not injective for values of x in the interval 0  x  1
then b lies in
(A) (– , ) (B) (–2, ) (C*) (–2, 0) (D) (– , 2)
(4) Let f: {x, y, z}  {a, b, c} be a one–one function.
It is known that only one of these statements is true
and the remaining two are false.
(i) f(x)  b (ii) f(y) = b; (iii) f(z)  a find f (x) / f –1(x)
2x 2  x  5
(5) f : R  R f(x) = is many one into
7x 2  2x  10
(Note denominator & numerator both +ve  f(x) is always +ve )
x 2  2mx  1 for x  0
(6) 
f : R  R is defined as f (x) =  .
 mx  1 for x  0
If f (x) is one-one then m must lies in the interval
(A*) (– , 0) (B) (– , 0] (C) (0, ) (D) [0, )
Only for 13th
xm for x  1
(7) Let a function f defined from R  R as: f (x) = 
 2mx  1 for x  1
If the function is surjective on R then m must lie in the interval
(A*) (0, 2] (B) (– , 0] (C) (– , 0) (D) (0, )

(8) Permutation based problems

A f :A B
Case-I: When both the sets A and B contain an equal number of elements
(i) Total number of functions = 44 = 256
(ii) Number of functions one-one = 4!
(iii) Number of functions many-one = 44 – 4!
(iv) Number of onto function 4!  number of bijective mapping = 4!
(v) Number of into functions = 44 – 4!
Alternate : 4C1 [34 – {3C2 + 3C1(24 – 2)}] + 4C2(24 – 2) + 4C3 · 1 = 44 – 4! ]

Case-II: When number of elements in A(domain) is more than B

(i) Total number of functions = 45 = 1024
(ii) One-one (injective) = Nil
(iii) Many-one = 1024
 5! 
(iv) Number of onto function =  1!·1!· 2!· 3!  4! = 240 (5 books in 4 groups 1, 1, 1, 2)
 
Wrong answers: 70 / 96 / 120 / 240 / 480
(v) Number of into function = 1024 – 240 = 784
Case-III: Number of elements in codomain (B) is more than A
(i) Total functions = 54 = 625
(ii) Number of injective mapping = 5C4 · 4! = 120
(iii) Number of many-one = 625 – 120 = 505
(iv) Number of onto function = 0
(v) Number of into function = 625
Bansal Classes Page # 13
 FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS:
(1)57/func For x  R, the function f (x) satisfies 2 f (x) + f (1 – x) = x2 then the value of f (4) is
equal to
13 43 23
(A) (B) (C*) (D) none
3 3 3

(2)88 If 2 f(x2) + 3 f(1/x2) = x2  1 (x  0) then f(x2) is :

1  x4 1  x2 5 x2 2x4  x2  3
(A) (B) (C) (D*) 
5 x2 5x 1  x4 5 x2

(3)90 Let f (x) and g (x) be functions which take integers as arguments.
Let f (x + y) = f (x) + g (y) + 8 for all integer x and y. Let f (x) = x for all negative
integers x, and let g (8) = 17. The value of f (0) is
(A*) 17 (B) 9 (C) 25 (D) – 17
(4)47 Let f (x) = ax7 + bx3 + cx – 5, where a, b and c are constants. If f (–7) = 7, then f (7)
equals
(A*) –17 (B) –7 (C) 14 (D) 21
(5) The function f : R  R satisfies the condition m f (x – 1) + n f (– x) = 2 | x | + 1.
If f (–2) = 5 and f (1) = 1, then (m + n) equals
(A*) 4/3 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 6
7. COMPOSITE OF UNIFORMLY & NON-UNIFORMLY DEFINED FUNCTIONS:
Let f : A  B & g : B  C be two functions. Then the function gof : A  C defined
by (gof) (x) = g (f(x))  x  A is called the composite of the two functions f & g.
f (x )
Diagramatically x    g (f(x)).
Thus the image of every x  A under the function gof is the gimage of the
fimage of x.
Note that gof is defined only if  x  A, f(x) is an element of the domain of g so that
we can take its gimage. Hence for the product gof of two functions f & g, the range
of f must be a subset of the domain of g. Note that gof in general not equal to fog.
EXAMPLES ON COMPOSITE FUNCTION:
(1) If f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x – 7 find gof and fog (x2 – 7; (x – 7)2)

(2) f : R  R be the function defined by f (x) = ax2 – 2 for some positive a. If

(fof) ( 2 ) = – 2 then the value of 'a' is
1 1
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) (D*)
2 2
(3)(a) Let f (x) = x ; g (x) = 2  x , find the domain of
(a) fog (– , 2] (b) gof [0, 4] (c) fof [0, )
(d) gog [–2, 2]
(b) Suppose that f (x) = xx and g (x) = x2x. Which one of the following represents the
composite function f [g (x)], is
2 x 1 2x x 1 2 x 1
(A) x x (B) x 2 x (C) x 2 x (D*) x 2 x
 2 log10 x  2 
(4) If f (x) = log100 x   and g(x) = {x}. If the function (fog)(x) exists then find
 x 
 1   1 1
the range of g(x). [Ans.  0,   , ]
100   100 10 

Bansal Classes Page # 14

 1 1 x x 1
(5) Let f1(x) = x, f2(x) = 1 – x; f3(x) = , f (x) = ; f5(x) = ; f (x) =
x 4 1 x x 1 6 x
Suppose that f 6  f m ( x ) = f4(x) and f n  f 4 ( x )  = f3(x) then find the value of m & n.
[Ans. m = 6; n = 5]
2x  7
(6) If f (x) = find a function g such that g [f (x)] = x for all x in the domain of f and
x3
find its domain and range.
[Sol. f = R – {– 3}  R – {+2}
2x  7 3t  7 3t  7 3x  7
let =t  x= ; Hence g (t) = ;  g (x) = ]
x3 2t 2t 2x
ASKING:
(i) If g (x) = 2x + 1 and h (x) = 4x2 + 4x + 7, find a function f such that fog = h.
[Ans. f (x) = x2 + 6]
(ii) Let P and Q be polynomials such that P(x) and QPQ( x )  have the same roots. If the
degree of P is 7, then the degree of Q, is
(A) 0 (B*) 1 (C) 2 (D) 7
(iii)
Let f : A  B and g : B  C be functions and gof : A  C. Which of the following
statements is true?
(A) If gof is one-one then f and g both are one-one.
(B*) If gof is one-one then f is one-one.
(C*) If gof is a bijection then f is one-one and g is onto.
(D*) If f and g are both one-one then gof is one-one.
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS :
(i) The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof  fog .
(ii) The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such that
fo (goh) & (fog) oh are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh.
Associativety : f : (N)  I0 f(x) = 2x
1
g : I0  Q g(x) =
x
1

h:Q R h(x) = e x
(hog)of = ho(gof) = e2x
(iii) The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f and g are two bijections such
that gof is defined, then gof is also a bijection.
Proof: Let f : A  B and g : B  C be two bijections. Then gof exists such that
gof : A  C
We have to prove that gof is one-one and onto.
One-one : Let a1, a2  A such that (gof)(a1) = (gof)(a2), then
(gof) (a1) = (gof) (a2)  g [f (a1)] = g [ f (a2)]
 f (a1) = f (a2) [ g is one-one]
 a1 = a2 [ f is one-one]
 gof is also one-one function.
Onto : Let c  C, then
c  C   b  B s.t. g (b) = c [ g is onto]
and b  B   a  A s.t. f (a) = b [ f is onto]
Therefore, we see that
c  C   a  A s.t. (gof) (a) = g[f(a)] = g(b) = c
i.e. every element of C is the gof image of some element of A. As such gof is
onto function. Hence gof befing one-one and onto, is a bijection.
Bansal Classes Page # 15
Examples on Composite of nonuniformly defined function
 1 x if 0  x  2
(1)(a) f(x) = 
 3 x if 2  x  3
find fof

x if 0  x  1
 1  x if 0  x  1 2 x
 x  2 if 1  x  2  if 1  x  2
[H.W.] (b) f(x) =  find (fof) (x) [Ans: (fof) (x) =  6  x if 2  x  3 ]
 4  x if 2  x  4 x  3 if 3  x  4
2 if x  2


 1  x if x  0  x if x  1

(c) f (x) =  2 and g (x) =  find (fog)(x) and (gof)(x)
x if x  0 1  x if x  1
[T/S, Q.11, Ex-1, and not to be taken in illustration]
x if x  0 2
  x 2 if 0  x  1  x if x  0
[Ans. (gof)(x) =  ; (fog)(x) =  1  x if 0  x  1 ]
 1  x 2 if x  1  x if x  1

 x if x  0

(d) f(x) =  x 0  x  1 find (fof) (x) [T/S]
 2  x x  1

f (x)   1  x  2 , 0  x  4 
[H.W.] (e)  find gof and fog
g(x)  2  x ,  1  x  3 

 1 x 0  x  1
1 x0
 3 x 1 x  2 L
[Ans: gof(x) =  ; ( fog) ( x)  M (1  x) 1 x  0 ]
x 1 2  x  3 MN x  1
 0 x2
5x 3 x  4
 1  x3 x  0  (x  1)1/ 3 x  0
(f) f(x) =  and g(x) =  find g (f(x))
x2  1 x  0  (x  1)1/ 2 x  0
ASKING:
1 7
(g)(i) If 2 f (x) – 3 f  x  = x2 (x  0) find f (2). [Ans. – ]
  4
(ii) Let f be a real valued function of real and positive argument such that
1
f (x) + 3x f  x  = 2(x + 1) for all real x > 0. The value of f (10099) is
 
(A) 550 (B) 505 (C*) 5050 (D) 10010
x
(h) Let f : R  R be a function such that f ( x 3  1)   5 ,  x  (0, ) then the value of
27
  27  y 3   y
 f
  y3  
 for y  (0, ) is equal to
  
(A) 5 (B) 52 (C*) 53 (D) 56
8. GENERAL DEFINTION:
(i) HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS :
A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when each
of its terms is of the same degree with respect to those variables.
For example 5x2 + 3y2 – xy is homogeneous in x & y. Symbolically if,
f (tx, ty) = tn . f (x , y) then f (x , y) is homogeneous function of degree n.
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 Example on Homogeneous function
x  y cos x
f (x, y) = is not a homogeneous function and
y sin x  x
x y y x y
f (x, y) = y ln x  x ln y ; x 2  y 2 + x ; x + y cos are homogeneous functions of
x
degree one.
(ii)BOUNDED FUNCTION :
A function is said to be bounded if f(x)  M , where M is a finite quantity.
EXAMPLES:
(1) Which of the following function(s) is(are) bounded on the intervals as indicated
1
x 1 1
(A*) f(x) = 2 on (0, 1) (B) g(x) = x cos on (–)
x

(C*) h(x) = xe–x on (0, ) (D*) l (x) = arc tan2x on (–, )

(iii) IMPLICIT & EXPLICIT FUNCTION :
A function defined by an equation not solved for the dependent variable is called an
IMPLICIT FUNCTION. For eg. the equation x3 + y3 = 1 defines y as an implicit function.
If y has been expressed in terms of x alone then it is called an EXPLICIT FUNCTION .
Examples on Implicit and explicit function f (x , y) = 0
x
(1) x 1  y + y 1  x = 0; explicit y =  or y = x (rejected)
1 x
y= x
(2) y2 = x represents two separate branches.
y=– x
3 3
(3) x + y – 3xy = 0
folium of descartes
(4) x = 2y – y2
(5) Find the domain of the explicit form of the function is represented implictly by the
equation (1 + x) cos y = x2
(iv)ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS : A function f (x) defined on the symmetric interval (–a, a)
If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an even function.
e.g. f (x) = cos x ; g (x) = x² + 3.
If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an odd function.
e.g. f (x) = sin x; g (x) = x3 + x.
NOTE :
(a) f (x)  f (x) = 0 => f (x) is even & f (x) + f (x) = 0 => f (x) is odd .
(b) A function may neither be odd nor even .
(c) Inverse of an even function is not defined and an even function can not be strictly
monotonic
(d) Every even function is symmetric about the yaxis & every odd function is symmetric
about the origin.
(e) Every function can be expressed as the sum of an even & an odd function.
f ( x)  f (  x) f ( x)  f (  x ) 2x  2x 2x  2 x
e.g. f ( x)   2x = +
2 2 2 2

EVEN ODD EVEN ODD

(f) The only function which is defined on the entire number line & is even and odd
at the same time is f(x) = 0. Any non zero constant is even.
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(g) If f and g both are even or both are odd then the function f.g will be even but if any
one of them is odd then f.g will be odd .
f (x) g (x) f (x) + g (x) f (x) - g (x) f (x) . g (x) f(x) / g(x) ( gof ) (x) (f o g) (x)
odd odd odd odd even even odd odd
even even even even even even even even
odd even neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even
even odd neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even

Examples on Odd & Even function

Odd Even Neither odd nor even
x
2 1
1. ln (x + 1  x 2 ) 1. x 1. 2x3 – x + 1
2x  1
1 x
2. ln 2. 3 (1  x) 2  3 (1  x) 2 2. sinx + cosx
1 x
3. x sin2x – x3 3. constant
4. 1  x  x 2  1  x  x 2 4. x2 – | x |
1  2 Kx (1  2 x ) 2
5. 5.
1  2 Kx 2x

EXAMPLES :
(1) If f (x) = (a – 2)x + 3a – 4 is even/odd. Find 'a'. [Ans. Even (a=2), Odd (a=4/3)]
2 x (sin x  tan x )
(2) Prove that f (x) = 2[2  ( x )]  3 is always odd.

9. INVERSE OF A FUNCTION :
Let f : A  B be a oneone & onto function, then their exists a unique function
g : B  A such that f(x) = y  g(y) = x,  x  A & y  B. Then g is said to be
inverse of f. Thus g = f1 : B  A = {(f(x), x)  (x, f(x))  f}.
Note: To find the inverse
Step-1: write y = f (x)
Step-2: solve this equation for x in terms of y (if possible)
Step-3: To express f –1 as a function of x, interchange x and y.
Example: Compute the inverse of the following bijective.
(a) f : R  R+, f(x) = 10x + 1 ; (b) f : (– 2, )  R, f(x) = 1 + ln (x + 2)
2x x 1
(c) f : R  (0, 1), f(x) = ; (d) f : R – {1}  [–1, 3], f(x) = 1 + 2 sin
1  2x x 1
 x 
[ Ans : (a) y = log10 x  1; (b) y =  2 + ex  1; (c) y = log2  1  x  ;]
 
Note: For finding inverse express x in term of y. Also use y = f (x)  x = f –1(y)
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE FUNCTION:
(i) The inverse of a bijection is unique.
Proof:
(ii) If f : A  B is a bijection & g : B  A is the inverse of f, then fog = IB and
gof = IA, where IA & IB are identity functions on the sets A & B respectively.
Note that the graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the line y = x. As
shown in the figure given below a point (x ', y' ) corresponding to
y = x2(x>0) changes to (y', x') corresponding to y   x , the changed form of x = y .

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(iii) The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection.
Proof :
(iv) If f & g are two bijections f : A  B, g : B  C then the inverse of gof exists and
(gof)1 = f1og1.
Proof :
EXAMPLE ON INVERSE
(1) f : RR f(x) = ex and g : R  R g(x) = 3x – 2 find fog and gof. Also find domains of
(fog)–1 and (gof)–1 [(fog) (x) = e3x – 2; (gof)(x) = 3ex – 2]
domain of (fog)–1 = R+ ; domain of (gof)–1 = (–2, )
(2) If f : R  R f (x) = x 3 + (a + 2)x 2 + 3ax + 5 is an invertible mapping find‘a’
f  (x) > 0 (note that f (x) > 0 as leading coefficient f is > 0) [ Ans: a[1, 4] ]
ex  e x
(3)(a) f : [0, )  [1, ) f (x) = find f–1(x)
2
e x/2  e  x/2
(b) f : R  R, f(x) = ; f–1(x) = 2ln x  1  x 2
 
2
(4) A function
3  7 
f :  2 ,    4 ,  defined as
 
2
f(x) = x – 3x + 4. Solve the equation f(x) = f–1(x) [Ans: x = 2]
2x  5
(5) For the function f : R – {4}  R – {–2} ; f (x) = . Find
4x
(a) zero's of f (x), (b) range of f (x), (c) intervals of monotonocity
(d) f–1(x), (e) local maxima and minima if any,
(f) interval when f (x) is concave upward and concave downward
2
(g) asymptotes, (h)  f ( x ) dx ,
1
(i) nature of function whether one-one or onto (j) garph
[Ans. (a) 5/2, (b) (–, –2)  (–2, ),
(c)  in its domain i.e. (–, 4)  (4, ),
4x  5
(d) f–1(x) = , (e) no,
x2
(f) (–, 4) upwards and (4, ) downwards,
 2
(g) y = – 2, (h) –  2  3ln 3  (i) one one ]
 
10. PERIODIC FUNCTION:
A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number T(T > 0) called the
period of the function such that f (x + T)=f(x), for all values of x within the domain of x.
e.g. The function sin x & cos x both are periodic over 2 & tan x is periodic over .
NOTE :(a) f (T) = f (0) = f (T) , where ‘T’ is the period.
(b) Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.
(c) Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period .
(d) If f (x) has a period T & g (x) also has a period T then it does not mean that
f (x) + g (x) must have a period T. e.g. f (x) =| sin x | + | cos x |; sin4x + cos4x
1
(e) If f(x) has a period p, then and f (x) also has a period p.
f (x )
(f) If f (x) and g (x) are periodic then f (x) + g (x) need not be periodic.
e.g. f (x) = cos x and g (x) = { x }
(g) if f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/a (a > 0).
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EXAMPLES ON PERIODIC FUNCTION:
2x 4x
(1) f(x) = cos – sin (15) (2) f(x) = cos(sin x) ()
3 5
 
(3) f(x) = sin(cos x) (2) (4) f(x) = sin4x + cos4x  
 2
(5) f(x) = x – [x] = {x} (One)
n (n  1)
(6) Period of the function, f (x) = [x] + [2x] + [3x] + ....... + [nx] – x
2
where n  N and [ ] denotes the greatest integer function, is
1
(A*) 1 (B) n (C) (D) non periodic
n
(7) f(x) = sinx + cos ax is a periodic function then prove that ‘a’ must be rational
sin nx
(8)(a) If f(x) = has its period = 4 then find the integral values of n.
x
sin
n
1
(b) For a > 0, if f (x + a) =  f ( x )  f 2 ( x ) , prove that f is periodic.
2
(9) TPT : f(x) = cos x ; x sinx and sin x + {x} are aperiodic.
 x 
(10) f(x) = 2cos  5 
 (Ans: p = 10)
(11) If f (x) = (a + 3)x + 5a, x  R is periodic. [Ans. a = – 3]
(12) Consi der those f uncti ons f that satisfy f (x + 4) + f (x – 4) = f (x) for all real x. Any
such function is periodic, and there is a least common positive period p for all of them.
The value of p, is
(A) 8 (B) 12 (C) 16 (D*) 24
(13) Let l1 be 4x + 3y = 3 and l2 be 8x = y. l1' is the line formed by reflecting l1 across the
line y = x. l2' is the line formed by reflecting l2 across the x-axis. Find the measure of
 28 
the acute angle between l1' and l2'. [Ans. cos–1  ]
 5 65 
11. GENERAL :
If x, y are independent variables, then :
(i) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0.
(ii) f(xy) = f(x) · f(y)  f(x) = xn , n  R
(iii) f(x + y) = f(x) · f(y)  f(x) = akx.
(iv) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.
General objective on functions :
1 9 1
(2) Let f is periodic with period . If f (2) = 5 and f  4  = 2. Find f (–3) and f 4  .
2    
1
[Ans. f  4  = 2; f (–3) = 5]
 

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