Live Load Design

Josh Beakley - ACPA

jbeakley@concretepipe.org
Outline

• AASHTO HL – 93 Live Load

• Application of the Load

• < 2 feet

• > 2 feet

• Live Load Bedding Factors

• Examples
Live Load Spacing – HL-93
4000 lb.

12,500 lb. 12,500 lb.

6 ft. 14 ft.

12,500 lb. 12,500 lb.

16000 lb. 16000 lb. (12,00 lb per STD)

AASHTO AASHTO
HS 20 LOAD ALTERNATE LOAD
Where are We Measuring From?
(C12.6.6.3)
Less Than 2 Feet of Cover

E = 96 + 1.44S (4.6.2.10.2-1)

E = Distribution width perpendicular to span in inches

S = Clear Span in feet

Espan = Distribution width parallel to span in inches

Espan = LT + LLDF(H)

LT = length of contact area parallel to span (in)

LLDF = live load distribution factor
H = depth of fill
 Live Load Spread for Less
Than 2 feet of Cover (single axle)
(Parallel to Span)

Espan
 Live Load > 2 ft.

7
Live Load Distribution
Through Soil
 Interaction Depth for Wheels
Wws for a single wheel
sw

Wws for two wheels

AASHTO Eq. 3.6.1.2.6b-1 Plan View

sw

Wws if H< Hintw Hintw

Wws if H> Hintw

Elevation View
 Interaction Depth for (Tandem) Axles
PRdist < 0
AASHTO Eq. 3.6.1.2.6b-4
sa

sa

Hintd
lws when H<Hintd

lws lws
lwtwhen
whenH>H
H>Hintd
intd

lwt

Elevation View

Plan View
 Impact Factor

IM = 33 (1.0 – 0.125 H) > 0%

11
Multiple Presence Factor

AASHTO 3.6.1.2.6
“For traffic parallel to the span, culverts shall be analyzed for a
single loaded with the single lane multiple presence factor.”
 Live Load on the Pipe
Bc

LLpress =
( 100 )
P 1 + IM (mpf)
sa

ALL Direction of
Traffic
mpf = 1.2 for traffic parallel to span

ALL = ww x lw

Dim = smaller of Bc or lw ww

WLL = Dim x LLpress

WLL = lbs/ft lw

13
D-Load Equation

D= ( )(
12
Si
WE + WF
BFE
+
WL
BFLL ) (12.10.4.3.1-1)

BF = Bedding Factor
 Bedding Factors
MTEST
Bf =
MFIELD

Where:

Bf = Bedding factors
MFIELD = Maximum moment in pipe under field loads before
failure, (inch-pounds)
MTEST = Maximum moment in pipe under three-edge
bearing test before failure, (inch-pounds)
Heger Distribution Drawn to Scale
 Live Load

Under Shallow Fills

BfLL < BfE
Earth Load

Higher Moment at Invert Higher Moment at Crown

with Earth Load with Shallow Live Load
Moment from Live Load – Bedding Factor

OLD
Previous Distribution of Live Load Through the Pipe

Current Distribution of Live Load

Through the Pipe
Moment from Live Load – Bedding Factor

CURRENT
D-Load Equation
Indirect Design Process
1. Determine pipe installation method
2. Select bedding / standard
installation
3. Calculate earth load
4. Calculate live load
5. Determine bedding factors
6. Factor of safety (Service Load)
7. Select pipe strength
 Example
Circular RCP
Indirect Design Process
1. Determine pipe installation method
2. Select bedding / standard
installation
3. Calculate earth load
4. Calculate live load
5. Determine bedding factors
6. Factor of safety (Service Load)
7. Select pipe strength
25

Example Problem

• Pipe = 48” Circular Pipe

• Fill Height = 3 ft.

• Bedding = 90% Compaction of Granular Material up to Springline

• Live Load = AASHTO HL-93

• Direction of Traffic = Parallel to Span

26

Pipe Information

• Circular Pipe

• ID = 48 inches

• t = 48/12 + 1.75 = 5.75 inches

• A C-wall pipe is conservatively assumed

• Bc = 48 + 2(5.75) = 4.96 feet

27

Installation Information

• Standard Installation = Type 2

• 90% compaction of a granular material

• Soil Unit Weight - γs = 120 pcf

• Vertical Arching Factor – VAF = 1.40

AASHTO LRFD 12.10.2.1
 Earth Load on Pipe
PL = γs x Bc x H
We = VAF x PL
Circular

PL = 120 pcf x 4.96 ft x 3 ft

PL = 1786 lbs/ft

We = 1.40 x 1786 lbs/ft

We = 2500 lbs/ft
29
 Fluid Load

Pipe Area = π x (ID/24)2 Pipe Area = π x (48/24)2

Pipe Area = 12.57 ft2

Wf = Pipe Area x γw Wf = 12.57 ft2 x 62.4 pcf

Wf = 784 lbs/ft

30
31

Live Load Dimensions

• Length of tire patch

• lt = 10 inches

• Width of tire patch

• wt = 20 inches

• Spacing of wheels on a single axle

• sw = 6 ft.

• Spacing of tandem axles

• sta = 4 ft

• Spacing of single axles

• ssa = 14 ft
32

Live Load

• Since traffic is running parallel to the span of the pipe (across the
pipeline) we can analyze the pipe for a single lane using the
appropriate multiple presence factor.

• mpf = 1.2
 Impact Factor (Dynamic Load Allowance)

IM = 33 (1 – 0.125 H)

IM = 33 [1 – 0.125(3)]

IM = 20.625

33
 Determine the Live Load Distribution
Factor (LLDF)
48” Circular RCP
(48 -24)
LLDF = 1.15 + (1.75 – 1.15)
(96 -24)

LLDF = 1.35

34
 Live Load Spread

Spread a = wt/12 + LLDF x H 20/12 + 1.35 x 3 ft

Spread b = lt/12 + LLDF x H 10/12 + 1.35 x 3 ft

35
 Do the wheels of an axle overlap?

wt 20
Sw - - 0.06 ID 6- - 0.06(48)
Hint-t = 12 12 Hint-t = 12 12
LLDF 1.35

Hint-t = 3.03 ft

Pipe depth is less than the interaction depth, so use

wheel load instead of axle load

36
Wheel Effects Do Not Overlap
Wws for a single wheel
sw

Wws for two wheels

Plan View

sw

Wws if H< Hintw Hintw

Wws if H> Hintw

Elevation View
 Interaction Check for Single Axle and
Tandem Axles

38
 Do the tandem axle pressures overlap?

lt 10
Sa - 4-
Hint-p = 12 Hint-t = 12
LLDF 1.35

Hint-p = 2.35 ft

Check Tandem Axles as well as Single Axle

39
Effect of Tandem Axles Overlap
Direction of Traffic
sa

Hintd
lws when H<Hintd

lws
lwtwhen
whenH>H
H>Hintd
intd

Elevation View
 Evaluate the Single Axle/Wheel

41
 Calculate the Geometry of the Load at the
top of the pipe for the wheel footprint

wt 0.06 ID 20 0.06(48)
ww = + LLDF x H + ww = + 1.35 x 3 +
12 12 12 12

ww = 5.96 ft
lt 10
lw = + LLDF x H lw = + 1.35 x 3
12 12
lw = 4.88 ft

42
 Pressure Area at the Top of the Pipe
This is us lw

ww

lw

ww

Plan View

ALL = lw ww ALL = 4.88 x 5.96 ALL = 29 ft2

 Determine the Live Load Pressure on the
Pipe from a Single Wheel Footprint

Spress =
( 100 )
P 1 + IM (mpf)
Spress =
16,000 lbs
(1+
20.625
100 ) (1.2)

ALL 29 ft2

Spress = 800 psf

44
 Determine the load on the pipe from the
single axle/wheel

lw

ww

Dim = smaller of Bc or lw 4.96 > 4.88 use Dim = 4.88 ft.

WSL = Dim x Spress WSL = 4.88 ft x 800 psf WSL = 3,904 lbs/ft

45
 Evaluate the Tandem Axles

46
 Calculate the Geometry of the Load at the
top of the pipe for the tandem axles

wt 0.06 ID 20 0.06(48)
ww = + LLDF x H + ww = + 1.35 x 3 +
12 12 12 12

ww = 5.96 ft
lt 10
lw = + LLDF x H + 4 ft lw = + 1.35 x 3 + 4 ft
12 12
lw = 8.88 ft

47
 Interaction Depth for Tandem Axles
Direction of Traffic
sa

sa
Hintd
lws when H<Hintd

lws
lwtwhen
whenH>H
H>Hintd
intd

ww

Elevation View

lw

ALL = lw ww ALL = 8.88 x 5.96 ALL = 52.92 ft2

Plan View
49

Determine the Live Load Pressure on the

Pipe from Tandem Axle Wheels

Tpress =
( 100 )
P 1 + IM (mpf)
Tpress =
(
25,000 lbs 1 +
20.625
100 ) (1.2)

ALL 52.92 ft2

Tpress = 684 psf

 Dim = smaller of Bc or lw
4.96 < 8.88
sa use Dim = 4.96 ft.

WTL = Dim x Spress

WTL = 4.96 ft x 684 psf
WTL = 3,393 lbs/ft
ww

lw

50
51

Determine the Governing Live Load

• Use the greater of WSL or WTL

• WSL = 3,904 lbs/ft

• WTL = 3,393 lbs/ft

• WL = 3,904 lbs/ft
 Determine the Earth Load Bedding
Factor
Bf36 = 2.9
Bf72 = 2.8
BFE = Bf36 -
( )
ID - 36 (B – B )
72 - 36
f36 f72

BFE = 2.9 -
(
72 - 36)
48 - 36 (2.9 – 2.8)
BFE = 2.87

52
 Determine the Live Load Bedding Factor

Table 12.10.4.3.2c-1
Pipe Fill Height, ft
Diameter, in < 2 ft > 2 ft
12 3.2 2.4
18 3.2 2.4
24 3.2 2.4
30 and larger 2.2 2.2

BFLL = 2.2

53
 Determine the D-Load

D= ( )(
12
48
2500 lbs/ft + 784 lbs/ft
2.87
+
3904 lbs/ft
2.2 )
D0.01 = 730 lbs/ft/ft

54
ASTM C 76/AASHTO M 170 Pipe Classes

• Class I - D0.01 = 800 lbs/ft/ft

• Class II - D0.01 = 1000 lbs/ft/ft

• Class III - D0.01 = 1350 lbs/ft/ft

• Class IV - D0.01 = 2000 lbs/ft/ft

• Class V - D0.01 = 3000 lbs/ft/ft

56
 Example
Elliptical RCP
Indirect Design Process
1. Determine pipe installation method
2. Select bedding / standard
installation
3. Calculate earth load
4. Calculate live load
5. Determine bedding factors
6. Factor of safety (Service Load)
7. Select pipe strength
59

Example Problem

• Pipe = 38” x 60” (48” Equiv.) Elliptical Pipe

• Fill Height = 3 ft.

• Bedding = 90% Compaction of Granular Material up to Springline

• Live Load = AASHTO HL-93

• Direction of Traffic = Parallel to Span

60

Pipe Information

Elliptical Pipe
• Span = 60 inches

• t = 5.5 inches (ASTM C507)

• Bc = 60 + 2(5.5) = 5.92 feet

61

Installation Information

• Standard Installation = Type 2

• 90% compaction of a granular material

• Soil Unit Weight - γs = 120 pcf

• Vertical Arching Factor – VAF = 1.40

AASHTO LRFD 12.10.2.1
 Earth Load on Pipe
PL = γs x Bc x H
We = VAF x PL
Elliptical

PL = 120 pcf x 5.92 ft x 3 ft

PL = 2131 lbs/ft

We = 1.40 x 2131 lbs/ft

We = 2984 lbs/ft
63
 Fluid Load

• 38” x 60” Elliptical is a 48” Circular Equivalent

Pipe Area = π x (ID/24)2 Pipe Area = π x (48/24)2

Pipe Area = 12.57 ft2

Wf = Pipe Area x γw Wf = 12.57 ft2 x 62.4 pcf

Wf = 784 lbs/ft

64
65

Live Load Dimensions

• Length of tire patch
• lt = 10 inches

• Width of tire patch

• wt = 20 inches

• Spacing of wheels on a single axle

• sw = 6 ft.

• Spacing of tandem axles

• sta = 4 ft

• Spacing of single axles

• ssa = 14 ft
66

Live Load

• Since traffic is running parallel to the span of the pipe (across the
pipeline) we can analyze the pipe for a single lane using the
appropriate multiple presence factor.

• mpf = 1.2
 Impact Factor (Dynamic Load Allowance)

IM = 33 (1 – 0.125 H)

IM = 33 [1 – 0.125(3)]

IM = 20.625

67
 Determine the Live Load Distribution
Factor (LLDF)
60” Span Elliptical RCP
(60 -24)
LLDF = 1.15 + (1.75 – 1.15)
(96 -24)

LLDF = 1.45

68
 Live Load Spread

Spread a = wt/12 + LLDF x H 20/12 + 1.45 x 3 ft

Spread b = lt/12 + LLDF x H 10/12 + 1.45 x 3 ft

69
 Do the wheels of an axle overlap?

w 20
Sw - t - 0.06 ID 6- - 0.06(60)
Hint-t = 12 12 Hint-t = 12 12
LLDF 1.45

Hint-t = 2.78 ft

Pipe depth is greater than the interaction depth, so use axle load instead o

70
Wheel Effects Overlap, So Use Axle Load
 Interaction Check for Single Axle and
Tandem Axles

72
 Do the tandem axle pressures
overlap?
l 10
Sta - t 4-
Hint-p = 12 Hint-t = 12
LLDF 1.45

Hint-p = 2.18 ft

Check Tandem Axles as well as Single Axle

73
 Direction of Traffic
sa

Hintd
lws when H<Hintd

lws
lwtwhen
whenH>H
H>Hintd
intd

Elevation View
 Evaluate the Single Axle

75
 Calculate the Geometry of the Load at the
top of the pipe for the axle footprint

wt 20 0.06(60)
ww = 6 + + LLDF x H + 0.06 Span ww = 6 +
12
+ 1.45 x 3 +
12
12 12
ww = 12.32 ft
lt 10
lw = + LLDF x H lw = + 1.45 x 3
12 12
lw = 5.18 ft

76
 Pressure Area at the Top of the Pipe
lw

ww

lw
This is us

ww

Plan View

ALL = lw ww ALL = 5.18 x 12.32 ALL = 63.82 ft2

 Determine the Live Load Pressure on the
Pipe from a Single Wheel Footprint

Spress =
( 100 )
P 1 + IM (mpf)
Spress =
2 x 16,000 lbs ( )
1 + 20.625 (1.2)
100
ALL 63.82 ft2

Spress = 726 psf

78
 Determine the load on the pipe from the
single axle/wheel

lw

ww

Dim = smaller of Bc or lw 5.92 > 5.18 use Dim = 5.18 ft.

WSL = Dim x Spress WSL = 5.18 ft x 726 psf WSL = 3,761 lbs/ft

79
 Evaluate the Tandem Axles

80
 Calculate the Geometry of the Load at the
top of the pipe for the tandem axles

wt 20 0.06(60)
ww = 6 + 0.06 Span ww = 6 + + 1.45 x 3 +
+ LLDF x H + 12 12
12 12

ww = 12.32 ft
lt 10
lw = + LLDF x H + 4 ft lw = + 1.45 x 3 + 4 ft
12 12
lw = 9.18 ft

81
 Interaction Depth for Tandem Axles
Direction of Traffic
sa

sa
Hintd
lws when H<Hintd

ww
lws
lwtwhen
whenH>H
H>Hintd
intd

Elevation View

lw

ALL = lw ALL = 9.18 x 12.32 ALL = 113.10 ft2

ww
Plan View
83

Determine the Live Load Pressure on the

Pipe from Tandem Axle Wheels

Tpress =
( 100 )
P 1 + IM (mpf)
Tpress =
2 x 25,000 lbs (
1 + 20.625
100 )(1.2)

ALL 113.10 ft2

Tpress = 640 psf

 Dim = smaller of Bc or lw
5.92 < 9.18
sa use Dim = 5.92 ft.

ww
WTL = Dim x Spress
WTL = 5.92 ft x 640 psf
WTL = 3,789 lbs/ft

lw

84
85

Determine the Governing Live Load

• Use the greater of WSL or WTL

• WSL = 3,761 lbs/ft

• WTL = 3,789 lbs/ft

• WL = 3,789 lbs/ft
 Determine the Earth Load Bedding
Factor
Use:
p = 0.9

Remember:
Fe = 1.40
Bc = 5.92 ft
H = 3 ft

0.9 5.92
𝑞 = 0.23 1 + 0.35(0.9)
1.40 3

q = 0.240
86
 Determine the Earth Load Bedding
Factor
Use:
CA = 1.337
CN = 0.630
x = 0.421

Remember:
q = 0.240
1.337
𝐵𝐹𝐸 =
0.630 − (0.421)(0.240)

BFE = 2.53
87
 Determine the Live Load Bedding Factor

Table 12.10.4.3.2c-1
Pipe Fill Height, ft
Diameter, in < 2 ft > 2 ft
12 3.2 2.4
18 3.2 2.4
24 3.2 2.4
30 and larger 2.2 2.2

BFLL = 2.2

88
 Determine the D-Load

D= ( )(
12
60
2984 lbs/ft + 784 lbs/ft
2.53
+
3789 lbs/ft
2.2 )
D0.01 = 642 lbs/ft/ft

89
ASTM C 507/AASHTO M 207 Pipe Classes

• Class HE-A - D0.01 = 600 lbs/ft/ft

• Class HE-I - D0.01 = 800 lbs/ft/ft

• Class HE-II - D0.01 = 1000 lbs/ft/ft

• Class HE-III - D0.01 = 1350 lbs/ft/ft

• Class HE-IV - D0.01 = 2000 lbs/ft/ft

91

Note: The ACPA Fill Height

Tables include the larger
of the two live load cases.
In this instance, the live
load case where the truck
travels perpendicular to
the span gives a slightly
higher result than the case
we analyzed, where the
truck is traveling parallel
to the span.
(676 lbs/ft/ft vs. 642 lbs/ft/ft)
 The End
jbeakley@concretepipe.org